The potato is currently the world's most important food crop used as a staple food for human beings, in addition to cereals, and is mainly eaten from its underground tubers. It is widely grown around the world and thousands of varieties have been cultivated. It is well adapted to the soil, but requires cool, cold and dry climates, and can grow in hot and humid areas, although the varieties deteriorate after one generation, requiring the frequent introduction of new potato varieties from colder regions. History of the potatoEdit Newborn leaves are simple and entire. As the plant grows, it gradually forms pinnately compound leaves. Cymes are terminal and come in white, pale blue, purple and pale red. Contemporary British agronomist P.M. Hawkes, in his Scientific Basis for the Improvement of the Potato - A History, says that the potato was introduced to India in about the seventeenth century, and to China a little earlier. From the above, it can be determined that the potato was introduced to the Middle Kingdom not later than in Europe. (The potato was introduced to England and Ireland only in 1565, and for a long time it was used as an exotic plant). Japan's potato is the Dutch brought to the port of Nagasaki in 1598, the introduction of potato in our country will never be later than Japan and even some European countries.
The first person to eat potatoes
In Gothenburg, Sweden, a small square in the city center, stands a bronze statue; this is one of the attractions of Gothenburg, commonly known as the statue of the potato eaters. Like the American known as Uncle Sam, this is a typical Svensson (Swede). He is bland, thick-boned, shy, and has a very groove in his chin. Though dressed as an aristocrat, he was as quiet as a potato, introverted and composed. He is Jonas Alstruma, the famous potato eater. Potato Introduction Editorial Section Solanaceae Solanaceae annual herbs. Also known as potatoes, yams, yam eggs, potatoes (Hong Kong, Guangzhou people's usual name) and so on. Tubers can be eaten, is an important food, vegetables and crops.
Some scholars believe that the potato **** there are 7 cultivars, mainly distributed in the Andes Mountains of South America and nearby coastal areas of temperate and subtropical regions. The most important potato cultivar is the tetraploid species. Tetraploid cultivars of potatoes spread around the world, initially in 1570 from Colombia in South America will be short day type introduced into Spain, Europe, by artificial selection, become a long day type; and then spread to Asia, North America, southern Africa and Australia and other places. Potatoes are highly productive, nutritious, and adaptable to the environment, and are now found throughout the world, and can be cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries even in the winter or cooler seasons and obtain higher yields. Potato origin and production edit this paragraph The world's main potato producing countries in the former Soviet Union, Poland, China, the United States. China's main potato producing areas are the southwest mountainous areas, northwest, Inner Mongolia and northeastern areas. Among them, the sown area in the southwest mountainous region is the largest, accounting for about 1/3 of the country's total area.
Dingxi, Gansu Province, produces a lot of potatoes, which are called "yams" by the local people and are one of the staple foods in the area. On April 6, Liu Zhen, deputy director of the Organizing Committee of China's Specialty Township Recommendation and Publicity Activities and president of China Specialty Newspaper, Sun Xiang, vice president and secretary-general of the Chinese Society of Agriculture, and other five people came to Tingxi County for field inspection and demonstration, and then reported to the Specialty Economy Specialty Committee of the Chinese Society of Agriculture for validation, agreeing to name Tingxi as the "China Potato Township". "China's potato township". Tengzhou, Shandong Province, known as the "grain silo of Lunan", there are 323 varieties of crops and 145 varieties of animals. By the state and Shandong Province as a commodity grain base, high-quality vegetable base, is the country's largest vegetable distribution center and "green goat base. Heilongjiang Province is the largest potato planting base in China. Commonly cultivated species of potatoes are grown by tuber reproduction, and the shape varies according to varieties. The height of the plant is about 50-80 centimeters. The stem is divided into two parts: the above-ground stem and the underground stem. The tubers are round, ovoid or oblong. The color of the potato skin is white, yellow, pink, red, or purple; the flesh is white, yellowish, or yellow. Plants grown from seeds form an elongated primary root and branched lateral roots; while plants propagated from tubers have no primary root and only form a fibrous root system. The primary leaves are simple and entire. As the plant grows, it gradually forms pinnately compound leaves. Cymes are terminal and come in white, light blue, purple, and light red. Berries. Cultivation techniques for the potato vary in different parts of the world, depending on geographical and climatic conditions. It is mainly asexually propagated from tubers. In order to avoid cutter-transmitted viruses (fusiform tuber, X and S mosaic virus) and ring rot, healthy seed potatoes with a diameter of 3-3.5 cm should be used for whole potato sowing. Potatoes are most susceptible to diseases. Fungal diseases include late blight, scab, and early blight. Bacterial diseases include ring rot and blight. Viral diseases include mosaic disease, leaf curl disease, virus-like diseases, and mycoplasma infestations. Insect pests include tuber moths, nematodes, tigresses, and grubs. Most of the cultivars were selected through crossbreeding. In view of the paucity of resources of potato varieties of common cultivars, special attention has been paid in recent years to synthesizing the chromosome sets of potato's close cultivars, including common cultivars and diploid cultivars, in order to facilitate the selection and breeding of new varieties with high yield, high resistance and high starch and protein content.
