Chinese name: KINOMOTO SAKURA.
Japanese name: サクラ/
English name: Cherry Blossom
Spanish name: cherry
Alias: Sakura Mountain, Sakura Fukushima, Sakura Green Skin, etc. It belongs to Rosaceae, a deciduous tree. Bark is purple-brown, smooth and shiny, with horizontal stripes. Flowers alternate with leaves, ovoid or obovate-elliptic, with awn teeth on the edge, sharp and glandular apex, dark green shiny surface and slightly pale back. Stipules are needle-shaped, with serrated edges and glands at the crack end. Each flower has three to five flowers, which are umbrella-shaped, the sepals are horizontally spread, and the petals are notched at the top, white, red and pink. March flowers bloom with the leaves open or behind them. The nucleus is spherical, red at first, then purple-brown, and mature in July. [Edit this paragraph] Classification of families and genera
Field: the field of plants
Phylum: Angiosperm phylum
Category: Dicotyledonous plants
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subdivision: Li Yake
Genus: cherry
Latin scientific name: cherry plum
Japanese name: サクラ/
English name: Cherry Blossom
Spanish name: cherry
Alias: Sakura Mountain, Sakura Fukushima, Sakura Green Skin, etc. It belongs to Rosaceae, a deciduous tree. Bark is purple-brown, smooth and shiny, with horizontal stripes. Flowers alternate with leaves, ovoid or obovate-elliptic, with awn teeth on the edge, sharp and glandular apex, dark green shiny surface and slightly pale back. Stipules are needle-shaped, with serrated edges and glands at the crack end. Each branch has three to five flowers, which are umbrella-shaped, the sepals are horizontally spread, and the petals are notched, white and red. March flowers bloom with the leaves open or behind them. The nucleus is spherical, red at first, then purple-brown, and mature in July. It is the national flower of Japan. [Edit this paragraph] Its origin and main distribution originated from the temperate Himalayan region in the northern hemisphere, including northern India, the Yangtze River valley in China, Taiwan Province Province in China, Korea and Japan. It is the most abundant in the mountainous areas in southwest China and cultivated in all parts of North China. It is cultivated all over the world, among which Japanese cherry blossoms are the most famous, with more than 200 varieties. Therefore, Japan is called "the country of cherry blossoms".
Cherry blossoms like sunshine, the climate is warm and humid, and the requirements for soil are not strict. Deep and fertile sandy loam grows best with shallow roots, and has weak resistance to smoke, harmful gases and tidal winds. Saline-alkali tolerant soil. The root system is shallow, avoiding stagnant water and low-lying land. It has certain cold tolerance and drought tolerance, but it is weak in smoke resistance and wind resistance. Cherry blossoms are extremely beautiful. When it is in full bloom, trees are everywhere, like clouds and clouds. They are famous ornamental flowers and trees, which bloom in early spring.
Cherry blossoms are deeply loved by the Japanese people and are widely planted in Japan. Together with the chrysanthemum symbolizing the royal family, it was designated as the national flower of Japan. Yoshinoyama in Nara Prefecture is the most famous cherry blossom spot, so it is known as "Yoshino Thousand Sakura". The flowering period of Japanese cherry blossoms is about 50 days, but it only takes seven to ten days from flowering to withering in each area. There are many kinds of cherry blossoms, so the color is not pure pink, and the corresponding flower color is the same. Cherry blossom viewing in spring is one of the traditional customs in Japan. Japan Meteorological Agency publishes the forecast of cherry blossom date every year, which is the "front line of cherry blossom". Japanese cherry blossoms are mostly divided into horticultural species and wild species, among which the famous ones are Sakura Sakura, Hejin Sakura, Rain Sakura, Yoshino Sakura Sakura, Oshima Sakura, Hanfei Sakura, Daisy Sakura, and a series of 20%-fold sakura (such as Eight-leaf Sakura, Nara Eight-leaf Sakura, Red-leaf Sakura, Eight-leaf Sakura, etc.). Among them, the most common unspoiled cherry blossoms in Yoshino Sakura account for about 80% of Japanese cherry blossoms, and some are
Most cherry blossoms in Japan are open from late March to early April, but in recent years, due to global warming, the opening time of cherry blossoms has been advanced. Moreover, the warming of the Pacific Ocean has also caused the flowers to be blown away by the wind after flowering. It has greatly shortened the time for citizens to enjoy cherry blossoms. [Edit this paragraph] belongs to the common species 1, yew mat. Its dry skin is dark gray, the leaves are oval, the apex is gradually pointed or the tail is pointed, the edge is awn, the teeth are glandular, there are two glands on the upper part of the petiole, the stipules are strip-shaped, with glandular teeth, the flowers are multi-petaled, the flowers are white, pink or rose red, and the drupe is spherical. ② Pink Japanese cherry, double, medium pink.
