Introduction: Su Shi (1037-1101), a writer, calligrapher, painter, and gourmet in the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name is Zizhan and his nickname is Dongpo Jushi. Author's life:
On January 8, 1037 AD, Su Shi was born in Meishan, Meizhou. Su Shi's father Su Xun, the "Twenty-Seven" mentioned in the "Three Character Classic", is the "Su Laoquan" who started to work hard. Although Su Xun worked hard late, he worked very hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled studying with his father when he was young, and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's diligent study, it would have been impossible for Su Shi to receive a good tutoring at a young age, let alone to learn the classics and history before he was in his prime, and to write thousands of words a day, and it would have been impossible for him to achieve literary achievements in the future. .
In 1056 (the first year of Jiayou), Su Shi, who was twenty-one years old, left Sichuan for the first time to go to Beijing to take part in the imperial examination. The following year, he took part in the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with his essay "On the Perfection of Honesty in Punishments and Rewards". However, because Ouyang Xiu mistakenly believed that it was written by his disciple Zeng Gong, he had to take second place in order to avoid suspicion.
In 1061 (the sixth year of Jiayou), Su Shi took the high school examination, which is commonly known as the "Three Years of Beijing Examination". He entered the third class and became the "No. 1 in a century". He was awarded the Dali Judgment Award. , signed the letter to the judge of Fengxiang Mansion. His mother died of illness in her hometown. In 1069 (the second year of Xining), she returned to the court after completing her service and was still granted her duties. Many of Su Shi's mentors, including Ouyang Xiu, his mentor who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they opposed the new law and had political disagreements with the new prime minister Wang Anshi. The old rain in the government and the fields has withered, and what Su Shi sees in his eyes is no longer the "peaceful world" he saw when he was twenty.
In 1079 (the second year of Yuanfeng), less than three months after Su Shi arrived in Huzhou, he was imprisoned for writing poems that satirized the new law and slandering the emperor and prime minister with his words. He was known as Wuwu in history. Taiwan Poetry Case?.
Su Shi spent 103 days in jail and was on the verge of being beheaded several times. Fortunately, during the Northern Song Dynasty, the national policy of not killing scholar-bureaucrats was established during the reign of Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, so Su Shi was able to escape the disaster.
In the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), Su Shi left Huangzhou and went to Ruzhou to take office. Due to the long journey and exhaustion from the journey, Su Shi's infant died unfortunately. The road to Ruzhou was far away, and the travel expenses had been exhausted. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, but to live in Changzhou first, which was later approved. When he was about to return south to Changzhou, Shenzong died. The area of ??Changzhou is intertwined with water networks and has beautiful scenery. Living in Changzhou, he has no worries about hunger and cold, and can enjoy the beautiful scenery. Moreover, he is far away from the political disputes in the capital and can get along with his family and many friends day and night. So Su Dongpo finally chose Changzhou as his final place.
When Zhezong ascended the throne, Empress Dowager Gao took charge of the government in the name of Zhezong's young age. Sima Guang was re-appointed as prime minister, and the new party headed by Wang Anshi was suppressed. Su Shi returned to the imperial court and became the official of Zhidengzhou (Penglai). Four months later, the doctor of the Ministry of Rites was summoned back to the court. In the first half of the morning, he was promoted to Jusheren, and three months later, he was promoted to Zhongshusheren. Soon after, he was promoted to Hanlin scholar Zhizhigao (a secretary who drafted edicts for the emperor, third grade), and was informed of the tributes of the Ministry of Rites.
