I. Animals Living in Water

1. There are about 1.5 million known species of animals, which are divided into two major groups: vertebrates and invertebrates according to the presence or absence of a spine. According to the living environment is divided into land-living animals, water-living animals and air-living animals.

2, the most common aquatic animals are fish, in addition, there are ① coelenterates, such as anemones, coral polyps; ② mollusks, such as squid, octopus; ③ crustaceans, such as shrimp, crabs; ④ dolphins (mammals), turtles (reptiles) and other aquatic animals.

3, the fish adapted to life in the water the two most important features: ① can rely on swimming to get food and defense against enemies. ② can breathe in the water.

4, the four big fish are: bluegill, silver carp, grass carp and bighead carp.

5. Fish are lower vertebrates.

6, the shape of the fish in the shape of a pike, its function is: to reduce the resistance to swimming, suitable for swimming. The body of a fish is divided into three main parts: the head, the trunk and the tail.

8, the fish in swimming mainly by the body _ trunk _ and caudal fin _ of the left and right swing hit the current to produce forward momentum, other fins play a supporting role. The dorsal, pectoral, and ventral fins all play a role in maintaining balance while the caudal fin determines the direction of the fish's movement.

9. The sensory organ of the fish is the lateral line (sensing the water flow and determining the direction).

10, the gills are bright red, because of the rich capillaries; gill filaments are many and thin, its role is to greatly increase the contact area with the water to promote blood and gas exchange with the outside world.

12, water from the fish ___ mouth ___ into the gills, and then by the gill cover back edge (gill hole) out. In the water flow through the gill filaments, the water dissolved in the _ oxygen _ into the gill filaments of the _ capillaries _, and _ carbon dioxide _ _____ discharged by the gill filaments into the water; so the flow of water through the gills out of the flow of water compared with the flow of water from the mouth, the _ oxygen _ of the content of the decrease, carbon dioxide _ of the content of the increase.

13, the main characteristics of fish are: adapted to live in _water_; body surface is _scaled_; breathing with _gills_; swimming through the tail swing and _fin_ of the coordinated action.

14, anemones, jellyfish, coral polyps and other animals have a simple structure, they have a mouth without anus _, food from the mouth _ into the digestive cavity, digested food residues are still by the mouth out of the body. These animals are called coelenterates.

15, like mussels, moth snails and other soft body by the shell to protect the body of the animal called mollusks. Squid, octopus shell degradation, is also a mollusk.

16, shrimp and crabs and other body surface with a hard texture of the armor, called crustaceans.

17, a variety of organisms in the water are an important part of the aquatic ecosystem. Between them through the food chain and food network, the formation of close and complex links, and at the same time are affected by the waters of the environment, the changes in their species and the number of growth and development will affect the lives of human beings.

18, seahorses are fish, whales, dolphins, seals are mammals, turtles, sea turtles are reptiles.

Two, land-living animals ------- earthworms

1, the characteristics of the terrestrial environment and the adaptation of land animals: ① dry climate ...... has a structure to prevent the dissipation of water from the body, such as reptiles have horny scales or armor, insects have exoskeletons . ② lack of water buoyancy ...... have organs that support the body and movement . ③ Have a variety of ways to move . For example, crawling, walking, jumping, running, climbing, etc., in order to forage for food and avoid enemies. ③ gaseous oxygen for respiration ...... with the ability to breathe in the air, located inside the body of the respiratory organs, such as the lungs and trachea (the exception of earthworms, rely on the wall of the body to breathe) ④ large temperature differences between day and night, the environment is changing rapidly and complex ...... with a well-developed sensory organs and the nervous system, to the changing The environment is changing rapidly and complexly. has developed sensory organs and nervous system, responding to the changing environment in time.

2, earthworms live in humus-rich moist soil, through the muscles and bristles to make the body peristalsis, by the secretion of mucus, always keep wet body wall breathing. According to the ring band bearing in the front of the body to determine the head and tail (ring band is also called the reproductive band).

3, the earthworm body section of the significance: can make the earthworm body movement flexible, easy to steer.

