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Unit 1 Ancient Farming Economy in China

Learning this unit, one is to pay attention to the basic concepts, the other is to grasp the basic clues of ancient agricultural handicrafts and urban development, and the third is to understand the impact of ancient economic development in China on social development by dialectical methods.

key knowledge: ① the evolution of farming methods and land system in ancient agriculture; (2) the development of technology in metallurgical industry, textile industry, ceramic industry and other industries; ③ The development of ancient commerce and currency; (4) the meaning and influence of the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce and closing the country; ⑤ The emergence and development of capitalist bud.

Difficulties: ① Learn to abstract the macro development characteristics of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in ancient China from micro historical facts. ② Understand the meaning of the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business and the policy of closing the country. ③ Understand the reasons for the slow development of Chinese capitalism.

Lesson 1 Formation of Intensive Cultivation Agricultural Production Mode

First, the four characteristics of agricultural origin: the development from gathering economy to planting economy produced agriculture; Multi-dimensional intersection, from multiple centers to the surrounding development; Form the primitive agricultural planting structure of south rice and north millet; Mainly based on planting agriculture, the primitive livestock breeding industry is combined with planting industry.

2. From Lei to Quyuan Plough

1. The era of production with Lei as the main agricultural tool (1) The cultivation method of primitive agriculture was slash and burn. People in this period mainly used simple labor tools such as stone axe, stone shovel, wooden lei, bone chisel and stone sickle. (2) In the civilized era, Lei and Gou are still important tools for people to carry out agricultural production. In Shang and Zhou dynasties, although bronze products were widespread, the main materials for making farm tools were wood, stone, bone and mussels because of the small output of copper. 2. The use of iron farm tools in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and Niu Geng

(1) During the Spring and Autumn Period, people mastered the technology of smelting iron, and iron farm tools gradually replaced the heavy and fragile farm tools made of stone and bone. This change greatly improved the agricultural production efficiency at that time.

(2) About the middle and late Warring States Period, Niu Li plowing began to appear, but before the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, it was not common in Niu Geng.

3. Innovation of farm tools and development of farming technology in Han Dynasty

Installation of plow wall:

In the middle of Han Dynasty, people invented plow wall. When the plow wall is in use, the soil can be turned over in a certain direction, and the processes of turning the soil, stubble cleaning, ditching and ridging can be completed at the same time. Since then, Niu Geng has been widely promoted.

4. The invention of the Quyuan plough

(1) The invention and structural characteristics of the Quyuan plough: The Quyuan plough changed the straight and long shafts of the old plough into curved shafts. The plow frame is also smaller, more portable and flexible. Quyuan Plough has also added plough evaluation, plough entrance and plough strategy, which is not only convenient to adjust the depth of ploughing, but also saves labor and improves the farming speed. The invention of Quyuanli is another breakthrough in the reform of farm tools after the development of ploughing in Han Dynasty. Its appearance marks the basic stereotype of the traditional walking plow in China.

(2) Compared with the previous generation plows, the curved-shaft plows have three advantages:

First, the appearance of curved shafts and plows eliminated the plow scales (shoulder yokes), which not only lightened their own weight, but also overcame the shortcomings of the straight-shaft plows.

second, the appearance of plow evaluation and plow tip makes the depth of burying and the width of raising soil more arbitrary.

thirdly, the bottom of the plow is slender, and the tip of the plow is manually controlled, which makes the cultivation stable and consistent in depth, which is beneficial to the use of paddy fields.

5. The progress of ancient irrigation tools

The progress of ancient irrigation tools is also an important factor to promote the development of agricultural production. Important irrigation tools mainly include rollover, truck and so on.

(1) Rollover:

During the Three Kingdoms period, Ma Jun improved the rollover (also known as keel waterwheel) created by Bi Lan, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and made it more complete and practical.

(2) Trolley:

In the Tang and Song Dynasties, people invented the trolley driven by water and the high-revolving trolley driven by animal power, which greatly improved the irrigation efficiency.

The development of ancient production tools is mainly reflected in the following aspects: changes in materials: stone, bone, wood-bronze-iron; Dynamic change: manpower-animal power-natural power; Variety: singleness-diversity;

Third, the gradual improvement of water conservancy facilities

1. The legend of Dayu's water conservancy reflects the arduous course of ancient ancestors to build water conservancy in order to overcome natural disasters and develop production.

2. Famous water conservancy projects in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

(1) Overview: The improvement of productivity in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period promoted the development of water conservancy construction. The famous water conservancy projects such as Shaobei, Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu, Caoqu and Baiqu in the Western Han Dynasty were built one after another.

