Official positions:

The official system of the Han Dynasty implemented the system of three ministers and nine ministers, and the prime minister had greater power. The prime minister, Taiwei, and censor are called the three ministers. The prime minister is in charge of administration and is the head of the civil service. The Taiwei is in charge of military affairs and is the head of the military attache. The censor is in charge of supervision and assists the prime minister in managing political affairs. In the Han Dynasty, there was an unwritten rule that one must be a censor before becoming prime minister. Under the imperial censor, there is also the censor Zhongcheng, who is in charge of palace affairs. The nine ministers are Taichang (in charge of worshiping ghosts and gods), Guangluxun (in charge of the house), Weiwei (in charge of guards), Taipu (in charge of carriages and horses), Tingwei (in charge of law), and Dahonglu (in charge of concierge). , Zongzheng (in charge of the emperor's genealogy), Da Sinong (in charge of the national economy), and Shaofu (in charge of the royal family's finances). During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to consolidate the imperial power, the imperial power began to expand significantly, and the status of Shangshu Ling was greatly improved. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed his important ministers such as Yan An, Zhu Fuyan, Zhu Maichen, etc. as Langjia's attendants, and discussed with Shangshu Ling***

Customs:

Clothes:

Most of the crown and uniform systems of the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system. It was not until the second year of Yongping reign of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty that there were formal and complete regulations. The clothes of the Han Dynasty mainly include robes, 襜褕 [straight single clothes], 襦 [short clothes], and skirts. In the Han Dynasty, because the weaving and embroidery industry was very developed, rich people could wear beautiful clothes made of silk and satin. Most people wear short clothes and long trousers, while poor people wear short brown clothes [short clothes made of coarse cloth]. Women in the Han Dynasty wore two-piece skirts and robes, and there were many styles of skirts. The most famous one was the "Liuxian skirt". The job levels of clothing in the Han Dynasty were mainly reflected through crowns, hats and ribbons. Different official positions have different crowns. Therefore, the crown system is particularly complex, with as many as 16 types. There was also a strict system for footwear in the Han Dynasty: sacrificial robes were worn, court robes were worn, and clogs were worn when going out. When women get married, they should wear wooden clogs, paint pictures on them, and tie them with colorful belts.

Diet:

With the complete birth of China's unification, the powerful Han royal family went further than the Qin Dynasty in terms of diet. The emperor of the Han Dynasty had the most complete food management system in the country at that time. Among the officials under the Shaofu who were responsible for the emperor's daily affairs, those related to dietary activities were Taiguan, Tangguan and Daoguan, who were respectively "main meal", "main cake bait" and "main rice selection". This is a large-scale official system. There are seven ministers under the Taiguan order, including Taiguan Xiancheng who is responsible for bringing food from various places, Daguancheng and Zhongcheng who are responsible for managing daily diet. Taiguan and Tangguan each had 3,000 slaves and maids, and their food expenses for the emperor and the harem amounted to 20,000 yuan a year. This expenditure is equivalent to the property of 20,000 households of average-level people in the Han Dynasty. The daily expenses amount to 548,000 yuan, which is equivalent to more than 2,700 good grains of rice on stone, or more than 91,000 kilograms of good meat. The etiquette of the Han Dynasty stipulates that the emperor "must have the taste of the eight delicacies in his food and drink." They "drink sweet and fat foods that are worth the taste of the world." Seasonal changes had a great impact on the living conditions of ordinary people in the Han Dynasty. For example, Xu Qian, a man from the late Han Dynasty, said: "In the hot and scorching summer, even the nobles felt that their bodies were painted like paint, the water was like flowing springs, the powder fans were effective, and the banquets were delicious." However, the seasons have great influence on dietary life. Restrictions on the emperor and his concubines were reduced to the lowest level at that time. In winter, the emperor could enjoy green onions, leeks and other vegetables that only grew in spring, and these vegetables cost a lot of money. The eunuchs "covered their houses with fire day and night, waiting for the temperature to grow." In the hot summer, the emperor and his concubines "The ice is always laid, and the cold delicacies are passed down from generation to generation. During this period, the spread of Chinese food culture to the outside world intensified. According to records such as "Historical Records" and "Hanshu", when Zhang Qian of the Western Han Dynasty was sent to the Western Regions, he communicated with Central Asia through the Silk Road Various countries carried out economic and cultural exchange activities. In addition to introducing courgettes, walnuts, coriander, flax, carrots, pomegranates and other products from the Western Regions, Zhang Qian and others also introduced peaches, plums, apricots, pears, ginger, tea, etc. from the Central Plains. The products and food culture were spread to the Western Regions. Today, among the cultural relics unearthed from Han tombs in the original Western Regions, there are wooden chopsticks from the Central Plains. One of the traditional barbecue techniques in my country was also spread to Central Asia through the Silk Road. and West Asia, the local people's favorite kebabs were eventually formed. The Southwest Silk Road, which is earlier than the Northwest Silk Road, starts from the southwest city of Chengdu, passes through Yunnan, and reaches the Indochina Peninsula, Myanmar and India. Roads also played a role in spreading food culture to the outside world during the Han Dynasty. For example, during the Jianwu period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty Liu Xiu sent General Fubo to march south to reach Jiaozhi (now Vietnam).