When Su Shi saw that the emerging forces were desperately suppressing the figures in Wang Anshi's group and abolishing the new law, he believed that the so-called old party and the new party were just the same, and once again made suggestions to the emperor. Interesting Facts about the Author 1:
Su Shi was a famous writer in my country during the Northern Song Dynasty. He not only has profound attainments in poetry and calligraphy, but he can also be called a gourmet in ancient my country. He is also very good at cooking dishes. He is especially good at making braised pork. Su Shi's braised pork was first created in Xuzhou and in Huang. The state was further improved and became famous throughout the country in Hangzhou. There are many legends about the origin of the name Dongpo Pork, one of which is:
It is said that Su Dongpo cooked "Dongpo Pork" in three places: Xuzhou, Huangzhou and Hangzhou. When he was the magistrate of Xuzhou, he led the people to fight floods and build embankments to protect the city. The people slaughtered pigs and sheep one after another to express condolences to the government. Dongpo couldn't refuse, so after accepting the offer, he personally instructed his family to cook braised pork and gave it back to the people. After everyone ate it, they all felt that the meat was fat but not greasy, crispy and fragrant, and unanimously called it "reward meat".
On February 1, the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), Su Shi was banished to Huangzhou. Seeing that the price of pork in Huangzhou market was low, but people did not eat it much, he cooked the pork himself. One time, he got excited about eating and composed an impromptu poem called "Pork Eating Poem". The poem said: "The good pork in Huangzhou is as cheap as dung." The rich refuse to eat it, and the poor do not know how to cook it. Start the fire slowly and add less water. When the fire is sufficient, it will be beautiful. Come and have a bowl every morning, and you'll be so full that you don't care. ?This poem was passed down to ten people, and people began to imitate it, jokingly calling this dish "Dongpo Pork". When Su Dongpo was the second governor of Hangzhou, he organized migrant workers to dredge the West Lake, build embankments and bridges, so that the West Lake, which had been mostly covered by grass, could regain its former beauty. The people of Hangzhou were very grateful to him. During the New Year, they would carry pigs and wine to pay him New Year greetings. After Su Dongpo received it, he instructed his family to cut the meat into cubes, cook it until it was red and mellow, and gave it to the migrant workers who participated in dredging the West Lake. Everyone was amazed after eating it, and the reputation of "Dongpo Meat" spread throughout the world. Nationwide. Author's Interesting Fact 2:
According to Sun Yuefeng's "Poxian Food and Drink Record", "Miyunlong" has an extremely sweet taste, and Su Shi regarded it as a treasure.
At that time, Su Shi's four most popular disciples were Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi and Zhang Lei. They were named "Four Scholars of the Su Family". Su Shi treated him very well. Whenever the Four Scholars came to visit, Su Shi would order his concubine to take out Miyun from Chaoyun. The dragon comes to entertain. There was a young man named Liao Zhengyi who entered the Soviet Union relatively late, but Su Shi admired his talent and learning very much and regarded him as a genius. One day, Su Shi asked Chaoyun to take out Miyunlong and boil water to make tea. Su Shi's family thought that another four bachelors must be here, but when they peeked, they found that the visitor was Liao Minglue. It can be seen from this that Su Shi treasured Miyunlong brand of good tea. Only the four great celebrities, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi, Zhang Lei, and Huang Tingjian, who were also Su Dongpo's best friends, would have Su Dongpo ask his concubine Chaoyun to make Miyunlong tea to entertain her. When Song Liao Zheng came to visit, he treated Mi Yunlong to a drink, which was an unusual treat. Among the so-called "last four bachelors", Liao Zhengyi probably has the closest relationship with Su Shi, and he is the only one who enjoys the treatment of the four bachelors of the Su family. His poem "Xingxiangzi" is dedicated to Miyunlong. Literary achievements:
Su Shi made extraordinary achievements in the creation of poetry. In terms of the development of a literary style itself, the historical contribution of Su poetry exceeds that of Su Wen and Su poetry. Following Liu Yong, Su Shi carried out a comprehensive reform of the style of Ci, finally breaking through the traditional pattern of Ci as "Yanke", improving the literary status of Ci, and transforming Ci from an accessory to music into an independent lyric poem. Style, fundamentally changed the development direction of Ci history.