(2) Dujiangyan: turning flood disaster into water conservancy, and making the western Sichuan plain a thousand miles of fertile land; Beautifying the environment, promoting the development of tourism and stimulating the economy of Sichuan area; It embodies the hard work and wisdom of the ancient working people in China. It is listed in the world cultural heritage list and has high spiritual and cultural value.

3. Harnessing the Yellow River and building water conservancy projects

(1) Harnessing the Yellow River:

Importance: For a long time, the Yellow River has been the lifeblood of China's farming economy. Whether the Yellow River is An Lan or not has become one of the important factors affecting the government's fiscal revenue, people's life and political stability.

(2) Water conservancy irrigation project with local characteristics:

Karez in the Western Region (originated from the Western Han Dynasty)

4. Research on ancient water conservancy technology

The ancients in China accumulated rich experience in agricultural technology and had superb agricultural knowledge theory. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 37 kinds of agricultural works in ancient China, which also contain a lot of contents about water conservancy construction.

Fourth, from thousands of coupling to individual farming

(1) From slash-and-burn farming to thousands of coupling to Niu Geng-the farming method is constantly improving

1. The way of primitive agriculture-slash-and-burn farming. (time: about 1, years ago; Status: one of the three centers of agricultural origin in the world; Development: seven or eight thousand years ago, China's agriculture entered the era of "ploughing" or "hoeing with stone tools"

2. Shang and Zhou Dynasties-large-scale simple cooperation. (There were a few bronze farm tools, techniques such as knowing how to irrigate, weeding and cultivating the soil, retting green manure, controlling insects and pests, etc.)

3. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, iron Niu Geng appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period; Niu Geng, an iron weapon in the Warring States Period, was expanded and popularized; Since then, Niu Geng has become the main farming method of traditional agriculture.

(II) Small-scale peasant economy (yeoman economy)

Production conditions:

① The popularization of iron plough in Niu Geng, the improvement of tools and the improvement of production technology.

② The emergence of private land

Features:

① Taking the family as the basic unit of production and life (decentralized)

② The combination of agriculture and cottage industry, self-sufficiency, generally nothing more than salt and iron (closed)

③ The small-scale production and simple gender division of labor of the small-scale peasant economy, It is difficult to expand reproduction (backwardness)

④ yeoman farmers are the main undertakers of the national tax essence, and the excessive exploitation and oppression of natural disasters and wars by rulers can easily lead to bankruptcy (fragility)

⑤ relatively simple production tools, long-term unchanged production technology and easy-to-satisfy social psychological state. (Conservative)

Evaluation:

(1) yeoman farmers have a stable life and a high enthusiasm for production. During the formation and development of feudal society, they basically adapted to the requirements of productivity development and were conducive to economic development and social progress.

(2) The weakness of small-scale peasant economy, such as dispersion, closeness and conservatism, hindered the development of social division of labor and exchange economy, which caused the slow social development and long-term continuation of feudal society in China, and became the main factor hindering the development of social production in modern times.

V. Maturity of intensive cultivation technology

Concept: "In a certain area of land, invest more means of production and labor, adopt advanced technical measures, and carry out meticulous land cultivation to increase the output per unit area".

Development course:

(1) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and the Qin and Han Dynasties, some farmland began to practice intensive cultivation (timely cultivation, soil improvement, attention to fertilizers, soil conservation and irrigation, and attention to all aspects of production. )

(2) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the agricultural technology of intensive cultivation in the Yellow River Basin became more and more mature (rotation, intercropping, interplanting, multiple cropping, green manure planting,);

(3) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the intensive cultivation techniques of paddy fields in southern China gradually matured (seedling raising, transplanting and ploughing);

(4) During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, intensive cultivation techniques entered a full-fledged period (the emergence of plowing tools in dry land drawn by animals in the north, and the multiple cropping system of rice and wheat in water towns in the south of the Yangtze River marked that China's intensive cultivation level rose to a new height, crop varieties were widely exchanged, millet and wheat in the north were planted in the south of the Yangtze River, rice in the south of the Yangtze River was spread to Jianghuai, cotton was spread to the Yangtze River valley from Fujian and Guangdong, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in the south became the national economic center) <

VI. What are the basic characteristics of China's ancient agricultural economy?

1. Take the family as the basic unit of production and life, and combine agriculture with cottage industry.

2. Farmers possess a small amount of means of production and intensively cultivate;

3. Farming is the main industry, supplemented by livestock breeding

Lesson 2 Ancient land system in China

1. Evolution of land system:

1. Primitive society: owned by land clans and communes, collectively cultivated, with average consumption.

2. Slave society: well field system

(1) Contents:

① The land in the well field is nominally owned by the state, and the king of Zhou divided the land layer by layer to nobles at all levels; ② There are "public fields" and "private fields" in the well field system; (3) The "public land" is actually owned by aristocrats, and the "private land" is a field owned by laborers, with only the right to use but no ownership;

(2) Development process:

It began to be practiced in the Shang Dynasty and prevailed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It disintegrated in the Spring and Autumn Period and was abolished in the Warring States Period.

