Geomorphological climate
Basic characteristics of landform
In Shandong province, the mountains in the middle are protruding, the southwest and northwest are low-lying and flat, and the eastern hills are undulating, forming a topographic trend with mountains and hills as the skeleton and plain basins crisscrossing. Mount Tai is located in the middle, with the main peak at an altitude of 1545 meters, which is the highest point in the province. The Yellow River Delta is generally 2- 10 meters above sea level, which is the lowest land in the province. The landform in the territory is complex, which can be roughly divided into nine basic landform types, such as Zhongshan, low mountains, hills, platforms, basins, piedmont plains, alluvial fans of the Yellow River, Yellow River plains and Yellow River Delta. Mountains account for about15.5% of the total area of the province, hills account for13.2% and plains account for 55%; Rivers and lakes account for1.1%.
The hilly areas in central and southern Shandong mainly include Linyi, Zaozhuang, Jinan and most of Tai 'an, the south of Zibo and the southwest of Weifang. The middle is high and the edge is low. The main peaks of Mount Tai, Lushan, Yishan and Mengshan are all over 1,000 meters above sea level, which constitutes the ridge of this area. On both sides of the ridge, 500 ~ 600 meters above sea level, it belongs to the hills composed of Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata. The outer edge of the hill is the piedmont accumulation plain, which is mainly distributed along the Jiaoji Railway and in the east of Weishan Lake. It is 40 ~ 70 meters above sea level, with flat surface inclination, deep soil layer and abundant water. It has always been a high-yield area for drought and waterlogging in the province. Rivers in this area all originate from the surface of hills and ridges, and radiate to the surrounding areas, forming many valley areas with different widths. Limestone is widely distributed in the area, and karst landforms are developed. After the water in underground fissures and karst caves is blocked, some springs emerge on the surface, forming many groups, such as Baotu Spring Group in Jinan, Black Tiger Spring Group, Pearl Spring Group, Wulongtan Spring Group, Zhangqiu Mingshui Spring Group, Laiwu Guoniang Spring Group, Xintai Loude Spring Group, Mengyin Liugou Spring Group, Sishui Spring Linquan Group and Tengzhou Ant Spring Group.
The hilly area of Jiaodong, mainly including the areas under the jurisdiction of Yantai City, Weihai City and Qingdao City, is the main part of Shandong Peninsula. The hills in this area are basically composed of igneous rocks, except for a few peaks with an altitude of more than 700 meters, most of which are undulating hills with an altitude of 200 ~ 300 meters. The slope is gentle and wide, the soil layer is thick, and it is surrounded by the sea on three sides, with mild and humid climate and superior natural conditions. Between the hills is a graben fault depression plain belt, mainly including Laiyang basin and Taocun basin. On the outer edge of the hills, there are scattered coastal plains with widths ranging from several kilometers to 10. Among them, Penglai, Longkou and Laizhou coastal plains have the largest areas and are one of the important agricultural areas in Jiaodong.
In the north-central part of the peninsula, there are large mountains such as Daze Mountain, Ai Shan Mountain, Yashan Mountain, Kunyu Mountain, Weide Mountain, etc. from west to east, which become the watershed of the north-south water system of the peninsula, and many rivers originate from this and flow to the north and south. There is Laoshan Mountain in the south of the peninsula, and its main peak is 1 133 meters above sea level. It is a famous scenic spot.
Jiaolai Plain lies between the hilly areas of central Shandong and eastern Shandong. It mainly includes most of Weifang and northern Qingdao. It is alluvial from Weihe River, Dagu River and Jiaolai River. The altitude is about 50 meters. The soil layer is deep and the farming is developed.
Southwest Shandong-Beiping in western Shandong was originally formed by flooding and alluvial of the Yellow River, which is an integral part of the North China Plain. Located in the west of the Canal Lake Belt, north of Jiaoji Railway, and connected with Jiaolai Plain in the east, it includes all the four cities of Heze, Liaocheng, Dezhou and Binzhou, most of Jining City, and part of Tai 'an City, forming a semicircle surrounding the hilly land of central and southern Shandong. The area is about 52 100 square kilometers, accounting for 34% of the total area of the province. Most of the altitude is below 50 meters, slightly inclined from southwest to northeast, with a gradient of1/6000 ~110000. Due to the repeated breaches, diversions and sedimentation of the Yellow River, a series of river highlands and inter-river depressions with little height difference are formed on the surface, which overlap and crisscross each other.