2. Sawtooth leafhopper, also known as green cherry. Dry skin is millet-colored, leaves are elliptic and lanceolate, the apex is often tail-shaped, the edge is tapered with single or double serrations, the teeth have glandular spines, the surface of leaves is light green and smooth, the back is slightly covered with white powder, with midvein hairs, and young leaves are often brown. Petiole has 2-4 glands, single or double flowers, white or pink, oval fruit, black when mature. It is a native species in China, which is wild in the northern mountainous area of China. Resistant to smoke and dust, often used as the rootstock of cherry. Its nucleoli can be used as medicine. [Edit this paragraph] Morphological characteristics: the crown is oval to round, with alternate leaves and glandular serrations. Single-branch top or 3-6 clusters of flowers are umbrella-shaped or corymbose inflorescences, with leaves or flowers after leaves at the same time, calyx tube is bell-shaped or tubular, and most cultivated varieties are double petals; The fruit is red or black and ripens in May-June. [Edit this paragraph] The growth habit likes sunshine, the climate is warm and humid, and the requirements for soil are not strict, but the loose and fertile sandy soil with good drainage grows best and is not tolerant to salt and alkali. The root system is shallow, avoiding stagnant water and low-lying land. It has a certain cold tolerance and drought tolerance, but it is weak in smoke and wind resistance. [Edit this paragraph] Common cultivated species are 1, Pterocarya stenoptera and deciduous trees. About 5-25 meters high. The bark is dark chestnut brown, smooth and shiny, with horizontal stripes. Branchlets glabrous. The leaves are ovoid to ovoid-elliptic, with awn semi-mature teeth on the edge and no hair on both sides. Corymbose or raceme with white or pink flowers. The diameter is 2.5-4cm, and the flowering period is April-May. Prismatic fruit is spherical, black and ripe in July.
2. Japanese late cherry (P.lannesiana), about 10 m high, with light gray bark. Leaves obovate, with long awn teeth on the edge; Single or double flowers, drooping, pink or nearly white, fragrant, 2-5 in clusters, flowering in April.
3. Japanese early cherry (P.subhirtella) is a small tree, about 5m high, with striped bark and older bark. Branchlets brown, leaves obovate to ovate-lanceolate. Pink flowers, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, 2-5 umbels, which bloom first and then leave in spring.
4. Korean pine, height 12-20m, brown bark, purplish brown branchlets and oval leaves. Pink flowers, 2-4 in a cluster, 3-5 cm in diameter, flowering in March-April.
5. Sakura yunnanensis, about10m high, with brown bark, purplish brown branchlets, oval or obovate leaves and heavy teeth. Flowers pink to deep red, 2-5 in a cluster, flowering in February-March.
6. It is about 25 meters high, with light brown bark, green branchlets, long oval to lanceolate leaves and pink flowers. The flowering period is from 65438+ 10 to 65438+ 10 in the following year.
7, Sakura: more wild, small flowers, single petals, white or pink, pedicels and flowers hairless.
8. Hairy cherry: The shape is basically the same as that of hairy cherry, but the leaves, stalks and flowers are hairy.
9. Re-distinguish white cherry blossoms: white flowers with double petals are the main cultivated varieties.
10, double red cherry blossom: pink, double.
1 1, red and white cherry blossoms: light red flowers, double petals.
12, magnificent cherry blossoms: the flowers are reddish, the petals are straight, the flowers are large and the pedicels are long.
