March 18th
In the early spring of 1871, in Paris, the French capital, surrounded by Prussian troops, there was no breath of spring, and people were all gloomy and anxious. They are all worried about the future of their motherland. This is an important moment in French history. Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, the emperor of the second emperor of France, foolishly launched a war with Prussia, and was defeated as a result. He himself became a prisoner of Pujun. The empire collapsed and the regime fell into the hands of the bourgeoisie. The provisional government publicly surrendered to Prussia, and the French regular army was disarmed. Soon, the National Assembly carried thiers out to be the Prime Minister of the Cabinet. As soon as this counter-revolutionary veteran who slaughtered the uprising masses several times came to power, he just signed a peace treaty with Prussia, ceding a large area of France to Prussia and paying compensation of 5 billion francs. When the motherland was facing an unprecedented crisis, the Parisian workers and working people stepped forward, automatically organized their own political organization and established the garde nationale. At its peak, there were 194 battalions with about 3, people. When there were not enough weapons, they raised money to buy them and cast 4 cannons themselves. Because garde nationale stuck to Paris, PuJun couldn't enter the city. In order to please PuJun, thiers ordered garde nationale to hand over his weapons and banned resistance activities. The workers simply ignored this order, so thiers concentrated 3, troops and prepared to use force to disarm garde nationale.
On the night of March 17th, thiers called government ministers and generals to hold a secret military meeting. Vinua, the mayor of Paris and commander of government forces, proudly announced the military action plan: first seize garde nationale's artillery and ammunition, and then search from house to house to arrest the leader of garde nationale. After the meeting, he immediately ordered the army to occupy all the pavilions, artillery yards, workers' residential areas, strategic strongholds and traffic arteries overnight.
at 3: a.m. on March 18th, a government army, led by General Leconte, quietly touched the Mont martel Highland, where more than 17 cannons were parked in garde nationale, north of Paris. Several soldiers of the Self-Guard who were guarding the cannon had no time to fire their guns and call the police, so they were killed by the gendarmerie with bayonets. When LeConte ordered the soldiers to tow away the cannon, they were found by the nearby residents, and they immediately shouted. Someone was still sitting on the road, preventing the cannon from being towed away. Several young people simply seized a cannon and fired three shells in succession to alert the whole city. "Tick-tock" alarm bells and "Knock-tock" drums soon rang all over the city, and people flooded into the highlands of martel. Several women grabbed the reins of the government cavalry and pointed at the soldiers' noses and asked, "It's not enough for you to give the Prussians two thousand cannons. Aren't you ashamed to give them our cannons?" The soldiers were flushed and bowed their heads. Anxious and afraid, LeConte ordered the shooting four times in a row, but the soldiers turned their guns down and ignored him at all. At this time, a few people came out of the crowd and tied LeConte up. The crowd began to get together with the soldiers, and the cannon was dragged back to its original position. Martel's alarm awakened the whole Paris. In the afternoon, the Central Committee of garde nationale decided to lead the people to launch an uprising, immediately occupying the War Department, the City Hall and other government organs, and at the same time issued an uprising declaration: "The Parisian proletariat has witnessed the government's betrayal. The time has come for us to lead and manage this country to save the situation. " On this day, thiers had been waiting for good news in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since the early morning, but the bad news came one after another: "The Montautel Highland was taken back by thugs, and the cannon dragged down the hillside was stopped by women!" "The soldiers laid down their weapons and got together with the mob!" "The mob attacked the War Department and the City Hall!" Thiers was on pins and needles. At 3 pm, several guards came to report: "General Leconte has been shot by the workers!" " After a while, the war department, covered in blood, came through the door and shouted, "That was close! I was almost captured by them in the Bastille Square. If the adjutant hadn't brought someone to save me, I'm afraid I'd never see you again. " At 3: 3 pm, two guards rushed into the door and reported, "Hurry! Come on! A large number of mobs flocked to the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and asked Mr. thiers to leave here quickly. " Thiers couldn't sit still any longer and repeatedly said, "Go at once, go at once." With that, he fled to Versailles in the western suburbs of Paris. That night, three teams led by varlin, Berzhe and Arnold met in Heping Street. Then, the self-defense forces from all walks of life broke into Wangdom Square and launched a final impact on the City Hall. Guns rumbling, flags fluttering, garde nationale flooded into the city hall. Two soldiers climbed the roof vigorously and planted a bright red flag on the roof of the city hall building. People in the square cheered in an instant. On March 18th, the uprising won! This is a great feat for the working class and working people in Paris to seize the bourgeois regime! Marx enthusiastically praised: "The heroic March 18th Movement is the dawn of the great social revolution that mankind was liberated from class society forever."