The main ways of selection and breeding are: ① using diploid hybrids that produce 2n gametes to cross with common cultivars. ② use of new cultivars and ordinary cultivated species hybridization. Potatoes have a high nutritional and medicinal value. General fresh potatoes contain ingredients: starch 9 ~ 20%, protein 1.5 ~ 2.3%, fat 0.1 ~ 1.1%, crude fiber 0.6 ~ 0.8%. 100g of potatoes contain nutrients: 66 ~ 113J, calcium 11 ~ 60mg, phosphorus 15 ~ 68mg, iron 0.4 ~ 4.8mg, thiamine 0.03 ~ 0.07mg, riboflavin 0.03 ~ 0.11mg, niacin 0.03 ~ 0.11mg. ～0.03-0.07mg of thiamin, 0.03-0.11mg of riboflavin, 0.4-1.1mg of niacin. In addition, potato tubers also contain carotene and ascorbic acid, which are not found in cereal grains. From a nutritional point of view, it has more advantages than rice, flour, can supply the body with a large number of calories, can be called "ten perfect food". A person's life and health can be sustained on potatoes and whole milk alone. Because the potato nutrient composition is very comprehensive, the nutritional structure is also more reasonable, but the amount of protein, calcium and vitamin A is a little low; and this is exactly with whole milk to supplement. Potato tubers have more water, less fat, calories per unit volume is quite low, the vitamin C contained is 10 times that of apples, B vitamins is 4 times that of apples, a variety of minerals is a few times that of apples to dozens of times ranging from eating a very good feeling of satiety. Potato fresh potatoes can be boiled for food or vegetables. But the fresh potato tuber volume, high water content, transportation and long-term storage difficulties. For this reason, countries all over the world pay much attention to the production of processed foods of potato, such as French frozen fried strips, fried pieces, instant powder, starch, and a wide variety of cakes, egg rolls and so on, for the number of more than 100 kinds of. The fresh stems and leaves of potatoes can be used as fodder through silage, but they contain lobelia alkaloids, which must be prevented from causing livestock poisoning. Some areas of China use potato stems and leaves to do green manure, its fertilizer effect is similar to the purple yunnying.
Potato, also known as yams, potatoes, yam eggs, is the world is one of the major food crops. Second only to rice, wheat and corn. In our country potato planting area in recent years about 45 million mu, ranking first in the world. Potato in the country's provinces (cities) are cultivated, especially in the northern cold areas and southwest mountainous areas more widely planted. Sichuan is the largest province of potato cultivation area, the area of 2 million mu from the 1950s to the current 4.5 million mu (including spring and fall, excluding Chongqing Municipality), its large-area mu yield is generally in the 1000 kg or so. Potato nutrition comprehensive, high value, storage and storage time is long, is the rural people to improve the food structure, residents for health care of good food. In recent years with the development of the potato processing industry and the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, potato between sets, autumn and winter crop and replanting area is expanding, potato industry has become increasingly important in Sichuan Province, food, vegetables, feed and processing raw materials and other important crops.
Section I. Potato growth and environmental conditions
I. Temperature
Potato growth and development requires cooler climatic conditions, because it is native to the high Andes mountains in South America, the average annual temperature of 5 degrees -10 degrees, the highest average temperature of 24 degrees or so. China's southwestern mountainous areas, northwestern and some areas in the north, close to the climate conditions of the origin of the potato. However, potato planting after many years of artificial selection, there have been early, medium and late maturity period of different types of varieties, in a variety of climatic conditions can be planted. But after all, potato plants and tubers have their natural characteristics in terms of their biological response to temperature, so it is very important to understand these conditions when cultivating potatoes.
1, the plant's response to temperature
Sowed potato tubers in the ground 10 centimeters below the soil temperature of 7 degrees ~ 8 degrees, the young shoots can grow, 10 degrees ~ 20 degrees when the young shoots thrive and soon out of the ground. Sowing early potato seedlings often encountered late frost, the general temperature fell to -0.8 degrees when the seedlings are cold. Temperature drops to -2 degrees when the seedlings by frost damage, part of the stem and leaves withered, black, but in the temperature rise can also be issued from the node of the new stem and leaves, continue to grow. The optimal temperature for plant growth is about 21 degrees Celsius, at a high temperature of 42 degrees Celsius, the stem and leaves stop growing, when the temperature is -1.5 degrees Celsius, the stems are damaged by freezing, and at -3 degrees Celsius, the stems and leaves are all dead. The optimal temperature for flowering is 15 degrees to 17 degrees, below 5 degrees or above 38 degrees will not flower. Flowering period to -0.5 degrees low temperature is flower damage, -1 degrees so that the flowers die. Of course, the response to temperature varies depending on the cold resistance of the variety. But after understanding the relationship between potato plant growth and temperature, to strengthen the management of the field, to ensure that the potato to obtain high yield, has the significance of life.
2, tuber response to temperature
Potato tuber growth and development of the optimal temperature of 17 degrees to 19 degrees, the temperature is lower than 2 degrees and higher than 29 degrees, tuber stop growing. In production practice often encounter two kinds of tuber growth anomaly.
The first phenomenon is sowing fast stem on the young shoots into a tuber, also known as boring potato or dream potato. This phenomenon is due to the tuber storage conditions before sowing is not good, the cellar temperature is high. Cellar temperature above 4 degrees, tuber dormancy period after the start of germination. Some cellar temperature at 10 degrees above, the tuber buds grow long, the tuber buds removed after sowing, nutrients within the tuber to the young shoots to move the transfer encountered low temperatures, the young shoots do not have the conditions for growth, so the nutrients stored up to form a new small tubers. If the tuber does not germinate when sowing or just start sprouting without growth, to be normal growth after the temperature rises, so it will not produce tubers.
The second phenomenon is in the tuber encountered a long period of high temperature that is to stop growing, to be watered after the rainfall soil temperature drop, the tuber began to grow, that is, the second growth. Under these conditions some tubers are like dumbbells, some are like rosary beads, there are a variety of deformities. Of course, this phenomenon has a lot to do with whether the variety is heat-resistant. High-temperature sensitive varieties encountered drought and water shortage, soil temperature increases, the second growth of tubers, especially more, while heat-resistant varieties may not appear or rarely appear on the ground into branches, which will seriously affect the yield or reduce the quality of tubers. Such varieties should be irrigated in time to reduce soil temperature.