Slow down the high-speed moving particles generated in the high-energy accelerator to the state of being captured or captured with a large cross section, so that negatively charged particles can be captured by the nucleus instead of electrons in atoms (such as&; micro; Subatoms), or positively charged particles capture electrons (such as μe atoms) to form strange atoms; Using the decay of heavy particles to directly produce strange atoms [such as KL <; →(πμ)+v〕。
The properties of strange atoms are closely related to the properties of the particles that make up them, so they are the research objects of both atomic physics and high-energy physics. When strange atoms are formed, negative particles are trapped in highly excited orbits, and a series of X-rays are emitted in the subsequent transition process. micro; X-rays released by subatomic atoms are called &; micro; X-ray. Studying these strange atoms mainly depends on measuring these X-rays. Strange atoms can be used as "laboratories" for studying many basic problems. It can be used to test other equations except Dirac equation; Study the deviation between coulomb force and electrostatic force, the size effect of nucleus, etc. Using μe atom as lepton atom to verify the unified theory of electric weakness; Using the formation and decay of strange atoms and the movement and transition between atomic levels, the basic quantities and properties of particles that generate these strange atoms are measured. Accurately determine the mass of muon, k meson, π meson, hyperon and other particles by using the atomic energy level transition value.
Some strange atoms are composed of negative particles &; micro; The mass and binding energy are two or three orders of magnitude larger than those of electrons, and they have different spins. Compared with ordinary atoms, exotic atoms have the following characteristics:
When the quantum number is the same, the orbital radius is inversely proportional to the mass of particles in the orbit, and the radius of strange atoms will be two or three orders of magnitude smaller than that of ordinary atoms; The orbital energy level is directly proportional to the mass of particles in orbit, and the energy at energy level transition is several hundred to several thousand times higher than that at electron transition. It has many different spin angular momentum; The ground state is unstable, and strange atoms will disintegrate because of the decay of unstable particles with short life, or because their "electrons" and "nuclei" collide and decay.
In the early 1960s, it was found that the chemical properties of substances affected the structure of meson X-ray spectrum released by exotic atoms, and a series of metal oxide traps were also found. micro; The probability ratio (=/8) changes periodically with the atomic number of metal, and its minimum value appears at the beginning of the periodic table of elements, thus it is inferred that the types of chemical bonds have certain influence on the formation and decay of exotic atoms. By the mid-1960s, it was experimentally confirmed that the formation probability and decay mode of exotic atoms were closely related to the chemical environment, thus developing a new research field of exotic atom chemistry.
Singular atomic chemistry is an interdisciplinary subject of particle physics and nuclear chemistry. There are two main aspects in this research. First, we find out the law that the chemical structure of a substance affects the formation and decay of strange atoms. Second, we obtain new data about the chemical structure and chemical reaction kinetics by observing the formation and decay of strange atoms, which provides us with a new way to study the electronic structure of molecules and the properties of material chemistry.
Electron dipole and&; micro; Subelements are all hydrogen-like atoms. micro; The mass is 207 times that of E, so&; micro; Protons are more like hydrogen atoms, and they all have short lifetimes, so they can be used as hydrogen tracers. After π is floated by hydrogen atom, it has a characteristic charge exchange reaction with hydrogen nucleus π+p→n+π, and π then releases two photons, which proves that the interference of hydrogen and other elements in the material is minimal. The chemical state of hydrogen strongly affects the formation of π meson atoms. A subject of great practical value in exotic atomic chemistry is the utilization of&; micro; The chemical properties and hydrogen bonding characteristics of hydrogen-containing materials are studied by π mesons.