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www.XINHUANET.com Source: Xinhuanet
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country name: Russian Federation or Russia
national flag: horizontally rectangular, with the ratio of length to width of about 3: 2. The flag surface is composed of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, which are white, blue and red from top to bottom. Russia has a vast territory, and its territory spans three climatic zones, namely, frigid zone, sub-frigid zone and temperate zone, which are connected in parallel by three-color horizontal rectangles, indicating this feature of Russia's geographical position. White represents the snowy natural landscape in the cold zone all year round; Blue not only represents the sub-frigid climate zone, but also symbolizes Russia's rich underground mineral deposits and natural resources such as forests and hydropower. Red is the symbol of temperate zone, and it also symbolizes the long history of Russia and its contribution to human civilization. The white, blue and red tricolor flag comes from the red, white and blue tricolor flag adopted during the reign of Peter the Great in 1697. The red, white and blue tricolor is called the pan-Slavic color. After the victory of the October Revolution in 1917, the tricolor flag was cancelled. In 192, the Soviet government adopted a new national flag, consisting of red and blue, with vertical blue stripes on the left and a five-pointed star and crossed hammers and sickles on the red flag on the right. This flag is followed by the national flag of Russian Soviet Federalism. In 1922, after the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the national flag was modified to be a red flag with a golden five-pointed star, sickle and hammer in the upper left corner. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Soviet Federalist Socialist Republic was renamed the Russian Federation, and then the white, blue and red flags were adopted as the national flag.
national emblem: it is the coat of arms. On November 3, 1993, Russia decided to adopt the national emblem with a double-headed eagle before the October Revolution: there is a golden double-headed eagle on the red shield, three crowns of Peter the Great on the eagle's head, and the eagle claws hold the scepter and golden ball symbolizing imperial power. On the eagle's chest is a small shield with a knight and a white horse on it. The origin of the double-headed eagle can be traced back to the 15th century. The double-headed eagle was originally the emblem of Constantine I of Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire once spanned two continents, Europe and Asia. It looked at the west at one end and the east at the other, symbolizing the unity between the two continents and the unity of all ethnic groups. In 1453, the once glorious Byzantine Empire was destroyed by the Ottoman Turkish Empire, and the Byzantine emperor Constantine XI died heroically. His two younger brothers, one surrendered to the Ottoman Empire, and the other fled to Rome with his two sons and daughter Sophia Paleolog. Later, the two sons and a daughter were raised by the Pope after their father died. In order to resist the Turks with the help of Russian military power, Roman politicians at that time betrothed Sophia to Ivan III of Russia, the Grand Duke of Moscow. Sophia came to Russia wearing the majestic double-headed eagle emblem of Byzantine Empire. Sophia assisted her husband, Ivan III of Russia, to basically unite the Russian land and form a vast and unified country. In 1497, the double-headed eagle first appeared on the national seal of Russia as a national emblem until 1918. On November 3, 1993, this double-headed eagle, which symbolizes Russian national unity and unity, flew back to the national emblem of Russia. At the end of the 2th century, the State Duma legally determined that the double-headed eagle was the national symbol of Russia.
national anthem: Aleksandrov/lyrics: mikhalkov
lyrics:
"Russia, our sacred motherland,
Russia, our lovely home.
strong will and great glory
are your eternal treasure!
Be proud of our free motherland.
All fraternal national alliances have been handed down from generation to generation.
The ancestors endowed the people with wisdom!
be proud, motherland! We are proud of you!
From the southern sea to the Arctic territory
There are our forests and fields everywhere.
you are unique!
You are the only fertile ground for God's blessing!
Be proud of our free motherland.
All fraternal national alliances have been handed down from generation to generation.
The ancestors endowed the people with wisdom!
be proud, motherland! We are proud of you!
Infinite ideal realm and vast living space
Times have opened up the future for us.
Loyalty to our motherland gives us strength.
past, present and forever!
Be proud of our free motherland.
All fraternal national alliances have been handed down from generation to generation.
The ancestors endowed the people with wisdom!
be proud, motherland! We are proud of you! "
Defender's Day of the Motherland: February 23rd (Army Day of the former Soviet Union)
Victory Day of the Great Patriotic War: May 9th
Adoption Day of the Declaration of National Sovereignty (National Day): June 12th
Harmony and Reconciliation Day, October Revolution Day and Military Honor Day: November 7th (October Revolution Memorial Day) > >
Constitution Day: December 12
Aerospace Festival: April 12 (Soviet Union decided to commemorate Gagarin's first space voyage in 1962)
State dignitaries: President Vladimir Putin, acting president of Russia on December 31, 1999, was re-elected in March 24; Sergei Mironov, chairman of the Federal Council (the upper house of parliament), took office in December 21 and was re-elected in January 23; Boris Gryzlov, Chairman of the State Duma (lower house of parliament), was elected in December 23; Mikhail Fradkov, Prime Minister, took office in May 24; Igor Igor Ivanov, Secretary of the Security Conference, took office in March 24; Sergei Lavrov, Foreign Minister, took office in March 24.
population: 142.2 million (as of January 1, 27). There are more than 13 ethnic groups in China, among which Russians account for 82. 95%. The main ethnic minorities are Tatar, Ukraine, Chuvash, Bashkir, Belarus, Moldova, Germanic, Udmurt, Armenia, awar, Mali, Kazakhstan, Ossetia, Buryatia, Yakutia, Kabardino, Judaism, Komi and Lezgen. The population distribution is extremely uneven, with an average of 52-77 people per square kilometer in the developed areas in the west and 261 people in some places, while less than one person in tundra zone in the northeast. The ethnic composition in the Caucasus is the most complex, with about 4 ethnic groups living here. Most residents believe in the Orthodox Church, followed by Islam. Russian is the official language in the whole territory of the Russian Federation, and each country has the right to stipulate its own national language, which can be used together with Russian in that country. Major ethnic minorities have their own languages and scripts. The main religion is Orthodox Church, followed by Islam.