On March 28th, 2, people gathered in the spacious square in front of the Paris City Hall to cheer the official establishment of the Paris Commune. This is the first time that the proletariat has established its own political power.
[ Edit this paragraph] The birth of the commune
On September 2, 187, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte was defeated and surrendered in the Franco-Prussian War. The people of Paris set off the September 4th Revolution and overthrew the Second Empire. The fruits of victory fell into the hands of the bourgeoisie, the right wing and the imperial Orleans, and a "national defense government" was established. On February 17th, 1871, L.-A. thiers became the head of the French government. On the 28th, the French-German peace treaty was signed, and France ceded large areas of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, and paid 5 billion francs in compensation. The thiers government's humiliating behavior aroused great indignation among the people. People in Paris have demanded the establishment of communes to supervise the government. On March 15th, representatives of 251 battalions in garde nationale elected the Central Committee. On the morning of March 18th, the thiers government dispatched troops to attack Mon martel and Somon Highlands in an attempt to seize 417 cannons in garde nationale and arrest members of the garde nationale Central Committee, thus triggering an armed uprising. That night, garde nationale controlled all the government agencies and the bridges on the Seine. Thiers government members and their troops, police and officials fled Versailles in a panic. Elections were held in Paris on March 26th, and the Paris Commune was formally established on March 28th.
[ Edit this paragraph] The form of political power
The dictatorship of the proletariat represented by the Paris Commune
"Freedom lies in transforming the state from an organ that stands above the society into an organ that completely obeys this society".
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Marx's Critique of the Gotha Program
Political system
Universal suffrage and committee system The commune has set up 1 committees (executive, military, financial, judicial, public security, labor and exchange, food, education, social services and external liaison) as new political organs. Implement universal suffrage, organize the broad masses of people to manage society, implement various measures beneficial to the people, and implement democratic elections for government personnel.
Commune councils and local councils usually pursue their own goals under the guidance of local workers. Revolutionary tendencies are represented by Proudhon, Blonkism, and more liberal factions. It shows the diversity of political trends, a high degree of worker control and close cooperation between different revolutionary factions.
Reform the dictatorship commune, lift the standing bourgeoisie army, ban the old police institutions, fundamentally reform the judicial organs and implement the judge election system.
The Commune for Abolishing Bureaucracy passed a resolution that all public officials need to be elected before they can be appointed, and issued a decree abolishing the high salary of state organs, stipulating that the maximum annual salary is 6, francs, which is equivalent to the salary level of a skilled worker, in order to prevent state organs from becoming public servants and masters of society.
economic system
the commune has carried out some socialist reforms in ownership, distribution, management and labor legislation.
The workers' cooperative changed the disparity of salary and income by transforming the workshop abandoned by the fleeing owners into the decree of the workers' cooperative, implemented the labor remuneration system with reasonable differences, and started the experiment of workers' direct participation in enterprise management.
The Labor and Social Security Commune has also enacted a number of labor laws to protect workers' direct interests, such as banning night shift in bakeries, prohibiting arbitrary fines and withholding wages. In order to safeguard the vital interests of the people, the commune has successively passed a number of decrees to reduce the burden on the people and solve the difficulties in life.
debt relief, including the law that all debts will be repaid in installments without interest within three years, the law that low-grade pawned goods with a pawn amount of less than 2 francs will be returned free of charge, and the law that rent will be waived for three quarters.
culture and social system
separation of church and state promulgated the decree of separation of church and state, which turned all church property into public property and removed religious education from schools; After the failure of the Paris Commune, the third Republic of France waited until Jules Ferry laws in 188-81 and French law in 195 to re-implement this law, thus establishing the principle of separation of church and state in France. The commune allows churches to continue to engage in religious activities, but only if they open the church to public political meetings at night. Together with the streets and coffee shops, the church has become another major political center shared by the commune-the contextualism movement will not forget this expression in its architectural proposition.
The legislation in other plans for education reform also includes education reform, which will make future education and technical training free for all.
feminist movement
Some women organized a feminist movement and continued their political ideas in 1789 and 1848. In this way, NathanieLeMel, a socialist bookbinder, ElisabethDmitrieff, a young Russian exile and Karl Marx's partner founded the "Women's Union for Defending Paris and Caring for the Wounded" on April 11th, 1871. In view of the belief that their struggle against male chauvinism can only be realized in a global struggle against capitalism, the alliance demands gender equality, wage equality, women's right to take the initiative to divorce, secular guidance (non-priest) and girls' right to professional education. It is required to suppress the difference between legal wives and mistresses, between children born in wedlock and children born out of wedlock, and abolish prostitutes-realizing the closure of maisons de tolérance (a legal official brothel). The Women's Union has participated in several municipal committees and organized cooperative factories. Famous images such as LouiseMichel, the "Red Virgin of Mont martel Heights" joined the National Self-Defense Force and was later sent to New Caledonia, symbolizing the active participation of a small number of women in the uprising. A women's battalion of the National Guard defended Place Blanche during the crackdown.