(3) Reasons for disintegration

Productivity development (ironware Niu Geng) is the fundamental reason

Frequent wars, reduced labor force in mine fields, and the well-field system tends to collapse

Tax reform in various countries in the Spring and Autumn Period promoted disintegration (two results: legal affirmation of private fields, New system, new class relations)

3. Feudal society: feudal private ownership of land

1) Process:

Formation in the Spring and Autumn Period: (In 594 BC, Lu and others carried out tax reform, which promoted the formation of private ownership of land)

Establishment of the Warring States Period: (Shang Yang, the State of Qin, reformed the system thoroughly, abolishing the well field system, Private ownership of feudal land was established by law)

Development period: Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty

Decline period: Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the feudal land system became the shackles of agricultural development in the late Ming Dynasty ("equal land and free grain" indicated that farmers were strongly dissatisfied with the feudal land system)

(2) Three forms:

Private ownership by monarch.

Second, the implementation of the land equalization system

(1) Reason:

Land annexation has seriously affected the tax revenue of the country and caused social unrest. In order to limit the merger, protect the yeoman economy and increase government revenue, the land equalization system was implemented.

(2) Content:

The land equalization system was implemented in the Northern Wei Dynasty and further developed and improved in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Northern Wei Dynasty Land Equalization Order stipulated that the ownerless wasteland held by the government should be distributed to farmers according to their gender and age, and the main part of the land should only be used, not allowed to be bought or sold. Farmers who grant land must pay rent to the state and undertake corvee and military service.

(3) Can the land equalization system play a role in restraining mergers? Can it be fundamentally solved?

Tip:

The main land under the land equalization system is only allowed to be used, and it is not allowed to be bought or sold, so it plays a role in restraining land merger to some extent. However, the premise of the land equalization system is that the government has a large number of ownerless wasteland and does not touch the interests of the big landlords who occupy the land; With the development of economy and the continuation of merger, the government has less and less land, and the land equalization system can not be implemented, and the private ownership of land continues to develop. So it can't fundamentally solve the problem of land annexation.

The three tenancy relationships are becoming more and more universal

1. The characteristics of the grange system:

Granges mostly live in groups; The laborers of the manor and the owner of the farm form a strong personal attachment relationship; Grange economy has a strong self-sufficiency nature; Grange has private armed tenancy system

2

(1) Reasons:

Land annexation has resulted in a large number of large landowners and landless peasants, providing the basic conditions for tenancy;

The peasant's resistance weakens the personal attachment relationship, which is beneficial to the tenancy relationship.

The development of commodity economy and the intensification of land sales have further led to the flow of population;

the development of productive forces is the fundamental reason.

(2) The process of popularization:

Tenancy relationship had already emerged in the Warring States Period and was quite common in the Han Dynasty, but the personal attachment relationship between farmers and landlords was very strong, for example, the laborers in the grange in the Eastern Han Dynasty formed a strong personal attachment relationship with the grange owners; In Song Dynasty, tenancy management has become an important mode of management, which is second only to the form of yeoman. Farmers rent the land of landlords, and the two sides form the relationship between exploitation and exploitation through contracts; During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of commodity economy, tenancy system spread throughout the country and became the main form of rural economy.

(3) Positive impact:

The determination of the mode of paying rent by contract has weakened the personal attachment of tenant farmers to landlords, improved their status and greatly improved their autonomy in production. Farmers can choose employers, have a certain say in controlling products, and even get in touch with the market to obtain practical benefits, which greatly improves farmers' enthusiasm for production and thus promotes the development of productive forces.

(4) What is the difference between the personal attachment of laborers in the grange in the Eastern Han Dynasty and that of tenant farmers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

Eastern Han Dynasty:

Most of the workers in the grange, a powerful landlord, were foreign farmers who devoted themselves to the manor for shelter, and they formed a strong personal attachment relationship with the grange owner. They should not only engage in heavy productive labor, but also undertake military obligations and become powerful private armed forces.

Ming and Qing dynasties:

Tenancy management became the main form of rural economy. The determination of the mode of paying rent by contract has greatly improved the production autonomy of tenant farmers, weakened their dependence on landlords and improved their production enthusiasm.

lesson 3 regional economy and the shift of the center of gravity to the south

the formation of the first and fourth economic zones

1. the distribution of the four economic zones:

Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangnan and the north of Jieshi, Longmen

2. the basis for drawing the four economic zones:

the characteristics of the economic distribution in the Han dynasty

3. the four economic zones. Jiangnan was developed late, and it is also a typical farming economy. To the north of Jieshi in Longmen is a traditional animal husbandry area or semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral area)