4, with a finger touching the earthworm body segments near the ventral surface, there is a rough and uneven feeling, using a magnifying glass to observe, see the ventral surface there are many small protuberances is the bristles, bristles is to assist in the movement of the role of the (fixed; support)

5, earthworms in the moist soil of the deep burrowing reasons: because it can provide earthworms with a suitable survival, living environment and reproduction of the conditions, generally including the appropriate temperature, humidity, gaseous oxygen, the environment and reproduction. Temperature, humidity, gaseous oxygen, food and easy to avoid the enemy habitat, etc.. Earthworms cannot maintain a constant body temperature, so they can only live in the deeper layers of soil where the temperature does not vary too much.

6, in the observation of earthworms in the experiment, why should be often soaked in water with a wet cotton ball gently wipe the earthworm body surface, so that the surface of the body to keep wet: earthworms do not have a respiratory system, to rely on the secretion of mucus, always keep the body wall of the wet respiratory.

7, the living environment of earthworms: a certain temperature and humidity, the temperature difference is not big, rich in humus in the soil cave life. Habits and food habits: generally day and night, to the dead leaves of plants, rotten roots and other organic matter for food.

8, after heavy rain earthworms will have to climb to the ground up reason: after heavy rain, too much rain will be the soil air out, so the burrowing earthworms are forced to climb to the surface to breathe.

9, earthworm respiratory process: earthworm body wall is densely covered with capillaries, the oxygen in the air is dissolved in the mucus on the surface of the body, and then into the capillaries of the body wall. The carbon dioxide in the body is also discharged through the capillaries of the body wall to the surface of the body.

10, the body consists of many similar ring-shaped body segments of animals called annelids, such as earthworms, sandworms, leeches.

Three, land-living animals ------- rabbit

1, mammals: with fetal, lactation (offspring survival rate is high), the body surface is hairy, constant body temperature and other characteristics. Such as rabbits, giant pandas

2, thermostatic animals: can maintain a constant body temperature through their own regulation, so that the body temperature does not change with the changes in the outside world of the animals, including birds and mammals. On the contrary, the body temperature changes with the environmental temperature change of the animal is a thermophile, such as snakes, insects and so on. Constant temperature significance: reduce dependence on the external environment, expand the range of life and distribution

3, rabbit: the body surface is covered with hair (thermal insulation), respiration with the lungs, four chambers of the heart, the body circulation and the pulmonary circulation of the two pathways, constant body temperature, teeth divided into incisors and molars, cecum is well developed (in the role of bacteria, help the digestion of plant fibrous matter), the brain is well developed, the limbs are developed and flexible.

4. Jumping is the main form of locomotion in rabbits (the hind legs are longer and more muscular than the front legs).

5. Rabbit's diet: plants (grass). The body of the rabbit is divided into four parts: head, trunk, silk and tail.

6, the rabbit's teeth are divided into incisors and molars. The incisors resemble chisels suitable for cutting off food, and the molars have a wide chewing surface suitable for grinding food. The rabbit's appendix is developed, which is compatible with the rabbit's plant-eating habits. Wolves, tigers and other mammals also have sharp canine teeth, used to tear food (also used for attacking predators).

6. The diaphragm is a structure unique to mammals.

7. Adequate food, water, and shelter are the basic environmental conditions for the survival of terrestrial animals.

8. The similarity of the internal structures of rabbits and humans indicates that humans and rabbits are close in taxonomic status and belong to the same group of mammals, but the cecum of humans has deteriorated because humans are omnivorous.

Four, airborne animals --- homing pigeons

1, airborne animals are insects, bats, birds and so on.

2. There are more than 9,000 kinds of birds in the world. Except for a few birds such as ostriches and penguins that cannot fly, the vast majority are good at flying. Flight enables birds to expand their range of activities, which is good for foraging for food and breeding offspring.