The modern Yellow River Delta is fan-shaped, with Ninghai below Lijin as the top, Xiaoqing River estuary in the southeast, Tuhai River into the sea in the northwest, and the front part protrudes into Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay. It covers an area of more than 5,000 square kilometers. Usually, the Yellow River transports about1200 million tons of sediment to the estuary every year, which makes the delta extend about 2 ~ 3 kilometers to the sea every year, that is, it adds about 50 square kilometers of new silt ground every year. In recent years, due to the continuous extension of the cutoff time of the Yellow River, the amount of incoming sediment has decreased and the sedimentation rate has slowed down. The delta is rich in resources and has great production potential. Rational development and utilization of this area is one of the important contents of the province's economic development strategy.
Main mountain range
The main mountain ranges in Shandong are concentrated in the hilly areas of central and southern Shandong and Jiaodong. Belonging to the hilly area of central and southern Shandong, it is mainly composed of gneiss and granite gneiss; It belongs to the hilly area of Jiaodong and consists of granite. Mount Tai, Mengshan, Laoshan, Lushan, Yishan, Culai, Kunyu, Ai Shan, Yashan and Daze have an absolute height of over 700 meters and an area of 150 square kilometers.
Mount Tai has a total area of 426 square kilometers, and its main peak is in the north of Tai 'an, with an altitude of 1545 meters, which is the first peak in the province. Mount Tai is a fault-block mountain body, with extraordinary peaks and majestic momentum. It is famous for its beautiful scenery and numerous places of interest, and is pushed as the first of the "Five Mountains". 1987, Mount Tai was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Mengshan Mountain is located in the south of Taiyi Mountain Range, with the main peak Guimengding at an altitude of 1 155 meters, which is the second highest peak in the province. It is about 200 kilometers around Mengshan, and the peak is even? Jump, overlapping mountains and emerald green, is one of the famous scenic spots in the province.
Yishan is located at the junction of Yishui County and Linqu County. The main peak, Yuhuangding, is 1032 meters above sea level, and there are 29 strange peaks with different postures around it.
Lushan Mountain lies at the junction of Boshan District and Yiyuan County in Zibo City, with the main peak at an altitude of1108m.
Laoshan Mountain is located on the coast of the Yellow Sea in the east of Qingdao, and its main peak is 1 133 meters above sea level. Steep peaks and steep walls, valleys and valleys, the east and south of the main peak, go straight into the sea, forming many bays and headlands. It twists and turns to the west and goes deep into Qingdao, with a total area of about 400 square kilometers. Laoshan Mountain, with its beautiful scenery, pleasant climate and rich historical sites, is a famous tourist summer resort and one of the famous Taoist mountains in history.
The mountains in the eastern part of the peninsula start from Penglai Cape and turn east in the south. Daze Mountain, Ai Shan Mountain, Ya Mountain, Kunyu Mountain and Weide Mountain are arranged from west to east. Among them, Kunyu Mountain is the largest, with an area of 109 square kilometers, and the main peak is 923 meters above sea level. Due to the hard texture and well-developed joints of the granite that constitutes the mountain, most peaks are steep and zigzag.
Rivers and lakes
Shandong's water system is relatively developed, and the average density of natural rivers is above 0.7 km per square kilometer. There are more than 1500 rivers whose main stream is more than 10 km long, among which more than 300 rivers enter the sea in Shandong. These rivers belong to Huaihe River Basin, Yellow River Basin, Haihe River Basin, Xiaoqing River Basin and Jiaodong River System.
The Yellow River enters from Dongming County, obliquely crosses the northwest plain of Shandong Province, and empties into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, with a length of 6 17 km. The average annual runoff is 42.3 billion cubic meters, and the annual amount of abundant water is more than 87 billion cubic meters. The annual average amount of incoming sediment is1060 million tons, and the average annual siltation height of the river channel is about 0. 1 meter. The riverbed is generally 6-7 meters higher than the ground of the back river, and some sections reach more than 10 meters, making it a world-famous above-ground river. From 1855, when the Yellow River burst at Tongwa Chamber in Henan Province and changed its current course, to 1946, the Yellow River overflowed in Shandong Province 137 times, which brought endless disasters to the people along the Yellow River. After liberation, Shandong people repaired the Yellow River embankment 1200 km, and built Dongping Lake Reservoir, flood detention project in the south and north spreading areas, flood detention project in the north shed embankment, and other large flood diversion and detention projects, and used the water and sediment resources of the Yellow River to release silt to improve soil and reinforce the embankment with silt back. It changed the face of the Millennium river.
