Grape planting methods are garden selection, establishment of brackets, planting, scientific fertilization, reasonable irrigation. Planting techniques are summer pruning, winter pruning, thinning flowers and fruits, fruit clusters bagging and so on.
A, planting methods
1, garden selection
Choose a high terrain, preferably slopes to the sun, fertile deep sandy loam or loose soil, PH6.3-7.3 irrigation and drainage plots, because grape cultivation is a labor-intensive industry, manual operation is more, it is best to choose the best in the labor-rich places to build the garden.
2, the establishment of brackets
Brackets can be cement columns, about 2.5m long, thick 300px square, buried columns down the line, column spacing of 6m or so, buried depth of 60-1750px, the use of a single column double-armed off the shelf after the trellis mode, conducive to early results, late yield.
3, planting
Select the root system is complete, more fibrous roots of 1-2 years old live grafted seedlings, can be selected from the plant spacing 1.5m, row spacing of 6m, the density should be small, in order to improve ventilation and light penetration, to reduce the morbidity factors, the northern spring ground temperature reaches 7-10 degrees when the planting. Southern winter warm, can be planted in late fall or winter.
4, scientific fertilization
Adhere to the fertilizer and water, reasonable application of nitrogen, organic fertilizer-based, heavy basal fertilizer, smart application of fertilizer, improve the proportion of phosphorus, a fertilizer management principles, advocate the fall hook casting basal fertilizer, digging deep and wide 1500px or so ditch, in the 750px below the per acre of crop residue, livestock manure, soil fertilizer 5,000kg, fill the soil mixed, and finally mulch back to fill the ditch, then watered thoroughly, then watered. Ditch, immediately watered, fertilizer should be based on the age of the tree, tree strength, the number of results vary.
Annual fertilizer 3-5 times, in order to better learn to communicate as well as exchange of information, build a group, the front is 314, the middle is 305 followed by 957. generally in the sprouting before the application of urea or diammonia 15-25kg/acre. After fruiting, 25kg of nitrogen fertilizer per mu is applied, 20-25kg of potash per mu is applied during fruit expansion, and 20 days after harvesting, 15-20kg of ternary compound fertilizer per mu is applied.
Each fertilizer combined with watering, starting in mid to late August every two weeks combined with spray fertilizer 0.4-0.5% urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or calcium, boron and other trace elements to promote fruit and branch maturation.
5, reasonable irrigation
Depending on the water content of the soil to decide, irrigation can not be too hard, in order not to be Han as appropriate, watering throughout the year to promote the sprouting of water, flower water, fruit water and freeze water can ensure a good harvest, each fertilizer watering 1 time, do not water too much, so as not to avoid excessive humidity in the garden, increase the chances of morbidity, the use of watering water, remember to use a large amount of water to irrigate, the amount of water enough can be more than a few furrows, slowing down the speed of running water, the amount of water can be more open! A few ditches, slow down the speed of running water, careful to prevent in the seedling period, the water rushing mud and paste leaves, affecting the normal life and photosynthesis, once the mud should be rinsed in a timely manner with water spraying rinse.
Two, planting techniques
1, summer shearing
(1) tie trailing, the new shoots are fixed on the trellis, evenly distributed, a reasonable occupation of time, in the juvenile period of each seedling to cultivate 3-5 main trailing.
(2) centrifugation, the main vine on the axis of the secondary tips to stay 2-4 times several times centrifugation, for the red grapes leaves know the characteristics of the leaves, stay 7-8 leaves centrifugation, is conducive to the control of the exuberant growth, to promote the maturation of the branches, leaf thickening, greening, and improve photosynthesis.
(3) Vegetable inflorescence spike in accordance with the nutrient branches, fruiting branches for the principle of 2:1, thinning the inflorescence on the nutrient branches.
(4) bagging, can reduce pest infestation, reduce the damage of sunburn disease, to ensure that the surface of the fruit is bright and clean, picking half a month to break the bag, in order to facilitate coloring.
2, winter shear
After the leaves fall to bury the soil before the winter shear, the young period of grapes to cultivate the main vine is the main focus of the main stem of the dragon stem shaping, cultivate productive skeleton, cut off the secondary tips, the main vine apex of the main tip of the maturity of the main tip of the lower short cuts, the three-age, fruiting grapes as the main vine for the skeleton, the cultivation of fruiting mother branch as the focus of the side of the vine to stay in 1-2 buds short cuts, the tip of the main vine Depending on the shape of the frame to determine the length of the short cut, while cutting out disease and insect branches, weak branches, long branches and overcrowded branches, to coordinate the growth of the tree and the contradiction of the results.
3, sparing flowers and fruits
Grapes due to more grains, compact, so we should strictly control the amount of spikes, so that one-third of the nutrient branches do not leave spikes, fruiting branches to stay in a spike, to ensure that high-yield high-quality year after year. Too large spikes, too small spikes, shaped spikes should be removed. No more than 1.5kg per spike, keep 3000kg per acre, no more than 2000 spikes, with the removal of heart tied, the treatment of spikes, too long spikes should be removed to account for one-fifth of the total length of the spike, so that it is neat and tidy, and small spikes, deformed grains, diseased grains sparse, so as not to waste nutrients.
4, cob bagging
Generally after 22-26 days after the flowers are gone, cob shaping and thinning the end of the grains, grains larger than soybean bags, choose white transparent paper bag is better. Before the bag before the whole garden spraying pesticides once, to be dry after the drug, bag mouth to be sealed tightly. After the bag, pay attention to prevent pests and diseases, especially branches and leaves, to the bag can be 1-2 weeks before picking.
It is appropriate to carry out after 10 am after 4 pm, go bag the paper bag in the lower part of the tear warping to promote coloring, go bag after 3-4 days of leaf picking, in order to remove the fruit spike near the old leaves. At the same time, turn the fruit to promote uniform fruit coloring.
Introduction of morphological characteristics of grapes:
Woody vine. Branchlets terete, longitudinally ribbed, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Tendrils 2-forked branched, interrupted at 2-node intervals opposite leaves. Leaves ovate-orbicular, conspicuously 3-5-lobed or mesophyllous, 7-18 cm long, 6-16 cm wide, middle lobe apically acute, lobes often connivent, base often constricted, sinus narrow, occasionally broad, base y cordate, basal sinus concavely rounded, often connivent on both sides.
Margin with 22-27 serrations, teeth deep and coarse, not neat, teeth acute, green above, light green below, glabrous or sparsely pilose; basal veins 5-exserted, midvein with 4-5 pairs of lateral veins, reticulation veins inconspicuously prominent; petiole 4-9 cm long, a few glabrous; stipules caducous. The leaves of the stipules fall early.
Panicles crowded or sparse, many-flowered, opposite leaves, with well-developed basal branches, 10-20 cm long, peduncles 2-4 cm long, glabrescent or sparsely arachnoid-tomentose; pedicels 1.5-2.5 mm long, glabrous; buds obovoid, 2-3 mm high, apices subrounded. 3 mm, apically suborbicular; calyx shallowly disk-shaped, margin undulate, outside glabrous; petals 5, cap-shaped adhesively deciduous.