3, the bird is suitable for flight characteristics: ① body streamlined (can reduce the resistance of the air when flying) ② body surface is covered with feathers, the forelimbs into the wing ③ chest has a towering keel protrusion, the long bone hollow (air-filled) ④ developed pectoral muscles ⑤ food digestion fast. That is, the digestive system is well-developed, and digestion, absorption, and elimination of feces are rapid. (6) The heart has four chambers, the number of heart beats is fast, the circulatory system is well-structured, and the ability to transport nutrients and oxygen is strong. (7) There is a well-developed air sac, both to reduce weight and with the lungs constitute a unique dual respiration. (8) short beak, no teeth in the mouth, no bladder, short rectum, feces and urine in time, the right ovary, oviduct degradation (these are to reduce weight, suitable for flight).

In short, birds are a group of animals whose bodies are covered with feathers, whose forelimbs turn into wings, who have the ability to fly rapidly, who have internal air sacs, and who have a high and constant body temperature.

4. The wing (wing) is the flying organ of the bird. The air sacs assist the lungs in breathing.

5. The feathers of a bird are divided into orthorhombic feathers (mainly used for flight) and downy feathers (mainly used for insulation).

6, domestic pigeons do not have teeth in the mouth, food is not chewed through the pharynx, esophagus into the crop. ---- enters the muscular stomach (with sand and small stones for grinding food).

Fifth, airborne flying animals --- insects

1, insects are the most varied class of animals, more than one million species, but also the only flying invertebrates, and therefore the most widely distributed animals.

2, the insect body is divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen, and generally has three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. Spiders, centipedes, shrimps, crabs, etc. are not insects, but they are all arthropods.... Arthropods are characterized by a body made up of many body segments, an exoskeleton on the surface of the body, and segmented feet and antennae.

3. The exoskeleton of insects is a tough shell covering the surface of the insect's body, which serves to protect and support the soft internal organs and to prevent the evaporation of water from the body.

2, amphibians: larvae live in the water, breathing with gills, through metamorphosis and development of adult, amphibious life, breathing with the lungs, while using the skin to assist breathing. Representative animals: frogs, toads.

Sixth, the movement of animals

1, the mammalian locomotor system consists of bones and muscles. The skeleton is made up of multiple bones joined together.

2, skeletal muscle consists of a thicker muscle belly in the middle and thinner tendons (milky white) at both ends, a group of muscle ends are attached to different bones. Skeletal muscles have the property of contracting when stimulated by nerves.

3, skeletal muscle can only contract and pull the bone and can not push away from the bone, so there are at least two groups of muscles connected to the bone, cooperate with each other to complete a variety of activities, especially stretching and bending elbow action: flexion of the elbow, contraction of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii diastolic, elbow extension is the opposite

4, double than the natural sagging, the biceps brachii diastolic, triceps brachii diastolic; both hands vertical upward lifting the weights or hands to grab the bar. The body of the bar naturally drooping, biceps contraction, triceps contraction.

5, the function of the motor system: movement, support, protection. In motion, the nervous system plays a regulatory role, bone plays the role of leverage, joints play a pivotal role (also said pivotal role), skeletal muscle plays a power role. It can be seen, the human body to complete a movement have to have the nervous system regulation, bone, skeletal muscle, joints **** with the participation of multiple groups of muscles to complete the coordinated role.

6, bone, joints and muscle relations: skeletal muscle contraction, pulling it attached to the bone, around the joints, so the body produces movement.

7, the motor system in the nervous system control and regulation, as well as the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system with the cooperation *** with the completion of the movement (energy from the decomposition of organic matter). Developed motor ability, conducive to predation and enemy avoidance, in order to adapt to the complex and changing environment.

8, the joint is by the articular surface, the joint capsule and joint cavity of three parts. The articular surface includes the articular head and the articular fossa. The structural features that make the joint firm are: the joint capsule and the ligaments inside and outside the capsule. To make the joint movement flexible structure is characterized by: the articular surface covered with a layer of smooth surface articular cartilage, and the inner surface of the joint capsule can also secrete synovial fluid, can reduce the friction of the articular surface between the two bones and cushioning the vibration of the movement.

9, dislocation: the head of the joint slips out of the joint socket. (As a result of playing sports or engaging in physical labor, due to excessive force or accidental fall).

Six, animal behavior

1, according to the behavior of different behavior can be divided into attack behavior, feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migratory behavior, etc.; and according to the different ways of obtaining can be divided into congenital behavior and learning behavior.