Su Shi was a key figure in the transformation of poetry styles in the Song and Song Dynasties. Volume 2 of Wang Zhuo's "Biji Manzhi" says: "Mr. Dongpo is not a person who is obsessed with music. He occasionally writes songs and points out the way up. He has new eyes and ears in the world, and the author has learned to revive himself." ?Strengthening the literary nature of words and weakening the dependence of words on music is what Su Shi pointed out for future generations of poets, "all the way up." Later Nandu poets and Xinpai poets further developed and developed along this road
Su Shi's views on society and thoughts on life are unabashedly reflected in his literary works, among which And poetry is the most vivid and heartfelt. Among more than 2,700 Su poems, the themes of intervening in social reality and thinking about life are very prominent. Su Shi held an attitude of being "out of touch with the times" towards various unreasonable phenomena in social reality, and always regarded criticizing reality as an important theme of poetry. What's even more valuable is that Su Shi's criticism of society was not limited to the New Deal, nor was it limited to the present. He criticized the long-standing bad policies and bad habits in feudal society, reflecting a deeper critical consciousness.
Su Shi’s literary thought places equal emphasis on literature and Tao. He praised Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu's contributions to ancient prose, both of which focused on both literary and Taoist aspects. However, Su Shi's view of literature and Taoism was very unique in the Northern Song Dynasty. First of all, Su Shi believed that the art of articles has independent value, such as fine gold and jade. Articles are not just tools to convey the truth, but their own expressive function is an advanced form of human spiritual activity. Secondly, the "Tao" in Su Shi's mind is not limited to Confucian Tao, but refers to the laws of things in general. Therefore, Su Shi advocated that articles should be like the objective world, with natural arts and sciences and full of gestures. He advocated the diversity and vividness of artistic styles and opposed the monotonous unified style of writing, believing that it would cause the literary world to become as desolate as yellow grass and white reeds. Evaluation of past dynasties:
"History of the Song Dynasty": When Su Shi was a boy, Shi Jie's "Qingli Shengde Poem" was passed down to Shu. Shi Li cited Han, Fu, Du, Fan Zhuxian asked his teacher. The teacher said it strangely: "The knowledge of right desire is for everyone's ears." ?Gai already has the intention of criticizing the sages of the world. Weak Guan, father, son and brothers came to the capital and became famous in one day, making waves in all directions. After that, he ascended to the rank, promoted Ci Ci, became the master of calligraphy, and came out of Dian Fangzhou. The greatness of knowledge, the excellence of arguments, the magnificence of articles, and the shrewdness of political affairs, all four can be dominated by specific ambitions and supplemented by the spirit of moving forward. If you have a deliberate intention, words are enough to achieve it, and actions are enough to realize it. As for when disaster comes, integrity is enough to keep it in place, and it is all done by ambition and energy. When Renzong first read the policies of Shi and Zhe, he retired and said with joy: "Today I have gained two prime ministers for my descendants." ?Zong Shenzong especially loved his writings. He read them in the palace and forgot to eat. He was called a genius in the world. Both kings knew Shi, but Shi's soldiers were not of great use. Ouyang Xiu recognized it first, and his name matched him. Isn't it true that Shi's strengths cannot be suppressed? He is the most righteous person in the world. How can he have a destiny if he doesn't look like him? Woohoo! Shi can't look like him. Isn't it a blessing? Or it can be said: ?Shi is a little self-taught. Although he is not able to be used, he should avoid disaster. ?Although, if Shi was ordered to change what he did, would he still be Shi?
Zhao Zhen: I am now the prime minister of Taiping for my descendants.
Liu Anshi: Dongpo's great achievements in establishing the dynasty are very impressive, his talents are broad, and he only believes in himself.
Huang Tingjian: ① People say that Dongpo wrote this article because it was difficult to see cleverness, so he was extremely skilled. I thought otherwise. He was good at writing, so everything he wrote was transcendent. ②The article is wonderful and the world is full of loyalty and righteousness. ③A true fairy among the gods.