At that time, a large number of Han Dynasty officers and soldiers built cities and lived in Jiaozhi and other places, and brought food customs such as eating rice dumplings during the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month to Jiaozhi and other places. Therefore, Vietnam and Southeast Asian countries still retain the custom of eating rice dumplings. During the same period, the Chinese Wei Man once became king in North Korea. At this time, Chinese food culture had the deepest impact on North Korea. North Korea is accustomed to using chopsticks to eat. The cooking ingredients used by North Koreans and the way they match their meals all clearly have Chinese characteristics. Even in cooking theory, North Korea also pays attention to Chinese terms such as "five flavors" and "five colors". Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty was the center of world culture at that time. China gradually became a country with many ethnic groups, which facilitated the exchange and integration of food culture of various ethnic groups. Specialties from the Western Regions were introduced to the Mainland, greatly enriching the food and cultural life of the Mainland peoples; and the exquisite delicacies and cooking techniques of the Mainland peoples were gradually spread to the West and became popular among the local people. In the process of mutual exchanges, various ethnic groups continue to innovate the food culture of the Chinese nation. During this period, the ethnic minorities in the west and northwest were still living together with the Han people and gradually got used to and accepted the production and lifestyle of farming agriculture, and began to live a settled agricultural life. The animal husbandry in the interior also developed rapidly, and Benefiting from the frequent exchanges between the Hu and Han nationalities. This change also brought about major changes in the traditional dietary structure of the Hu and Han people. "Eating meat and drinking cheese" began to become the unique dietary feature of the Hu and Han ethnic groups in the entire northern and northwest regions during the Han and Tang Dynasties.

Then let’s talk about the festivals:

The fifteenth day of the first lunar month of Shangyuan Festival (Lantern Festival): Lantern Festival (Lantern Festival, Lantern Festival) 2006.02.12

Huachao Festival (Flower Festival) February 12th: Huachao Festival (Flower Festival, Birthday of the God of Flowers) 2006.03.11

Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day) March 3rd: Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day) Festival) 2006.03.31

Cold Food Festival (one hundred and five days after the Winter Solstice, one or two days before Qingming) 2006.04.04

Qingming Festival (on Qingming Day) 2006.04.05< /p>

Dragon Boat Festival, the fifth day of May 2006.05.31

Qixi Festival, the seventh day of July 2006.07.31

Hungry Ghost Festival (Ghost Festival) July 15th, 2006.08.0

Mid-Autumn Festival, August 15th, 2006.10.06

Double Ninth Festival, September 9th, 2006.10.30

Winter Solstice Festival (Winter Solstice) 2005.12.22

Laba Festival, the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, 2006.01.07

The Kitchen Sacrifice Day (Little Year), the twenty-third lunar month, 2006.01.22

New Year’s Eve, the thirtieth day of the twelfth lunar month, 2006.01.28

< p>15 major festivals of the Han nationality:

Spring Festival, Shangyuan Festival (Lantern Festival), Huachao Festival (Flower God Festival), Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day), Cold Food Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival , Chinese Valentine's Day, Ghost Festival (Ghost Festival), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Winter Solstice Festival, Laba Festival, Stove Worship Day (Off Year), New Year's Eve