2, innate behavior refers to the animal born, by the body of the genetic material determines the behavior, to maintain the most basic survival is essential, such as spiders weave webs, bees honey, ants do nest, and so on. Learning behavior, on the other hand, refers to the behavior acquired by life experience and learning through the role of the environment on the basis of genetic factors. The higher the animal is, the better it learns, the better it adapts to its environment, and the more meaningful it is for survival.

2. Social Behavior: Animals live in groups, and different members of the group cooperate with each other to maintain the life of the group, and thus have the behavior. (Note: not all animals living in groups have social behavior, such as locust groups do not.)

3, most of the social behavior with the following characteristics: ① often form a certain organization within the group members have a clear division of labor ③ some also form a hierarchy

4, communication: a group of individual animals to other individuals to send out some kind of information to the individual receiving the information to produce some kind of behavioral response to the phenomenon. Division of labor need to exchange information at any time, the mode of communication has movement, sound, and smell, and so on.

5, with the extracted or synthetic sex hormone as a lure, you can trap agricultural pests; put a certain amount of sex lure in the farmland, interfere with the communication between the male and female rushes, is that males can not judge the location of the female, and thus can not be mated, which can also be achieved to control the number of pests.

That is, (1) the manufacture of insect sex pheromones to trap and kill insects, and (2) the manufacture of sex pheromones that interfere with the ability of insects to recognize the same species of insect.

6.

VII. Role of Animals in the Biosphere

1. Role of Animals in Nature: (1) Maintaining the ecological balance in nature (2) Promoting the material cycle of the ecosystem (3) Helping plants pollinate and spread seeds.

2. Ecological balance: in the ecosystem of the number and proportion of various organisms is always maintained in a relatively stable state, this phenomenon is called ecological balance.

2. There is an interdependence and mutual constraint between various organisms in the food chain and food web. Problems in any one of these links will affect the entire ecosystem. It is the existence of material flow, energy flow and information flow that makes various organisms and the environment a unified whole.

3. The role of animals in people's lives: they can be used for human consumption, medicinal purposes, ornamental purposes, etc., and are closely related to bioreactors and bionics.

4. Bioreactor: the use of biological as a "production plant", the production of certain substances needed by mankind, the organism or a biological organ is a bioreactor. The most ideal bioreactor is the "breast bioreactor". Its significance lies in: low production costs, high efficiency, simple equipment, product effect is significant, reducing industrial

5.

6. Biomimicry: the method of inventing and creating various instruments and equipment by imitating certain structures and functions of living things.

6. Common examples of bionic: astronauts wear "anti-load suit", cold light, radar, thin shell building, intelligent robots.

VIII, experimental investigation

1, carefully observe the locust's thorax and abdomen. Can be found on the left and right sides of a very neatly arranged line of small holes, which is the valve. The stomata are connected to the trachea in the locust's body, and the stomata are the gateway for gases to enter the locust's body. Please base your investigation on the given

I. Bacteria and Fungi

7. Colony: A bacterium or fungus multiplies to form a collection visible to the naked eye, called a colony.

Bacterial colony characteristics: smaller, smooth and sticky surface or rough and dry, white;

Fungal colony characteristics: larger, fluffy, flocculent spiderweb, red, green, yellow, brown, black and other colors

8. culture of bacteria and fungi: ① preparation of medium ② autoclave sterilization ③ inoculation ④ thermostatic incubation

9. medium: nutrient-containing Organic matter

10. Bacteria and fungi also need certain conditions to survive: moisture, suitable temperature, organic matter (nutrients), a certain living space. In addition, some require oxygen, while others are anaerobic (i.e., life activities are inhibited in the presence of oxygen). Except for a few bacteria, can not synthesize their own organic matter, can only use readily available organic matter as nutrients (i.e., nutritional mode of heterotrophic)

11. scientists in the deep sea craters and other very special environments, found in the archaeobacteria. The existence of archaea suggests that: ① the ability of archaea to adapt to their environment is very strong ② the bacteria are widely distributed.