Su Zhe: When you see good people, you praise them as if you are afraid of not doing enough; when you see bad things, you rebuke them as if you are afraid of them; when you see good things, you are brave enough to do them, regardless of the harm. I am trapped in the world with this number, but I don't feel hate in the end.
Chao Wujiu: Su Dongpo’s poems are said to have many dissonant rhythms. However, the layman's lyrics are outstanding and cannot be restrained in the music.
Wang Zhifang: Dongpo once used his short poems to show that he was blameless and literary, and said: "Why is it like Shaoyou?" They both said to each other: "Shaoyou's poems are like Xiaoci, and Mr. Shaoyou's Xiaoci are like poems." .
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Wang Zhuo: Mr. Dongpo used the rest of his articles to compose poems, and overflowed into lyrics and music. He was in a state of trance when he was high, and when he was at home, he smiled in the mirror, regardless of his peers. Or say:? Poetry in long and short sentences. ?Those who argue for this are poisoned by Liu Yongye’s fox saliva. Poems and Yuefu originated from the same place, so how should they be considered different? If we follow Liu's family method, there is no difference between them. Mr. Dongpo was not a person who was obsessed with music. He occasionally composed songs and pointed out the way up, and the new world's ears and eyes, and the author began to know how to revive himself. Today's young people falsely say that Dongpo changed the rhythm of poetry to make long and short sentences. In all likelihood, instead of learning from Liu Qiqing, he will learn from Cao Yuanchong. Although it is ridiculous, there is no need to laugh.
Zhao Xun: Loyal words and honest opinions are the key to the establishment of the dynasty. For a while, the courtiers were unparalleled.
Lu You: ①Shiyan Dongpo could not sing, so most of his music he composed were inconsistent with the rhythm. Chao Yidao said: "In the early days of Shaosheng Dynasty, Dongpo was different from Bianshang. Dongpo was drunk and sang Yangguan songs." The public is not unable to sing, but he is bold and unrestrained and does not like to tailor his music to suit his ears. I tried to pick up the lyrics and songs from Dongpo. At the end of the song, I felt the wind, sea and rain approaching. ② The misfortunes and blessings of the Duke do not change his worry about the country, and he will become angry and awe-inspiring for thousands of years.
Chen Xun: Dongpo only respects Qi style, admonishes Liu and Qin, and respects the style of poetry, starting from Dongpo.
Xu Du: (Liu Yong) Although his poems are extremely exquisite, they are often mixed with vulgar language, so lay people especially like them. Afterwards, the princes of Europe and Su came forward, and their style of writing changed, including lyrics and an elegant system.
Hu Yin: The composer of lyrics and music was created at the end of the ancient Yuefu period. Those who write boldly and unrestrainedly rarely have this intention, and then they will wipe out their traces and call it a playful game. People in the Tang Dynasty were the most diligent. Liu Qiqing came out from behind and tried his best to cover up the crowd's control. Those who like it think it cannot be added. When it comes to the Su family in Meishan, they wash away the fragrance of Qiluo and get rid of the lingering attitude, allowing people to climb high and look into the distance, raise their heads and sing loudly, and have a majestic spirit that transcends the dust and dirt. Then the flowers become soap slaves, and the Liu family It's for Yutai.
Wang Ruoxu: It is true that public opinion is not as good as emotion. Woohoo! The charm is like Dongpo, but it is not as good as the emotion. Is that right? That's the right thing for a high-ranking person. The overflowing words are small words, and they are leisurely between the makeup and powder. The so-called funny play is just a chat. If she is a slender and beautiful woman who penetrates into people's bones, such as Tian Zhongxing and Liu Qiqing, how can she be elegant and elegant? She is a master of eloquent writing, and Yuefu is his game. How can he compete with the popular customs? His talent is extraordinary and his eloquence is impressive. Go, so every time I write, I will be free from dust.
Liu Chenweng: When the poem reaches Dongpo, it is upright and upright, like poetry, like writing, like the wonders of heaven and earth.
