Compared with biofuel ethanol, which is an alternative fuel for clean cars, the development of biodiesel production in China is relatively slow. Judging from the domestic demand for refined oil, diesel is more scarce than gasoline. Developing biodiesel in China is not only helpful to reduce the emission of automobile exhaust pollutants, but also has practical significance to alleviate the shortage of diesel resources. Considering that gutter oil is one of the main raw materials of biodiesel, its industrialization development can also solve the problem that gutter oil enters the food field again and harms public health. However, at present, the industrialization of biodiesel in China is restricted by factors such as high production cost, insufficient policy support and irregular management. The analysis and discussion of these problems will help to clarify the industrial orientation and clarify the development ideas, thus providing reference for decision makers.
The production and demonstration of biodiesel in China for 20 10 years, the production capacity of biodiesel in China is about 3 million t/a, and the output is about 200,000 t. The main raw materials are waste oil from restaurants and waste residue from oil production. The products are mainly used for agricultural power machinery and highway, waterway and railway transportation power machinery. Compared with developed countries, China's biodiesel industry started late and its development process was relatively slow. Since the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the government has increased its investment in the research and development of biodiesel. However, due to the weak support of relevant industrial policies in the later period, although the capacity under construction and planning has reached a certain scale, the capacity utilization rate is not high. At present, the main body of biodiesel production in China is private enterprises, and state-owned enterprises and foreign companies also participate. In July, 2008, the National Development and Reform Commission officially approved China Petroleum, China Petrochemical and China Offshore Oil to build demonstration devices with Jatropha curcas as raw materials. Among them, China CNOOC's 60,000 t/a plant in Hainan was completed and put into operation at the end of 20 10, which is the largest biodiesel demonstration project in China.
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the research topics related to biodiesel entered the national key science and technology plan. The entry into force of the Renewable Energy Law in 2006 promoted the development of biodiesel to some extent. In September 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Medium-and Long-term Development Plan for Renewable Energy, proposing that "the production technology of biodiesel with jatropha curcas, Pistacia chinensis, tung oil, cottonseed and other oil crops as raw materials should be developed, and the waste oil recovery system in catering and other industries should be gradually established", and proposing the development goal of biodiesel: by 2065, the annual profit consumption of biodiesel will reach 200,000 t, and by 2020, it will reach 438+00.
The National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance and other departments have formulated a series of policies on industrial demonstration devices approved by the state, including loans for industrial device construction, reduction and exemption of value-added tax and income tax, and rewards for reaching the contract objectives after completion and operation. But on the whole, the promotion of relevant policies to industrialization development is not significant, and the continuity of policies is not strong, even repeated. For example, in 2006, State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China issued a document stipulating that "biodiesel produced by purification, refining and synthesis of animal and vegetable oils does not belong to the scope of consumption tax collection", but in 2008, the Notice of the State Council on Implementing the Reform of Refined Oil Prices and Taxes included biodiesel in the scope of consumption tax collection. Until June of 20 1 1, the Ministry of Finance and State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China issued a notice again, exempting the consumption tax on the production of pure biodiesel from waste animal and vegetable oils.
According to the latest report published by Oil World, an industry magazine headquartered in Hamburg, Germany, global biodiesel production began to decline after several years of growth.
China government has formulated some policies and measures to solve the problems of energy saving, substitution and environmental protection, and some scholars and experts have been committed to the research and advocacy of biodiesel for a long time. Although the research and development of biodiesel in China started late, it has developed rapidly, and some scientific research achievements have reached the international advanced level. The research content involves the distribution, selection, cultivation, genetic improvement, processing technology and equipment of oil plants. At present, all aspects of research have achieved initial results, which will undoubtedly contribute to the further research and development of biodiesel in China. It can be predicted that in 2-3 years, the research in this field in China will make a breakthrough and reach the practical level.