The leaders of non-governmental organizations
Commune have a very heavy workload. People expect members of parliament (they are not "representatives", but appointed, in theory, they can be disqualified by voters at any time) to propose a series of administrative and military decrees like those of legislation. A large number of informal organizations (canteens, first aid stations) established to meet the needs of communities in various regions during the siege continued to flourish and cooperated closely with communes.
Commune's heritage is rich. Committees, non-governmental organizations, women's movements and the civil service system have had a profound impact on later generations. It is a model of a highly democratic system, so that democratic socialism can't be compared with it so far. Even with some policy mistakes, it is undoubtedly amazing that the commune can achieve such achievements under the condition of being closely surrounded, as long as we think about its environment.
It is absurd to think that without a centralized state, social functions cannot be exercised; It is absurd to think that administration and management are mysterious things and unattainable duties, which can only be entrusted to a trained special class, that is, national parasites, snobs with high salaries and idlers. The Paris commune shows the basic principles of proletarian dictatorship, namely-
-separation of powers, autonomy, people's supervision and freedom of thought.
The commune regards its struggle as an international cause and declares that "the flag of the commune is the flag of the world and the country". Commune unites expatriates from many countries to fight side by side with the cause for * * *. Poles, Italians and Belgians form the Corps of Expatriates. There were as many as 5 ~ 6 Poles who took part in defending the commune, including generals J. dombrowski and W. Floub levski. On May 6th, the commune demolished the memorial column of Vendome, a symbol of chauvinism and national oppression, and renamed Wangdom Square International Plaza.
[ Edit this paragraph] The failure of the commune and its causes
From April 2, the commune soldiers and the government forces of Versailles launched a fierce battle in the suburbs of Paris. As Germany released more than 1, prisoners of war in April to supplement the French army, by mid-May, the Versailles government had been able to mobilize 13, troops to attack Paris. In contrast, the total strength of the first-line combat troops of the commune is only 18,. On May 8, the Versailles army began shelling the Yugoslav capital fortifications in Paris. On May 1th, France and Germany formally signed the Frankfurt Treaty, and reached a secret agreement, allowing Versailles troops to attack Paris across the German lines. The Germans blocked Paris and cut off food supplies. On the same day, the leader of new jacobins, L.-C. de Lecru, was appointed as the military representative of the commune. Commune soldiers fought tenaciously and took the initiative to attack many times. On May 17 ~ 2, the Versailles army concentrated 3 naval guns and siege guns and slammed the gates in the western part of Paris. On may 21, the Versailles army led by a traitor broke into the city of Paris from the ruins of St. Cleo's gate. 23, Versailles army by the German line in front of the "neutral" zone outflanked martel, occupied the area. Commune fighters fought barricades district by district. On 25th, de Lecru died in the line of duty, and E. varlin succeeded as the military representative. On 28th, varlin, C.T. Ferret and other commune members led the commune fighters to make a final resistance. According to statistics, 29,84 people were killed, 72,941 people died in battle and 6,971 people were put into prison or exile.
the failure of the commune revolution is determined by many factors. At that time, the objective historical conditions for France to replace the capitalist system with the socialist system were far from mature. The international and domestic class forces are unfavorable to the proletariat. At the specific historical moment when the Franco-Prussian War failed, the French bourgeoisie was extremely weak, thus a revolutionary situation emerged and the uprising won. Once Germany and France make peace, the Bismarck government supports the thiers government to suppress the commune, and the balance of power will change fundamentally. The commune revolution failed to win the strong cooperation of the revolutionary movements in other provinces, nor did it win the support of the broad masses of peasants, and it was in a situation of fighting alone, which inevitably led to failure in the case of disparity in strength. Subjective factors, due to the historical limitations of the French proletariat itself, there have been some serious mistakes, such as failing to seize the opportunity of the enemy's shaky foothold and March into Versailles in time, failing to confiscate the French bank with 3 billion assets and allowing it to provide funds to the Versailles government. The serious situation faced by the commune Committee at the critical juncture of combat and the measures to be taken