13, drooping cherry blossoms: pink flowers, double petals, open and drooping branches. [Edit this paragraph] The main breeding methods are sowing, cutting and grafting. Cherry blossoms are propagated by sowing. Be careful not to dry the seeds. They should be planted in the harvest season or the following spring after wet sand accumulates. Grafting propagation can use cherry and mountain cherry seedlings as rootstocks. Cutting in late March or budding in late August can be cultivated for 3-4 years after grafting, and can be planted after leaving the nursery. When planting, apply decomposed compost 1.5 kg -25 kg to each pit, and apply ammonium sulfate 1 kg -2 kg to each plant in July. After flowering in early spring and before germination, cut off dead branches, weak branches and long branches, try to avoid pruning thick branches and keep the crown intact. [Edit this paragraph] Cultivation and management 1. Soil requirements and improvement measures
Cherry blossoms grow well in sandy loam and clayey loam with more humus (pH5.5-6.5). In places with heavy soil in the south, humus soil (collected from leaves, acid soil, chicken manure and carbon powder retting) is generally mixed. Note that all the original clay blocks must be broken before mixing, otherwise it will not improve the soil. Where the groundwater level is lower than 1 m, the high planting method is adopted, that is, after the whole planting hole is leveled, soil is piled on it to plant seedlings. In the northern alkaline soil, it is necessary to apply sulfur powder or ferrous sulfate to adjust the pH value to about 6. Apply 2 grams of sulfur powder per square meter, valid for 1 to 2 years, and measure it once a year, so that the pH value does not exceed 7. Plum blossom, Inoue Yoshino and other varieties have straight trunks and large trees, which belong to strong positive trees and need shelter from the wind, sunshine, ventilation and light transmission. When planting in pieces, every tree should receive sunlight.
2. Planting measures
The planting time is immediately after the soil is thawed in early spring, usually in February and March. Prepare the soil carefully before planting. Planting in the flat land can dig a pit with a diameter of 1 m and a depth of 0.8 m. First, fill the pit with improved soil for about half a depth, and put the seedlings in the center of the pit so that the roots of the seedlings extend in all directions. After filling a small amount of soil, lift the seedlings slightly upward to fully extend the roots, and then tread lightly. The depth of planting seedlings should be 5 cm from the ground. After planting, make a water hole, fully irrigate it, and finally support it with bamboo pieces almost as high as the seedlings to prevent the wind from blowing down.
3. Management measures
Drought resistance: after sowing, seedlings are susceptible to drought. During the planting period, in addition to adequate irrigation, it should be irrigated once every 8 ~ 10 days to keep the soil moist without water accumulation. Loosen the soil in time after irrigation, and it is best to cover the surface with grass to reduce water evaporation. In 2 to 3 years after planting, in order to prevent the trunk from drying up, it can be wrapped with straw. But after two to three years, the seedlings grow new roots and their adaptability to the environment is gradually enhanced, so there is no need to wrap grass.
Growth period management: apply fertilizer to cherry blossoms twice a year, with acid fertilizer as the best. One is winter fertilizer, and organic fertilizers such as bean cake, chicken manure and decomposed fertilizer are applied in winter or early spring; On another occasion, quick-acting fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ferrous sulfate and calcium superphosphate were applied after flowering. Generally, the fertilization method of cherry trees can be adopted, that is, an annular ditch with a depth of about 10 cm is dug at the edge of the crown: orthogonal projection line, and fertilization is carried out. This method is not only simple, but also beneficial to root absorption. In the future, with the growth of trees, the diameter and depth of the annular groove for fertilization will also increase. Cherry blossoms have shallow roots and need good drainage and ventilation. Therefore, it is forbidden for people, livestock and cars to stabilize the soil around trees, especially within the distribution range of roots. Pedestrian trampling will weaken the tree, shorten its life, and even lead to rotten roots and death.
Pruning and maintenance: Pruning is mainly to cut off dead branches, trailing branches, overlapping branches and pests and diseases. In addition, when many branches grow on the trunk of the big cherry tree, some robust branches should be kept and the rest should be cut off from the base to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. The pruned branches should be disinfected with drugs in time to prevent bacteria from invading after rain and causing rot. After a long period of sun exposure, the bark of cherry blossoms is easy to age and damage, causing rot, so it should be removed and disinfected in time. After that, the rotten part was wrapped with humus and carbon powder to promote its normal physiological function.
4. Problems that should be paid attention to when planting cherry blossoms.
First, the requirements of cherry blossoms for soil
Cherry blossoms can grow in sand and soil. If the water level is lower than 1 m, it is better to plant it higher. It is better to pad the planted hole and then pile soil seedlings on it. Cherry trees are big. They like sunshine and are afraid of wind. Cherry blossoms are planted in early spring, usually from February to March.
Second, the planting method of cherry blossoms
Before planting, the ground should be flat. You can dig a pit with a diameter of 0.8 meters and a depth of 0.6 meters. First, fill the pit with10cm organic fertilizer, and put the seedlings in into the pit, so that the roots of the seedlings extend around. After the cherry blossoms are filled with soil, it is practical to lift the seedlings upward to spread the roots. The planting depth is about 5 cm from the upper layer of seedling roots. After planting, water it, fully irrigate it, and put it up with a stick to prevent the strong wind from blowing down.