Tuhai River and Majia River belong to Haihe River Basin. The two rivers are parallel, and both enter from Shenxian to the northeast via Dezhou, and then flow into Bohai Sea in Zhanhua County and Wudi County respectively. The drainage area of Tuhai River in China is 13296 square kilometers, and that of Majia River is 10638 square kilometers. After liberation, artificial rivers such as Dehui New River and Zhangwei New River were excavated in the two river basins, which formed a water conservancy system in northwest Shandong Province with mutual assistance, the same size and the combination of irrigation, drainage and storage.
Yi river, the second longest river in the province, originates from the southern foot of Lushan Mountain, flows southward through Yiyuan, Yishui, Yinan, Lanshan, Hedong, Cangshan and Tancheng, and enters Jiangsu. The river course in Shandong is 287.5 kilometers long and the annual runoff is 35. 1 100 million cubic meters. The Shuhe River, which originated at the southern foot of Yishan, flows southward through Yishui, Juxian, Junan, Hedong, Linshu and Tancheng, and enters Jiangsu. The river course in Shandong is 273 kilometers long and the annual runoff is1730 million cubic meters. Yi and Shu rivers are located in the center of summer rainstorm, with many tributaries, large flood volume and shallow downstream channels, which often cause floods. After liberation, Xinyi River and Xinshu River were excavated, the flood diversion sluice at the estuary of the river and the spillway of Wuhe River were built, and the flood diversion project of Yihe River and Shuhe River was completed, which turned these two historically harmful rivers into beneficial rivers.
Xiaoqing River originates from Yufu River and Jinan Springs, and flows into the sea alone to the northeast, with a total length of 233 kilometers. It is an important flood discharge and shipping channel in the province.
Lakes are concentrated in the Luxi Lake belt between the hilly area in the south-central Shandong and the plain in the southwest Shandong. With Jining as the center, it is divided into two large lakes, with Nansi Lake in the south and Beiwu Lake in the north.
The Nansi Lake includes Zhaoyang Lake, dushan lake Lake, Nanyang Lake and Weishan Lake. The four lakes are connected, with a length of150km from north to south and a width of 5-30km from east to west, with a total area of1375km2, making it one of the top ten freshwater lakes in China. Nansi Lake contains the collected water from eight regions of Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan and Anhui provinces, with more than 40 rivers flowing into the lake, with a drainage area of 3.170,000 square kilometers. In addition, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal passes through the lake, which has the advantages of shipping, irrigation, flood control, drainage and aquaculture. 1958 dammed the lake and divided the Nansi Lake into upper and lower levels. The superior lakes include Nanyang Lake, dushan lake Lake and Zhaoyang Lake. When the water level is 34.5 meters, it can store water110.40 billion cubic meters; The lower lakes include a small part of Weishan Lake and Zhaoyang Lake. When the water level is 32.5 meters, it can store 778 million cubic meters of water.
From north to south, the five northern lakes are Dongping Lake, Mata Lake, Nanwang Lake, Shushan Lake and Machang Lake, among which Dongping Lake is the largest, with a lake surface of about 153 square kilometers in high water season and about 100 square kilometers in low water season. Generally, the water depth is1~ 2m, and the deepest point is 3.5m.. Most of the other four lakes in the North Five Lakes are silted into low and shallow depressions that only accumulate water in summer, with little water storage.
Coast and sea area
Shandong Peninsula is surrounded by the sea on three sides, and the mainland coastline is 3 12 1 km from the mouth of Dakou River in Wudi County in the north to the mouth of Xiuzhen River in Rizhao City in the south, accounting for one-sixth of the mainland coastline in China, second only to Guangdong Province. The coastal beach area is about 3,000 square kilometers, and the water area within the15m isobath is about13,300 square kilometers, and the two items * * *16,300 square kilometers, accounting for10.6% of the land area of the whole province. There is great potential for the development and utilization of marine resources.