12. Hot summer, food is easy to corruption, a lot of people get gastroenteritis, the reason is: hot summer, air humidity, high temperature, suitable for bacteria, fungi reproduction and growth, food preservation is not appropriate or time is too long, it will be contaminated by bacteria, fungi and deterioration, people eat spoiled food will be gastroenteritis.

13. Washed and dried clothes will not grow moldy, and dirty clothes and dirty shoes are easy to grow moldy, the reason is: washed and dried clothes clean and dry, lack of nutrients, is not suitable for the propagation of fungi, so washed and dried clothes are not easy to grow moldy; on the other hand, the dirty clothes to provide a suitable environment for the growth of the fungus, and therefore, the dirty clothes agreement moldy.

14. The purpose of making kimchi and sealing it with water is to keep the air out of the altar and to maintain an anoxic environment in the altar, because lactobacilli can decompose organic matter in vegetables into lactic acid only in an anoxic or anaerobic environment.

15. In the latter part of the 17th century, the Dutchman Levin? In the latter part of the 17th century, the Dutchman Levin Hooke invented the microscope and discovered bacteria; and in the 19th century, Pasteur, the "father of microbiology," proved that bacteria do not occur naturally, but are produced by pre-existing bacteria by using the gooseneck flask experiment

16. Bacteria are very small, with a billion of them stacked up to be only as big as a small grain of rice, and are unicellular. (Viruses are even smaller)

17. Bacteria are characterized as tiny, with rod-like, globular, and spiral forms, and without a formed nucleus. Mostly can only live by utilizing readily available organic matter and are decomposers. They are decomposers. They divide and multiply. Some bacteria can form a dormant body with strong resistance to adverse environments, called a spore

18. structural characteristics of bacteria: basic structures include: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, there is a concentration of DNA in the region, there is no formed nucleus; there is no chloroplasts; accessory structures: some bacteria have pods outside the cell wall (protective effect), some bacteria have flagella (used to swim in the water); some of the bacteria form spores (light, dormant bodies resistant to harsh environments) later in their growth and development.

19. Mastery of the textbook 60 page bacterial structure diagram.

20. bacteria reproduction: division of reproduction, fast, less than half an hour to divide.

21. Bacterial nutrition: generally heterotrophic (including saprophytic and parasitic), that is, there is no chloroplast, most bacteria can only use readily available organic matter to live, and decompose organic matter into simple inorganic matter.

22. Bacteria are decomposers in an ecosystem.

23. What are the characteristics of bacteria and their distribution: bacteria are tiny individuals, very easy to carry for a variety of media; division of reproduction, reproduction speed, high number; some bacteria in the late stages of growth and development, the individual shrinkage, thickening of the cell wall to form spores, spores of the adverse environment has a strong resistance; spores are small and light, and can be dispersed around with the wind, fall in the appropriate environment, it can sprout for the Bacteria. These characteristics are conducive to the wide distribution of bacteria.

24. Fungal characteristics: mycelium formed by many cells connected to the mycelium; each cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus; there are also unicellular fungi, such as yeast; no chloroplasts, are the use of readily available organic life, that is, the heterotrophic type; spore propagation of progeny

25. Penicillium: green, bearing spores of mycelium into the shape of brooms; Aspergillus : black-brown (sometimes yellow, green, etc.), spores are borne on the tips of radial hyphae; mushrooms get their nutrients from decaying plant matter. These fungi live in places where the temperature is favorable, moisture is plentiful and rich in organic matter.

26. Various types of fungi: mushrooms, fungus, silver ear, reishi.

27. Mushrooms are also made from a collection of mycelium

Nutrition: heterotrophic (saprophytic)

Reproduction: sporulation

Environment: dark, moist, rich in organic matter, warm

28. Yeasts (understand)

(1) Morphology: (unicellular) ovoid, colorless

(2) Structures: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, vesicles, no chloroplasts

(3) Nutrition: heterotrophic (saprophytic) aerobic: glucose-carbon dioxide + water + energy (more)

anaerobic: glucose-carbon dioxide + alcohol + energy (less)

(4) Reproduction: budding reproduction, special circumstances sporulation is carried out

29. Edible fungi such as mushrooms and fungus are collectively known as edible mushrooms.

30. Bacteria and fungi play a role in nature:

① Participate in the material cycle as decomposers. That is, the decomposition of plant and animal remains into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts, which are reabsorbed and utilized by plants to make organic matter. Therefore, it plays an important role in the cycle of carbon dioxide and other substances in nature.