Yuan Haowen: There are many palace styles in Tang lyrics, and they are all done to the best of their ability. As soon as he came out of Dongpo, there was no writing besides his temperament, but he really had the atmosphere of "washing away the eternal world." Although it was written in palace style at that time, how can it be summarized in palace style? Some people say that it is not difficult to write Yuefu, but it became difficult to write after Dongpo put his pen down. This is almost based on poor workmanship, not someone who knows the slope. Therefore, the words of sorrow and boredom of the young man and the lowly woman contained in the poem 300 are suddenly touched by external objects, filled with heart, and uttered without hesitation. Its first fruit is to be orchestrated. It is wrong to say that the calligraphy and calligraphy game of Dongpo is to compete with the predecessors to win or lose. Looking at it from now on, the Dongpo Holy Land was not a work of art with the intention of writing, but had to be a work of art. Since then, the names of Gu Gu, Chao Wu Jiu, Chen Qufei and Xin You'an have all been named after their lyrics. They sing about their temperament, linger on the scenery, and can arouse people's wonderful thoughts. There are also those whose meanings are clumsy and straight, who do not have their own destiny, and those who become yin due to illness all originate from the slope.
Wang Shizhen: Since the Han and Wei dynasties, for more than two thousand years, many people have named their family after their poems. There are only three people named Cao Zijian, Li Taibai and Su Zizhan who are regarded as immortal talents.
Yuan Mei: Talented but ruthless, more interesting but less rhyme: due to high talent but low academic ability. There are rises but no knots, more rigid and less soft: if you look at it, you will know that it will be poor sooner or later.
Wang Shizhen: Valley Cloud: Dongpo’s book carries the spirit of the storm on the sea. ?When reading Po's poems, you should think of it like this: Suo Suo and Liu Qi compete with each other, but they are laughed at by the beard?
Zhou Ji: People appreciate Dongpo's roughness, but I appreciate Dongpo's beauty. Shaoxiu is a good place in Dongpo, but rough and arrogant people are sick. Dongpo didn't put much effort into everything, and he was good at classical prose, calligraphy, and painting, as well as his lyrics.
Liu Xizai: Dongpo's poems are quite similar to Lao Du's poems, because they have no meaning and nothing can be said. If it is bold and unrestrained, it will be close to Taibai. Taibai's "Recalling Qin'e" has a tragic voice. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, it became more elegant. It is not until Dongpo that we can return to ancient times. Later generations of commentators may have turned to Dongpo as the variation, but they did not know that the late Tang and Five Dynasties also had variations. Dongpo's "Ding Fengbo" says: "I still have a solitary, thin, snowy and frosty appearance." "Lotus Mei" says: "Natural, especially romantic." "Xueshuangzi", "Fengliu standard", those who learn Poems can get it from now on. Dongpo's poetry has the appearance of a god born from the world, and it is a pity that Bai Yuchan and others outside the world have not achieved this. ?
Zeng Guofan: The ancients called virtue, meritorious service, and speech the three immortals. Establishing virtue is the most difficult thing. Since the Zhou and Han Dynasties, it has been rare to inherit virtue. Meritorious service is like Xiao, Cao, Fang, Du, Guo, Li, Han, Yue, and outstanding words are like Ma, Ban, Han, Ou, Li, Du, Su, and Huang. How many people have there been in ancient and modern times?
Cai Songyun : Dongpo's poems have thousands of volumes in his mind, but no dust in his pen. Its vastness lies not only in its ability to speak boldly but also in its embrace of everything. If you just imitate his appearance, how can you imitate him? Xiaoling, Dongpo, is beautiful, elegant and profound, creating a new realm. If you don't have a broad mind, how can you have such attributes?