Academician Min Enze, a famous scholar, clearly put forward the topic of developing clean-fuel biodiesel for the first time in the book Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: the former Ministry of Machinery Industry and the former sinopec group allocated special funds in the 1980s, and the project was undertaken by Shanghai Internal Combustion Engine Research Institute and Yishan Agricultural Machinery in Guiwai for 10 year, and invited Zhan, an expert from China Petrochemical Research Institute, to do a lot of basic experiments and explorations; Mr. Shi Delu from China Agricultural Engineering Research and Design Institute also conducted experiments on biodiesel in 1985. The Sino-European cooperative research project undertaken by Liaoning Energy Research Institute also involves biodiesel; China University of Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University and Army Institute of Chemistry have also conducted research on biodiesel to varying degrees.
The systematic research began with the key scientific research project of Chinese Academy of Sciences during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period: "Research and application technology of oil plants", and completed the investigation of oil plant resources and the research of cultivation technology in Jinsha River basin, and established a 30-hectare Jatropha curcas cultivation demonstration film. Since the early 1990s, Changsha Institute of New Technology and Hunan Academy of Forestry have conducted cooperative research on energy plants and biodiesel for 65,438+00 years. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the technology of preparing methyl ester fuel oil from bark oil and its combustion characteristics were studied. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the national key scientific research project "Vegetable oil energy utilization technology" was completed.
1999-2002, Hunan Academy of Forestry undertook and presided over the introduction of foreign advanced forestry technology (948 Project) by the State Forestry Administration, that is, the introduction of energy tree species Lvwangshu and its utilization technology, and introduced excellent clones of eucalyptus from South Africa, the United States and Brazil. Developed the milk extraction equipment of green Yushu; The composition and fuel characteristics of elm latex were studied. The catalytic cracking of elm latex achieved phased results.
However, compared with foreign countries, there is still a considerable gap in the development of biodiesel in China, which has been in the primary research stage for a long time and failed to form the industrialization of biodiesel: the government has not yet put forward a set of policies and measures to support, preferential and encourage biodiesel, let alone formulate a unified standard for biodiesel and implement an industrialization development strategy. Therefore, after China's entry into WTO, it is more urgent to speed up the industrialization of efficient and clean biodiesel under the background of how to face the dual pressures of rapid economic development and environmental protection. China is rich in raw material resources for developing biodiesel. China has a vast territory, a large geographical span, different distribution of water and heat resources, and rich and diverse energy plant resources. The main families are Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Apocynaceae, Compositae, Leguminosae, Cornaceae, hyacinthus orientalis and Rosaceae. At present, the development and utilization of biodiesel in China is still in its infancy. In order to reduce the cost of biodiesel as a whole and make it play a greater role in the transformation of China's energy structure, only by developing in the direction of base and scale, implementing intensive management and forming industrialization can we take the road of biodiesel development in line with China's national conditions. With the deepening of reform and opening-up, in the process of global economic integration, under the favorable situation of China's accession to the WTO, China's economic level will be further improved, and its demand for energy will increase. As long as the research results of biodiesel are transformed into productivity and industrialized, its application in diesel engines, diesel power plants, air conditioning equipment, rural fuels and so on will be very broad.
China is a net importer of oil, and its oil reserves are very limited. A large amount of imported oil poses a threat to China's energy security. Therefore, improving the quality of oil products is more practical for China. Biodiesel has three advantages: renewable, clean and safe. Experts believe that biodiesel has important strategic significance for China's agricultural structure adjustment, energy security and comprehensive management of the ecological environment. At present, automobile diesel has become a development direction of automobile industry. According to experts' prediction, by 20 1 0, the world demand for diesel oil will increase from 38% to 45%, and the supply of diesel oil is seriously insufficient, which provides a broad development space for the production of biodiesel from rapeseed. The development of biodiesel industry can also promote the rural, economic and social development of China. If we develop oil crops to produce biodiesel, we can find a way to transform agricultural and forestry products into industrial products, which will help adjust the agricultural structure and increase farmers' income.