Coastal types: The area from the mouth of Dakouhe River to Hutouya on the east coast of Laizhou Bay is a sediment plain, with a flat beach surface, an intertidal zone of 6 ~10 km, and a beach area of more than 2 million mu, which is the concentrated distribution of muddy beaches along the coast of Shandong. Among them, the Xiaoqing River estuary is mudflat to the north and sandy mudflat to the east. Qiziwan from Hutouya to the south of Jiaozhou Bay is a mountainous bedrock harbor coast. The coastline is tortuous and there are many cliffs at the intersection of land and water, which is one of the famous bedrock harbors in China. There are many natural harbors along the coast. From north to south, the main harbors are Longkou Bay, Zhifu Bay, Weihai Bay, Rongcheng Bay, Sanggou Bay, Shidao Bay, Zhangjiabu Bay, The Five Forts Island Bay, Rushan Bay, T-shaped Bay, Laoshan Bay and Jiaozhou Bay. Most of the important seaports and docks in the province are concentrated on this shore. From Qiziwan to Xiuzhen estuary, it is a gentle and flat shore. The coastline is straight, but there are also a few harbors.
The coastal waters of the whole province170,000 square kilometers, accounting for 37% of the total area of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. There are 299 islands scattered in the offshore waters, with a total area of 147 square kilometers. The largest of which is Nanchang Island in miaodao islands, with an area of 12 square kilometers.
Soil types and their distribution
According to the statistics of the second soil survey in Shandong Province, the total soil area of Shandong Province is 12 1 1 10,000 hectares, accounting for 77.03% of the total land area of Shandong Province.
Brown soil, with an area of1706,200 hectares, accounting for about14.09% of the total land area of the province. Mainly distributed in Jiaodong Peninsula and hilly areas east of Shuhe River. The steep slopes are mostly used for forest and grazing, and the gentle slopes are suitable for planting crops such as peanuts and sweet potatoes.
Cinnamon soil is mainly distributed in low hills, foothills, intermountain basins and valley plains in central and southern Shandong. Area 177.5 1 10,000 hectares, accounting for14.66% of the total land area of the province. This kind of land is low and gentle, neutral or slightly alkaline, with water and fertilizer conservation, good soil productivity and wide adaptability. It is the best soil type in the province, and also a high-yield area for drought and waterlogging. It has always been an important producing area for crops such as grain, cotton, flue-cured tobacco and vegetables.
The fluvo-aquic soil is mainly distributed in the Yellow River Plain in the northwest of Shandong Province, and also sporadically distributed in the valley plains and lakeside depressions in hilly areas. It covers an area of 4,665,800 hectares, accounting for 38.53% of the total land area of the province. The fluvo-aquic soil is moderate in texture, shallow in phreatic water, neutral or slightly alkaline, with good production performance and strong suitability. The surface of the Yellow River Plain is flat, the soil layer is deep, and there are abundant light, heat and water resources, so there is great potential for increasing production of fluvo-aquic soil in the province.
Shajiang black soil, about 536,600 hectares, accounting for 4.4% of the total land area. Mainly distributed in Jiaolai plain, lakeside and low-lying areas in southern Shandong, it is soil formed after long-term water accumulation and drying up in low-lying areas, and the surface organic matter content is rich, which is suitable for planting crops such as wheat, soybean and sorghum.
Saline-alkali soil, about 476,000 hectares, accounting for 3.1%of the total land area, is mainly distributed in the low-lying areas of northwest Shandong plain and coastal plain. The salt content of soil is mostly above 0.4%, and the highest can reach1.5%, which seriously affects the growth and development of crops. However, the saline-alkali land in the inland Yellow River Plain is only high in salt content on the surface, which can be transformed into fertile land after treatment.