The first day of the first lunar month of the Spring Festival 2006.01.29

The Lantern Festival (Lantern Festival) on the 15th day of the first lunar month: Lantern Festival (Lantern Festival, Lantern Festival) 2006.02.12

Hua Chao Festival (Flower Festival) February 12: Hua Chao Festival ( Flower Goddess Festival, Birthday of the God of Flowers) 2006.03.11

Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day) on the third day of March: Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day) 2006.03.31

Cold Food Festival (after the winter solstice) One hundred and five days, one or two days before Qingming) 2006.04.04

Qingming Festival (on Qingming Day) 2006.04.05

Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of May 2006.05.31

Chinese Valentine's Day, the seventh day of July 2006.07.31

Hungry Ghost Festival (Ghost Festival) July 15th, 2006.08.08

Mid-Autumn Festival, August 15th 2006.10.06< /p>

Double Ninth Festival, the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, 2006.10.30

Winter Solstice Festival (Winter Solstice) 2005.12.22

Laba Festival, the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, 2006.01.07

< p>Zoow Sacrifice Day (Off Year), the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, 2006.01.22

New Year’s Eve, the 30th of the twelfth lunar month, 2006.01.2

15 major festivals of the Han nationality: (reposted)

< p>Spring Festival, Shangyuan Festival (Lantern Festival), Huachao Festival (Flower God Festival), Shangsi Festival (Girl's Day), Cold Food Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Chinese Valentine's Day, Zhongyuan Festival (Ghost Festival), Mid-Autumn Festival , Double Ninth Festival, Winter Solstice Festival, Laba Festival, Stove Worship Day (small year), New Year's Eve

Nearly 50 traditional festivals of the Han nationality

●First month

-- -------------

The first day of the Lunar New Year: Spring Festival (Yuan Day, New Year's Day, Yuan Zheng, Yuan Chen, Yuan Shuo, Zheng Dan, Zheng Shuo) 2006.01.29

The Beginning of Spring Festival (on the Beginning of Spring) 2006.02.04

The seventh day of the lunar month: Human Day Festival 2006.02.04

The eighth day of the lunar month: Grain Day Festival 2006.02.05

The ninth day of the lunar month: Heavenly Day Festival 2006.02.06

The tenth day of the lunar month: The Earthly Day Festival 2006.02.07

The fifteenth day: Lantern Festival (Lantern Festival, Lantern Festival) 2006.02.12

Twenty-Fifth Day: Heaven Chuan Festival 2006.02.17

Twenty-Fifth Day: Warehouse-Filling Festival 2006.02.22

Dark Day: Dark Day of the First Month 2006.02.27

●February

---------------

The first day of the lunar month: Zhonghe Festival (the birthday of the sun) 2006.02.28

The second day of the lunar month: Spring Dragon Festival (dragon heads up, dragon head festival, land meeting, Spring Society Day/one of the Spring and Autumn Society Days) 2006.03.01

Twelfth day: Flower Dynasty Festival (Flower Festival, Birthday of the God of Flowers) 2006.03.11

Fifteenth: Butterfly Fighting 2006.03.14

Nineteenth: Guanyin’s Birthday 2006.03.18

< p>Vernal Equinox (on the Vernal Equinox) 2006.03.21

●March

---------------

Third day: Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day) 2006.03.31

Cold Food Festival (one hundred and five days after the winter solstice, one or two days before Qingming) 2006.04.04

Qingming Festival ( On Qingming Day) 2006.04.05

●April

---------------

Eighth day: Bath Buddha Festival (Sakyamuni's birthday) 2006.05.05

Beginning of Summer Festival (in the beginning of summer) 2006.05.06

Eighteenth: Bixia Yuanjun Festival 2006.05.15

●May

--------------------------

The fifth day of the Lunar New Year: Dragon Boat Festival (Duanjie, Dragon Boat Festival, Duanyang, Chongwu Festival, Pu Festival, Tianzhong Festival) 2006.05.31

Thirteenth: Rain Festival (Guan Gong’s Knife Sharpening Day) 2006.06.08

Twenty: Fenlong Festival 2006.06.15

Summer Solstice Festival (Northern Festival, on the Summer Solstice) 2006.06.21

●June

------------- --

The sixth day of the lunar month: Tiankuang Festival (June 6th, Suning Insect Festival, Insect King Festival, Returning to Parents’ Home Festival) 2006.07.01

