Bai nationality has its own national language, and Bai language belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese has been widely used by Bai people since ancient times. Believe in Buddhism. Bai nationality has a long cultural tradition. Many beautiful legends and stories have been handed down to this day, such as Genesis, Burning Song Ming Pagoda and Wang Fuyun, and many of them have been put on the stage of drama.
More than 90% of the Bai people are engaged in agricultural production and are good at growing rice. Dali Sydney and Binchuan Orange are well-known specialties at home and abroad. Dali is an autonomous prefecture and has developed into an important light industrial city in western Yunnan.
Bai people have many traditional festivals. March Street, with a history of thousands of years, is the biggest festival of Bai people every year, and now it is named March Street National Festival. There are also "Torch Festival" (also known as Chinese Valentine's Day) and other national festivals.
In Baijia, the son separated from his parents after marriage. Bai people share the same surname and do not marry.
Etiquette mainly includes: warm reception for guests, whether they know each other or not. All guests will be regarded as "three teas". Three teas are the most exquisite tea ceremony of Bai people, that is, tea is poured in three times: the first time is pure baked tea, the second time is adding walnut slices, milk fans and brown sugar, and the third time is adding honey and a little pepper. So it has the characteristics of bitter taste, sweet taste and endless aftertaste. When eating, the older guests sit at the top, and the younger ones sit on both sides or at the bottom in turn. They should always add rice and soup to the elders and guests and wait enthusiastically.
Dali ancient city gate
1956 165438+ Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture was established on1October 22nd.
Daily diet customs Bai people are usually used to eating three meals during a solar eclipse. In busy farming season or holiday, add more breakfast and noon. Bai people in Pingba area mainly eat rice and wheat. Bai people in mountainous areas mainly eat corn, potatoes and buckwheat. Steamed food is the main staple food, and dry rice is often eaten. When they go out on business, they take lunch boxes and eat cold meals on the spot. Bai people's daily diet is rich in varieties, and they often change their patterns to change their tastes. Such as: Baba, bait block, glutinous rice balls, etc. Because there are fresh vegetables all year round, there are fresh vegetables and all kinds of pickles for every meal. Most Bai women are good at pickles, and there are many kinds of pickles. In addition to pickled fresh vegetables, they also make bean paste, lobster sauce and noodle sauce. Bai people in Jianchuan and Heqing often pick kelp flowers in Erhai Lake and cook them into various flavor dishes, such as kelp bean curd soup made of leaves and stems of kelp flowers, fried shredded ham or pickled pickles made of stems and buds of kelp flowers. The meat of Bai nationality is mainly pork. In addition to cooking with fresh pork, they also like to pickle Nian pig and process it into exquisite flavor foods such as ham, sausage, pig liver, liver blowing (fresh liver is filled with seasoning and dried) and rice sausage (cooked with glutinous rice). In winter, Bai people like big pot of beef soup. Add mustard, radish, onion and other condiments to eat together. Bai people have a long history of raising cattle and are good at dairy processing. Bai people who live in water are good at cooking fresh water. Such as: boiled live fish, casserole fish, steamed fish with powder, dried fish with hot and sour taste, snail tofu (snail juice is solidified and drained after being cooked in boiling water), etc. There is also a "local sea cucumber" made by the sand crawler in Yangbi. Bai people eat very politely. When eating, the elders should sit at the dining table, and the younger generation should sit on both sides or opposite each other in turn. Younger generations should always add vegetables and soup to their elders.
Most Bai people like drinking, and brewing is the main sideline of Bai families. Because of the different raw materials and methods used, there are many kinds of home-brewed wines. When making wine, more than 40 kinds of medicinal materials are often used to make koji and make various kinds of liquor, among which kiln wine and dry wine are traditional wines. There is also a glutinous rice liqueur, which is specially brewed for women and pregnant women. It is said that it has nourishing and prolactin effects. Drinking tea is another hobby of Bai people. Bai people pay great attention to drinking tea twice every morning and noon. Morning tea is called "morning tea" or "hangover tea". Bake it as soon as you get up, and adults drink it. There is "rest tea" or "thirst-quenching tea" in afternoon tea, and rice flowers are put in it like a milk fan, including children.
The daily cooking stoves of Bai people in mountainous areas are also unique. Generally, it is a platform supported by four 70cm high wooden columns with a hole in the middle. The desktop 1.5m is square, covered with blue bricks or slates, covered with a layer of soil, supported by an iron tripod, and the pot can be hung. The fire burns under the stage, and the flame passes through the hole to heat the food hanging on the tripod. There is a row of bamboo sticks hanging above the stove.