Paddy soil, the area is very small, accounting for only1.1%of the total land area of the province, about172,700 hectares. It is mainly distributed in Nansi Lake depression, Lincang Lake marsh plain and depression belt along the Yellow River. A new paddy soil formed by replanting rice after liberation.
climate
Shandong's climate belongs to warm temperate monsoon climate type. Precipitation is concentrated, rain and heat are in the same season, spring and autumn are short, and winter and summer are long. The annual average temperature11~ 14℃ is increasing from the northeast coast to the southwest inland, with the average annual temperature in Jiaodong Peninsula and Yellow River Delta below 12℃ and above14℃ in southwest Shandong. The average temperature of the most Leng Yue 1 month increases from minus 4℃ to 1℃, and the hottest month increases from 24℃ to around 27℃ in July. The extreme minimum temperature is between-11~ 20℃, and the extreme maximum temperature is 36 ~ 43℃.
The frost-free period of the whole year is also increasing from the northeast coast to the southwest, with 180 days in northern Shandong and Jiaodong, and 220 days in southwest Shandong. The accumulated temperature above 10℃ is generally between 3800℃ and 4600℃, which can meet the heat requirement of crops for double cropping every year. The average sunshine hours in the province are 2290 ~ 2890 hours, and the sunshine percentage is 52 ~ 65%, which is 300 ~ 400 hours higher than that of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in the south.
The average annual precipitation is generally between 550 and 950 mm, decreasing from southeast to northwest. Southern Shandong and eastern Shandong are generally above 800 ~ 900 mm; Northwest Shandong and the Yellow River Delta are below 600 mm.. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is very uneven, and 60 ~ 70% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in June, July and August, which is easy to form waterlogging disasters. The precipitation in September ~11month is generally 100 ~ 200mm, and the precipitation in February ~ February is only15 ~ 50mm, and it is also below100mm in March ~ May. Drought is easy to occur in winter, spring and late autumn.
Natural disasters often occur, among which drought, waterlogging, wind and hail have the greatest impact on agricultural production.
natural resource
Land resources The total land area of the province is15,705,300 hectares, including 7,674,300 hectares of cultivated land, 0,285,900 hectares of woodland, 45,700 hectares of grazing land, 0,627,700 hectares of unused land and 0,697,900 hectares of water. Shandong has a high utilization rate of land resources. In the process of economic and social development in the future, we should pay attention to rationally arranging the structure of land use types and protecting land resources.
Water resources mainly come from atmospheric precipitation. The average surface runoff of the province for many years is 27.54 billion cubic meters, and the total recharge of underground fresh water is16.83 billion cubic meters. After deducting the repeated parts, the average total natural water resources in the province is 37.95 billion cubic meters. The Yellow River is the main source of passenger water in Shandong, with an average inflow of 43.67 billion cubic meters for many years. From the perspective of the whole province, Shandong's water resources are relatively poor, with an average of only 520 cubic meters per person, which is 2,770 cubic meters18.8% of the national average and 3.6% of the world average 10795 cubic meters; The province's arable land occupies 349 cubic meters per mu, which is 1827 cubic meters19.1%of the national average. Protecting water sources and saving water are problems that cannot be ignored in Shandong's economic and social development. The current available water supply is19.224 billion cubic meters (7.844 billion cubic meters of surface water, 5.88 billion cubic meters of groundwater and 5.5 billion cubic meters of Yellow River diversion) under the condition of 50% guarantee rate; Under the condition of 75% guarantee rate, it is1710.38 billion cubic meters (6.4 billion cubic meters of surface water, 5.2 billion cubic meters of groundwater and 5.5 billion cubic meters of yellow river diversion).
Wild Animal and Plant Resources There are 450 species of terrestrial wild vertebrates in Shandong, accounting for 21%of the national species. Among them, 55 species are mammals, 362 species are birds, 8 species are amphibians and 25 species are reptiles. Terrestrial invertebrates, especially insects, have a wide variety, ranking first among similar species in China.
There are 7 1 species of rare animals under national first and second class protection in Shandong province. Among them, the first-class protected animals in the country are amphioxus, Chinese sturgeon and horn? , short-tailed albatross, spotted-billed pelican, brown ostrich, white stork, black stork, white? Zhu? , red-crowned crane, white-naped crane, white-headed crane, white-tailed sea eagle, peregrine falcon, etc. 16 species.