Nineteenth day: Guanyin Meeting 2006.07.14

Twenty-four: Lotus Festival (Lotus Birthday) 2006.07.19

●July

------------- --

The seventh day of the Lunar New Year: Chinese Valentine's Day (Qixi Festival) 2006.07.31

The fourteenth day: Harvest pulling in autumn 2006.08.07

The fifteenth day: Zhongyuan Festival Festivals (Obon Festival, Ghost Festival, Melon Festival) 2006.08.08

Twenty-nine: Burial Festival 2006.08.22

●August

- --------------

The first day of the lunar month: Heavenly Moxibustion Day (Heavenly Doctor’s Day) 2006.09.22

The 15th day of the lunar month: Mid-Autumn Festival 2006.10.06

●September

---------------

The ninth day of the lunar month: Double Ninth Festival 2006.10.30

Nineteen: Guanyin Meeting 2006.11.09

●October

---------------

The first day of the lunar month: Cold Clothes Festival (Giving Clothes Festival, Mingyin Festival) 2005.11.02 (This table was compiled at the end of October 2005, so the calculation starts from this)

Fifteenth day: Xiayuan Festival (Xiayuanshui Festival) Official Festival) 2005.11.16

●November

---------------

Winter Solstice Festival (on Winter Solstice) 2005.12.22

●The twelfth lunar month

---------------

The seventh day of the lunar month: Exorcism Day 2006.01.06

Eighth day: Laba Festival 2006.01.07

Sixteenth day: Weiya Festival 2006.01.15

Twenty-third day: Kitchen Festival (Off Year) 2006.01.22

New Year's Eve 2006.01.28

Transportation in Han Dynasty:

The development of commercial exchange relations promoted the development of transportation.

There have been new developments in land and water routes in the Central Plains, and transportation in the Central Plains and border areas has also developed. The thousand-mile plank road from Guanzhong to Bashu has been renovated many times. The Feihu Road opened in the early Eastern Han Dynasty covers a distance of more than 300 miles from Dai (now Yu County, Hebei Province) to Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi Province). The Qiao Road was also opened, starting from Lingling (now part of Hunan) and Guiyang (now Chenxian County), to Lingnan, and as far as Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Rinan and other counties, with a length of more than a thousand miles. There is also a highway from Bashu to the southwestern Yi region. This road then goes southwest, passing through present-day Myanmar and reaching India. This is the Southwest Silk Road. Along these plank roads and avenues, pavilions and post offices were often built to protect business travelers, provide food and accommodation, and facilitate transportation. Within each county, there were also many "passages carved into the mountains", "passages set up in the mountains", "passages set up in pavilions", and post offices set up to develop transportation services.

Overseas transportation developed further during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Relations between countries are getting closer. In the 20th year of Jianwu (AD 44), Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu granted the title of Sumaxian, a Korean. The Japanese sent envoys to present gifts, and Liu Xiu gave him a seal and ribbon. In 1784 AD, the Japanese discovered a gold seal made by the Han Dynasty on Shiga Island, Kyushu (now Shiga Town, Kabuya County, Fukuoka Prefecture). The inscription "King of Han Wei Slave" may be the gold seal given by Liu Xiu. In the first year of Yongchu of Emperor An (107), the Japanese king Shuai Sheng sent someone to offer 160 slaves and maidservants, and he was willing to come to Luoyang to meet him. By this time, the Han Dynasty had already reached islands and areas thousands of miles east and south of Japan, and some voyages took more than a year.

The golden seal of "The Slave King of Han Dynasty" (unearthed from Shiga Island, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan) The Eastern Han Dynasty had closer exchanges with various places in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. During the reign of Emperor He (89-105 AD), Tianzhu (now India) sent envoys several times to present gifts. In the sixth year of Yongjian of Emperor Shun (131 years), the king of Ye Tiao Kingdom (today's Java Island or Sumatra Island) sent an envoy to Shihui to present gifts. The Han Dynasty granted Shihui the title of Lord of Ye Tiaoyi in Han Guiyi, and also gave the king a golden seal and purple seal. ribbon. In the ninth year of Emperor Huan's Yanxi reign (166), King Andun of the Qin Kingdom (Roman Empire) also presented ivory, rhinoceros horn, and turtle turtles as gifts.