②Causes disease in plants, animals and people. This type of microorganisms are mostly parasitic life, from the living plant and animal body to absorb nutrients. Such as streptococcus caused tonsillitis, fungi caused by ringworm, wheat leaf rust. Note: foot fungus and fine, fungus is not related (is the lack of vitamin B1 lead to)

3 and plant and animal *** birth. *** life refers to an organism and another organism *** with living together, interdependent, can not be separated from the phenomenon, in short, mutually beneficial *** life. Such as fungi and algae **** born to form lichen

Re: rhizobium and legumes, rhizobium will be the nitrogen in the air into the nitrogenous substances that plants can absorb, thereby increasing the nitrogen content of the soil, increase soil fertility, improve crop yields (Nitrogen is a larger amount of substances needed in plant life).

and function: rabbits, cows, sheep within some bacteria to help break down vitamins

with people: human intestines have some bacteria can make vitamin B12 and vitamin K beneficial to the body

31. Human use of bacteria and fungi is reflected in four aspects:

① food production. That is, the application of the principle of fermentation, fermentation is organic matter at a certain temperature by the yeast or other bacteria decomposition process into certain products

② food preservation.

Cause of spoilage ------- bacteria and fungi decompose organic matter in food and grow and multiply in it caused;

Preservation principle ------- will kill bacteria and fungi or inhibit their growth and reproduction;

Common preservation methods:

"Pasteur" Sterilization (based on the principle of high temperature sterilization)

Canning (based on the principle of high temperature sterilization and preventing contact with bacteria and fungi)

Freezing, refrigeration (based on the principle that low temperature can inhibit the growth of bacteria)

Vacuum packaging (based on the principle of destroying the environment in which oxygen-demanding fungi can live)

Sunning and smoking, curing, dehydration, and osmosis preservation (based on removing moisture to prevent the growth and reproduction of bacteria and fungi). (based on the principle of removing moisture to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi)

Use of preservatives

Use of rays

③ Disease control. This mainly refers to antibiotics to cure diseases (e.g. penicillin) and genetically modified technology to produce medicines (e.g. insulin). Antibiotics are substances produced by fungi (and also by actinomycetes) that kill certain pathogenic bacteria

④ Environmental protection. Anaerobic some of the bacilli, methanogens can be triggered by pollution of organic matter fermentation and decomposition, producing methane, etc., while aerobic some other bacteria (such as Flavobacterium) can be decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, so that the sewage have been purified

32, the production of buns or bread, to use the yeast, which produces carbon dioxide gas will be in the formation of the dough in the formation of a number of holes, so that the buns or bread puffy and fluffy, while the alcohol contained in the dough is evaporated during the steaming and baking process.

33, the production of steamed bread with yeast, yogurt with lactobacillus, kimchi with acetic acid bacteria, brewing with wine.

Unit VI, biological diversity is extremely protective

34, biological classification

Concept: according to the degree of similarity of organisms (including morphological structure and physiological function) to the organisms are divided into species and genera of different levels, and each group of morphological structure and physiological function and other characteristics of the scientific description.

Basis: the characteristics of organisms in terms of morphology, structure and physiology

Objective: to clarify the affinity and evolutionary relationship between different groups

Significance: to better study the use and protection of organisms, and to understand the status of various organisms in the living world as well as their evolutionary pathways and processes.

34.The order of the groups to which plants belong from simple to complex is algae, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms.

To categorize plants the main observations are their morphological structures, such as the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of angiosperms.

Flowers, fruits, and seeds are the most important basis for classifying angiosperms.

35, Animals are categorized into vertebrates and invertebrates according to the presence or absence of a spine .