physical geography: with an area of more than 17,75,4 square kilometers (accounting for 76% of the territory of the former Soviet Union), it is the largest country in the world. Located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, most of its European territory is the Eastern European Plain. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea in the west, spanning Eurasia, with the longest length of 9, kilometers from east to west and the widest width of 4, kilometers from north to south. Land neighbors are Norway and Finland in the northwest, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belarus in the west, Ukraine in the southwest, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the south and China, Mongolia and North Korea in the southeast. It faces Japan and the United States across the sea to the east. The coastline is 33,87 kilometers long. Most areas are located in the north temperate zone, with diverse climate, mainly continental climate. The temperature difference is generally large, with an average temperature of-1℃ to-37℃ in January and 11℃ to 27℃ in July. The average annual precipitation is 15-1mm. Feel the real Lake Baikal
The capital: Moscow, with a population of about 8.5 million (as of December 22). On May 16th, 1995, it became a sister city with Beijing.
The Krasna Luzhski Bridge on the Moscow River
A brief history: the ancestors of Russians are the Russian tribe of Eastern Slavs. At the end of 15th century, Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia established a centralized state-Moscow Grand Duchy. In 1547, Ivan IV called himself "Tsar" and his country was called Russia. From 16th to 17th century, the Volga River basin, Urals and Siberia successively joined Russia, making it a multi-ethnic country. Ukraine and Russia merged into a unified country in the mid-17th century. In August, 1689, Peter I officially ruled. After the Northern War of 17-1721, Russia got the seaport to the Baltic Sea, which changed Russia from a landlocked country to a coastal country. In the 17th century, it defeated the invasion of feudal lords in Poland and Sweden. In 1812, Russia wiped out the invading Napoleon army. In December 1825, aristocratic revolutionaries held an uprising in Petersburg (that is, the December Party Uprising) and were suppressed. In February 1861, Russia abolished the agricultural right system. In 1898, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of the Soviet Union's * * * production party) was established. Under its leadership, the Russian workers and peasants won the great victory of the October socialist revolution on November 7, 1917 and established the first socialist country in the world after the first Russian revolution in 195 and the bourgeois democratic revolution that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in February 1917. On November 7, 1917 (October 25, Russian calendar), the Socialist Republic of the Russian Soviet Federation was established. Shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, after three years of hard civil war, the armed intervention of 14 imperialist countries and the armed rebellion of landlords and capitalists were crushed and the Soviet regime was defended. On December 3, 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formally established, and the Russian Federation joined Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Federation (including Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia). On June 12, 199, the First People's Congress of the Russian Federation adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Russian Federation. On December 21, 1991, the leaders of 11 countries of the former Soviet Union decided in Almaty, the capital of Kazakhstan, that the seat of the former Soviet Union in the UN Security Council would be inherited by Russia. On December 25th, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federalist Socialist Republic decided to change the official name of the country to "Russian Federation". On April 16, 1992, the Sixth People's Congress of Russia decided to change the name of the country to "Russia", thus restoring the historical name; On the 17th, it was finally decided to use two official country names "Russian Federation" and "Russia". North Ossetia * * * and
St. Petersburg
Politics: On December 12, 1993, the Russian Federation held a referendum and adopted its first constitution after independence. On December 25th of the same year, the new constitution came into effect. This constitution establishes a federal state system with a presidential system in Russia. According to the Constitution, the President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, which is the guarantee of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the rights and freedoms of human beings and citizens. The President decides the country's domestic and foreign policies in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; The president appoints the prime minister, deputy prime ministers and ministers of the federal government and presides over federal government meetings; The president is the supreme commander of the national armed forces and leads the national security conference; The president has the right to dissolve the parliament, and the parliament can impeach the president only after accusing the president of treason or other very serious crimes and confirming it by the Supreme Court. According to the Constitution, the Assembly of the Russian Federation is the representative and legislature of the Russian Federation. The Federal Conference consists of the Federal Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house). The Federal Council is composed of two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation: one from the state representative authority and the other from the state executive authority. Its main functions are to approve federal laws, change the boundaries of federal subjects, presidential orders on state of war and emergency, decide on overseas garrison, presidential election and impeachment, and the relationship between the central and local governments. The State Duma is the legislative body of Russia, composed of 45 deputies, and is elected every four years. Half of the seats are elected by one representative from each of the 225 major constituencies in the country, and the other half are allocated by the election parties with more than 5% of the votes. According to the Russian Constitution, any party that does not cross the "threshold" of 5% of the votes cannot not only participate in the allocation of party election seats, but also the representatives elected by the party as independent candidates in local constituencies have no right to form a parliamentary group in the State Duma alone. The State Duma is mainly responsible for drafting and formulating national laws, deliberating the appointment of the Prime Minister by the President and deciding on the trust in the President. The State Duma has more than 2 committees, including the International Affairs Committee, the Security Committee, the National Defense Committee, the Legislative Committee, the Economic Policy Committee and the Ethnic Affairs Committee. (The State Duma was first established in 196. It was an elected legislature in the Russian era and was dissolved in March 1917. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia elected its first state in December 1993.