The balance between supply and demand of diesel oil will also be the focus of the development of China oil market for a long time to come. Insiders pointed out that by 2005, with the increase of China's primary processing capacity, there will be some export space for gasoline and kerosene, while the supply gap of diesel oil is still large. It is predicted that by 20 10, the demand for diesel will exceed10 million tons, an increase of 24% over 2005. By 20 15 years, the market demand will reach about 65438+300 million tons. In recent years, although refining and chemical enterprises have continuously improved the diesel-steam ratio through continuous technical transformation, they still cannot meet the requirements of diesel-steam consumption. At present, the production ratio of diesel and steam is about 1.8, while the consumption ratio of diesel and steam in the market is above 2.0, and the consumption ratio of diesel and steam in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and other provinces is even above 2.5. With the acceleration of the western development process and the start of major infrastructure projects in the national economy, the contradiction between diesel and gasoline ratio is more prominent than before. Therefore, the development of biodiesel is not only in line with the direction of adjusting the oil structure and improving the ratio of diesel to gasoline in the petrochemical industry, but also has far-reaching significance.
At present, China biodiesel technology has made great achievements: Hainan Zhenghe Bioenergy Company, Sichuan Gushan Oil Chemical Company and Fujian Zhuoyue New Energy Development Company have all developed technologies with independent intellectual property rights, and successively built production facilities with a scale of over 10,000 tons, which indicates that biodiesel, a high-tech industry, has been born in China.
The person in charge of China Academy of Engineering introduced that China's "Tenth Five-Year Plan" proposed the development of various petroleum substitutes, and identified the development of bio-liquid fuel as the national industrial development direction. Biodiesel industry has been supported by the leaders of the State Council, the State Planning Commission, the State Economic and Trade Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology and other government departments, and has been included in the relevant national plans.
▲ Caishui [2010]18 was approved by the State Council, and pure biodiesel produced from waste animal and vegetable oils was exempted from consumption tax. The relevant policies are hereby notified as follows: From June 5438+1 October1day, 2009, pure biodiesel that meets the following conditions will be exempted from consumption tax: (1) The proportion of waste animal and vegetable oils in production raw materials shall not be less than 70%. (2) The pure biodiesel produced conforms to the national standard of Diesel Mixed Biodiesel (BD 100). From June 5438+1 October1day, 2009 until the issuance of this notice, if the consumption tax paid by biodiesel production enterprises meets the tax exemption provisions in Article 1 of this notice, it will be refunded. China has made some progress in establishing biodiesel standards. In 2007, China's first national standard B 100 for the mixed use of biodiesel and diesel was officially implemented. 20 10 The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the National Standards Committee issued the biodiesel mixed fuel standard (B5). This standard was implemented on February 65438, 20 1 year.
It can be seen from the above development trend that the government is paying more and more attention to the field of biodiesel because of the diversification of refined oil sources and the prevention of "waste oil" from entering the catering industry.
Technical Route of Evaluating Biodiesel in China There are many kinds of raw materials for biodiesel, including rapeseed, soybean, industrial and catering waste oil, etc. And some woody oil crops, such as Jatropha curcas, Pistacia chinensis, Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, etc. It also shows great application and development potential. These technical routes have different performances in terms of economy, environment and energy efficiency. How to develop appropriate technologies according to regional characteristics has become the focus of biodiesel related research. Economic Evaluation The high production cost is the biggest obstacle to the industrialization of biodiesel in China.
According to Petroleum World, the output of biodiesel in the EU this year is expected to drop from 965,438+300,000 tons in the previous year to 9 million tons, thus ending the long-term growth trend.
The report also said that the output of biodiesel in the United States this year is expected to increase from 3.29 million tons in the previous year to 3.48 million tons, but the output of biodiesel from July to 65438+February this year is expected to decrease by 360,000 tons, but the prospect of biofuel production in the United States next year is still bright.
"In view of the tight supply of 201213 soybean oil in the United States, it is still difficult to make the biodiesel production in this country reach the prescribed level."
The report pointed out that this year, Argentina's biodiesel production is expected to increase slightly from 2.43 million tons in the previous year to 2.45 million tons, while in 20 1 1 year, the country's biodiesel production increased by 600,000 tons.
According to the report, "Argentine biodiesel producers are currently facing a sharp decline in export sales and a sharp decline in domestic consumption."
The low soybean production led to the higher soybean oil price, which also led to the decrease of Brazil's biodiesel production from 2.35 million tons in the previous year to 2.29 million tons.
However, Brazil has raised the requirements for the blending ratio of biodiesel next year, which will make the country's biodiesel production prospects bright next year.