Vertebrates from simple to complex order of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Invertebrate zoology main groups are protozoa, coelenterata, (flatworms, linear Platyhelminthes)

Mollusks, annelids, arthropods

36. Biological taxonomic units in order from the largest to the smallest is the realm, the phylum, the class, order, family, genus, and species, of which species is the most basic unit of classification

. Organisms of the same species are most closely related.

The larger the unit of classification, the more species it contains, but the less similar the species are, the fewer the ****same characteristics, and the more distant the affinity; the smaller the unit of classification, the fewer the species it contains, and the more the ****same characteristics are

37. The connotation of biodiversity: it includes three levels: diversity of species (i.e., diversity of organisms), diversity of genes, and diversity of ecosystems.

The relationship between biological diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity:

(1) The diversity of biological species is the most intuitive manifestation of biological diversity, which is the center of the concept of biological diversity. Biological species diversity affects ecosystem diversity.

(2) Genetic diversity is an intrinsic form of biodiversity. Genetic diversity determines species diversity, and the essence of species

diversity is genetic diversity.

(3) The diversity of ecosystems is the external form of biodiversity. When the ecosystem undergoes drastic changes, the loss of biodiversity and genetic diversity will be accelerated. Therefore, the fundamental measure to protect biodiversity is to protect the habitats of organisms and the diversity of ecosystems.

38, China is one of the richest countries in biological diversity. Among them, mosses, ferns and seed plants rank third in the world after Brazil and Colombia. China is the richest country of gymnosperms, known as "the home of gymnosperms".

39, the various characteristics of living things are controlled by genes. The genes of different organisms vary greatly, and the genetic composition of individuals of the same species is also different, so each organism is a rich gene pool.

The diversity of species is essentially a diversity of genes.

40, China is one of the countries with the richest genetic diversity in the world, especially the rich genetic diversity of domesticated animals, cultivated plants and wild relatives, which provides valuable genetic resources for genetic breeding of plants and animals.

41, the use of genetic diversity to improve crop varieties typical examples:

The United States introduced China's wild soybeans and local varieties of hybrids, cultivated excellent varieties resistant to soybean chlorosis;

China's scientists Yuan Longping use of wild rice and ordinary cultivated rice many times hybrid, cultivated a very high-yield hybrid rice new varieties.

42, ecosystems include types such as: forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, desert ecosystems, wetland ecosystems, lake ecosystems, marine ecosystems, agricultural ecosystems, urban ecosystems and so on.

43, each organism is composed of a certain number of individuals, the genetic composition of these individuals is different, they *** with constitute a gene pool,; each organism and live in a certain ecosystem, and with his biological species.

A decrease in the number of organisms or the extinction of a certain species will inevitably affect the ecosystem in which it is located; when the ecosystem undergoes a drastic change, it will also accelerate the loss of the diversity of species and genetic diversity of organisms.

Therefore, the protection of the habitat of organisms and the protection of the diversity of ecosystems are fundamental measures to protect biodiversity.

44. Reasons for the threat to biodiversity:

(1) Changes and destruction of the ecological environment

(2) Predatory exploitation and utilization

(3) Environmental pollution

(4) Influence of alien species

45.

45. The silver fir is known as a "living fossil" among plants; the Yangzi crocodile is known as a "living fossil" among Mesozoic animals; and the Chinese dove tree is also a "living fossil" in the plant world.

46, in order to protect the biological diversity, the people of a certain area of land or water, including the protection of the object, is divided into a certain area for protection and management, which is the nature reserve.

47. The establishment of nature reserves is the most effective measure to protect biodiversity. China has now built many nature reserves to protect ecosystem types and to protect rare plants and animals.

48. Nature reserves are "natural gene pools" that can protect many species and various types of ecosystems; they are "natural laboratories" for scientific research, providing a good base for the development of biological scientific research; Nature reserves are "living natural museums", an important place to popularize biological knowledge and publicize the protection of biodiversity.

49. People move some endangered species out of their original places and into zoos, botanical gardens, aquariums and breeding centers of endangered animals for special protection and management; and set up germplasm banks of endangered species (seed banks of plants and sperm banks of animals) in order to protect precious genetic resources.

50. Laws and documents enacted in China to protect biodiversity:

Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wild Animals, and Outline for the Protection of Nature in China.