Festivals, Etiquette, Sacrifice Food Custom Every festival, in addition to the necessary holiday food, there are also sacrificial activities such as worshipping Buddha, offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestors. This festival is the biggest. Starting from the twelfth lunar month, every household should buy new year's goods, such as killing pigs, grinding bean curd, bait pieces and glutinous rice flour. On New Year's Eve, every host should bring food, tea and wine, and use trays to worship along the eight roads of heaven and earth, gates, wells, kitchen gods and ancestral tablets. Then the whole family has a reunion dinner. Grand reunion dinner, a big copper hot pot is placed in the center of the dining table, and pig's head meat must be served, surrounded by eight bowls of profound Japanese cuisine. For example, the lotus root has eyes, which means enlightenment and patency; The white meaning of garlic seedling "shun" is that everything goes well; Cooking fish means having money, having money and so on. On the morning of New Year's Day, jiaozi was cooked, and some people made noodles, all of which implied good wishes such as reunion, harmony and longevity. From the first day to the fifth day, there are certain norms for what to eat every day. The Bai people living in Bijiang celebrate the New Year in a different way from other areas. Bijiang Bai people divide a year into thirteen months, and the annual festival is the end of June in 65438+ March, which belongs to pigs or snakes. On New Year's Eve, the whole family will worship the tree god first, and then the whole village will have dinner together. In other festivals, besides slaughtering pigs or sheep, there should be timely food. For example, there should be all kinds of steamed cakes and bean jelly in March Street; Tomb-Sweeping Day wants mixed salad; Dragon Boat Festival dumplings, drink realgar wine; Seedlings will eat planted meat and fried broad beans; Eat sweets and all kinds of sweets on the Torch Festival on June 25th. Eat white cakes and shortcakes in Mid-Autumn Festival; Taste new year's goods, eat mixed new rice, etc.
Mid-Autumn Festival and worship to heaven are special festivals, especially the Mid-Autumn Festival in July of the lunar calendar every year, which is a festival to worship ancestors and the dead. If it is a new funeral home, it will be even more grand. At that time, eight bowls of delicious dishes should be prepared, including thousands of pieces of meat, ribs, crispy meat, stuffed eggplant, lily, morel and stuffed fish. Every dish is not only exquisite in materials but also exquisite in workmanship. In case of immediate family members or in-laws, a banquet called "three drops of water" will be made before the funeral to express condolences. The so-called "three drops of water" banquet refers to fruits, sacrificial ceremonies (similar to dishes made by phoenix fish and lions) and eight bowls. In particular, the images of the four dishes of the phoenix fish and lion elephant are vivid, in which the elephant uses cooked pork belly and a section of fat intestines as the elephant head and trunk, which is vivid and valuable. In addition, there are sacrificial activities such as offering sacrifices to heaven and worshipping Buddha. However, the food of the Buddha worship meeting is different from that of other sacrificial activities, which requires fasting and vegetarianism. All the dishes are made of tofu, bean jelly, taro and lotus root.
When a young Bai man woos a girl, the girl will give Baba to the man if she agrees. At the wedding, the bride will humiliate the room and make fish soup; On the first Mid-Autumn Festival after marriage, the bride will make a big cake to show off her cooking skills. During the wedding, tea is served first, and then four or four seats are set (that is, four dishes, four plates, four pots and four bowls). The way to treat guests for nothing, whether at ordinary times or on holidays, is to give Shen Feng tea first, and pour it three times in a row, which is the so-called three teas. Can't pour tea for guests. There is a folk saying that "wine is full of respect, tea is full of deceit." Bai nationality festival
Typical food Bai people have excellent cooking skills and many unique foods. For example, raw skin, a traditional dish of Bai nationality, is one of the necessary dishes for Bai people to celebrate the holidays, and it is a cold meat dish mixed with a variety of spicy dishes. Donkey soup pot is a traditional dish of Yunnan Bai nationality, which is made of donkey meat. Bread cake is a special kind of cake made by Bai people in Mid-Autumn Festival, which is steamed with fermented dough and seasoning. Steamed pig's head with willow, a traditional dish of Bai nationality, is steamed by putting the pig's head on a wicker rack.
Marriage custom is a popular marriage custom in the Bai area of Eryuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. At every intersection, fork in the road or crowded place, the guests who accompany him will stop and code the dowry into two piles, so that the groom can wrap the "8" around the dowry with the bride on his back.