Wang Pengyun: Northern Song Dynasty poets are like Pan Xiaoyao’s elegance, Song Zijing’s luxury, Ouyang Wenzhong’s elegance, Liu Tuntian’s breadth, Yan Xiaoshan’s sparseness and handsomeness, Qin Taixu’s elegance, Zhang Ziye’s gracefulness, The elegance of Huang Wen Festival and the mellow atmosphere of congratulating Fang Hui can all be imitated. However, Su Wenzhong's Qingxiong is so unparalleled that it is impossible to follow him. The sky and the earth are hanging on each other, rather than just talent? His temperament, his knowledge, his arms, and his actions are beyond the dreams of constant flow. The poet Su Xin also said that in fact Xin is still in the human realm, and Su Qi is almost immortal!
Shen Zengzhi: Dongpo uses poems as lyrics, just like the dance of Ambassador Lei. Although he is the best in the world, he must not be true color. ?Since then, there have been many conversations in the mountains. However, according to Cai Suantie's talk about Shancong, he said: "When the emperor is in power, the time is peaceful." There are people who are famous for their craftsmanship, such as Liu Zhongfu and Jin Shiming for chess, Seng Fanru and Seng Quanya for harp, Liu Jian for pipa, Lei Zhongqing for dance, whom the world calls Ambassador Lei, and Lei Zhongqing for flute. Meng Shuiqing. These few people regard the skills of the previous generation as superior. ?But Ambassador Lei is a unique skill in the art, saying that it is not the true nature, but the foreign music is the true nature?
The song "Feng Haitao" contains many quiet and resentful sounds, which is the best. Chen Wuji said: "It is like the dance of Ambassador Lei of Jiaofang. Although it is the best work in the world, it is not true to its original character." ?It is the second vehicle. Those who followed Su could only understand the second vehicle, and none could reach the superior vehicle, even Jiaxuan. The words of Dongpo's "Yong Yu Le" say: "The wind is like three drums, one leaf is sonorous, and the dark dream clouds are broken." The night is vast, and I am looking for nowhere again. I feel like I have been walking around the small garden. ?These words can be used as Dongpo’s holy place.
Wang Guowei: Comparing Song poetry to Tang poetry, Dongpo is like Taibai, Europe and Qin are like Mojie, Qi Qing is like Lotte, Fang Hui and Shu Yuan are like the ten sons of Dali.
Lin Yutang: Su Dongpo was a hopeless optimist, a great humanitarian, a friend of the people, a great writer, a great calligrapher, an innovative painter, a wine-making experimenter, and an engineer. , a hater of Puritanism, a yogi Buddhist, a great Confucian politician, an emperor's secretary, a drunkard, a kind judge, a political naysayer. A moonlit night prowler, a poet, a clown. But this is not enough to tell all about Su Dongpo. Su Dongpo has the richness, variety and sense of humor of a multifaceted genius more than other Chinese poets. He has excellent intelligence, but his heart is like an innocent child? This mixture is equivalent to what Jesus called a snake. Wisdom plus the gentleness of a dove.
Qian Mu: ①Su Dongpo’s poetry is great because he has never been politically proud in his life. His life was full of ups and downs, and all the twists and turns can be seen in his poems. However, Su Dongpo's Confucianism level was not high, but in the difficult environment he was in, his personality was great, like when he was in Huangzhou and later in Huizhou and Qiongzhou. At that time, the poems were all good, but once I got comfortable, I became a bit unsatisfied, and my poetry sometimes became clichéd. The strengths of Dongpo's poems lie in their heroic feelings and leisurely taste. His tranquility is not as good as that of Wang Mojie, and his loyalty is not as good as that of Du Gongbu. ② Their (Su brothers') scholarship is covered with a very thick layer of Shi Lao color, so they do not think there is a positive and transcendent ideal standard for world affairs. They are quite savvy when it comes to facing worldly affairs, and they deal with them randomly with their cleverness. They also do not believe that any one system is necessarily better than another. But on the other hand, they also like words and phrases, so they hold opinions and often exaggerate them to the point where they say as much as possible. Close to the ancient strategists.