There are more than 3 100 species of plants in Shandong province, including 645 species of wild economic plants. According to their economic value and uses, they can be divided into seven categories (some of them are duplicated): (1) There are about 78 species of starch sugar plants. They are rich in starch or sugar, and can be used for brewing, sugar making, rubber making, medicine and industrial raw materials. (2) There are about 156 species of fatty oil plants. The oil content of hazelnut, hickory, mountain pepper and sumac is15 ~ 50%. Can be used for food or industry. (3) There are about 134 species of fibrous plants. Among them, Apocynum venetum, Hemp, Lespedeza, Celastrus orbiculatus, White Flower, etc. have high hemp yield, slender fibers and strong tensile force, and can be used as raw materials for textile and high-grade paper. Other plants are also high-quality raw materials for rope making, paper making or weaving. (4) There are about 65 kinds of aromatic plants, among which there are many kinds of volatile oils, such as Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Elsholtzia, Acorus calamus, wild mint and so on. (5) There are about 84 species of tannins. Among them, Quercus acutissima, Quercus oak and Spiraea trilobata are widely distributed and have high tannin content. These plants are important raw materials of tannin extract. (6) Medicinal plants. There are more than 300 kinds of plant Chinese herbal medicines that have been purchased and utilized in the province, and more than 80% of them are concentrated in mountainous areas and hilly areas. Famous Chinese herbal medicines include Glehnia littoralis, Melon Basket, Flos Lonicerae, Rhizoma Cyperi, Radix Platycodi, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Radix Arnebiae, Scorpio, Venenum Bufonis, etc. (7) There are about 40 kinds of soil pesticide plants. There are mainly Maoeryan, Pterocarya stenoptera, Ailanthus altissima, Celastrus mandshurica, Melia azedarach, Acorus calamus, Pinellia ternata, Kusnezoff monkshood, Euphorbia humilis, Xiacao, Dianthus, Lychnophora, Stemona and so on.
There are more than 200 species of fish inhabiting and migrating along the coast of Shandong, nearly half of which have economic value, and about 40 species are main economic fish. The benthic fishes mainly include small yellow croaker, hairtail, yellow croaker, white croaker, croaker, red-headed fish, pomfret, flounder, snapper, ray, eel, bighead, shark, etc. The pelagic fishes mainly include herring (herring), mackerel, mackerel, catfish and so on. There are brackish barracuda and whitebait in the Yellow River estuary. There are warm-water migratory fish Pseudosciaena crocea in the southern Yellow Sea. Migratory fish arrive in Shandong sea area by basically the same route every year, and some pass through Shandong sea area, forming many excellent fishing grounds, mainly Qinghai, Shidao, Laizhou Bay, Yanwei, Haizhou Bay and Lianqingshi, with a total area of170,000 square kilometers. There are more than 100 species of shellfish in the shallow sea, among which there are more than 20 species with high economic value, mainly including oogway, Meretrix meretrix, Scapharca subcrenata, oyster, mussel, SINONOVACULA SINONOVACULA, SINONOVACULA SINONOVACULA, Clam sinensis, Clam philippinarum, red snail, abalone, scallop and so on. There are about 100 species of shrimps and crabs in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, among which nearly 20 species are of high economic value and have a certain yield, such as China prawn, Sun Wong prawn, Neo-prawn Zhou, white prawn with ridged tail, claw prawn, China prawn, Japanese prawn, Portunus trituberculatus, ACIPENSER Japonicus, thick crabs on the beach, shrimps and swimming crabs, etc., with the highest yield. There are 2 species of algae 1 12 in shallow sea, and nearly 50 species are of high economic value, mainly including Enteromorpha, Ulva, reef membrane and so on. Porphyra, agar, Gracilaria, sea radish, etc. in red algae; Seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum, Sargassum fusiforme, Sargassum, Sargassum, etc. in brown algae. Among them, kelp, Undaria pinnatifida and cauliflower are important breeding varieties. In addition, there are also valuable sea cucumbers, sea urchins, amphioxus and other marine animals.
Freshwater animals include more than 70 species of freshwater fish and shrimp, including more than 20 species of main economic fish and shrimp, such as carp, crucian carp, mackerel, silver carp, bighead carp, grass, bighead carp, snakehead, snakehead, Monopterus albus, beautiful white shrimp, etc. There are more than a dozen snails, and the number is quite large. There are also more than a dozen kinds of mussels, among which crested mussels are economic mussels for freshwater pearl cultivation. There are also a considerable number of Eriocheir sinensis and Trionyx sinensis.