Overview

Hakka is a distinctive Han nationality, and it is also one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching Han nationalities in the world. There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, the main ones are Hakka Zhongyuan theory and Hakka mixed-race theory. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "the Hakka * * * is the same body produced by the amalgamation of the Han people who moved south and the ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese people living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". From the Song Dynasty, the Han people in the Central Plains moved southward in a large scale, and arrived in Meizhou through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, the Hakkas have taken Meizhou as their base and moved abroad in large numbers to the whole country and even all over the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.

Origin

As a clan of Han nationality, there are many opinions about the origin of Hakka, mainly including the theory of Hakka's Central Plains and the theory of Hakka's indigenous people. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "the Hakka * * * is the same body produced by the amalgamation of the Han people who moved south and the ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese people living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area".

It is generally believed that the Hakka people are a Han people who migrated to the south and gathered in the connecting areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi from the end of Tang Dynasty to the middle of Ming Dynasty, and then merged with the local She, Yao and other indigenous people, which has a unique dialect, culture and characteristics different from other Han people. It takes the Han people as the main body, and at the same time includes ethnic minorities such as She Yao who have been integrated and customized. Hakka people are mainly Han people, and the main characteristics of their culture show that they inherit the Han culture in the Central Plains, so they should definitely be a branch of Han people. However, this clan is not pure Han descent, and its culture is not pure Central Plains Han culture. Therefore, as a group, its members should include members of different nationalities who integrate with each other and enjoy the same cultural characteristics. Therefore, the term "Hakka" is the title of a Han nationality, not the concept of a race, but the concept of culture.

Hakka migration

Five migrations to the Central Plains

With regard to the migration of Hakkas, researchers represented by Luo Xianglin, a master of Hakka studies in the 193s, believe that the Hakka people have experienced five large-scale migrations since the Jin Dynasty, and they have developed during these five migrations. The general process of these five great migrations is as follows:

For the first time, during the Jin Dynasty, a large number of people from the Central Plains moved southward to the Yangtze River basin;

The second time started in the Tang Dynasty, and a large number of northern Han people moved to the relatively peaceful areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong to escape the Anshi Rebellion, becoming the first Hakka ancestors

;

The third time in the Song Dynasty, the northern nationalities invaded, and groups of Han people moved to the areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, and gradually blended with the local ethnic minorities such as She and Yao, eventually forming the Hakka clan;

The fourth time was at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Due to the ravages of Manchu rulers and the plague, the population of Gannan decreased sharply, and the population of western Fujian and eastern Guangdong expanded. The Qing government ordered coastal residents to squeeze inland, and some Hakkas moved back to Gannan, while others moved to Sichuan.

For the fifth time in modern times, many Hakkas moved to the coastal areas from eastern Guangdong and western Fujian, while others moved overseas.

Six Migrations to the Central Plains

Later, Hakka people from overseas (Malaysia, the United States and other places) obtained the following six main migration periods from the genealogy statistics of various ethnic groups (reference: [1]):

For the first time, during the period when Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, Qin Shihuang sent a large number of soldiers and civilians to northern Guangdong in order to consolidate the newly acquired southern territory. Future generations are called Beijiang Hakka. This is the first appearance of Hakka appellation.

The second time in Yongjia period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Han people from Shanxi, Hebei and Henan crossed the Yellow River in succession, and crossed the Yangtze River from Anhui to northern Jiangxi because of the chaos of the Five Dynasties.

For the third time, in the second year of Xuanzong Ganfu in the Tang Dynasty, because of the Huang Chao Rebellion, residents in the north of Jiangxi moved to the west of Jiangxi, the west and south of Fujian, and the east and north of Guangdong.

The fourth time was in the late Southern Song Dynasty, which was a crucial period for Hakka people to move southward to Guangdong. With the southward advance of the Mongolian army, the Hakka ancestors of Jiangxi and Fujian entered the eastern and northern parts of Guangdong with the defeated Song royal family.

The fifth time was that a large number of Hakka people from Guangdong and Fujian moved to Sichuan and Chongqing in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties due to the policy of filling Sichuan with Huguang.

The sixth time was the gradual increase in the population of Hakka areas in Guangdong in the middle of Qing Dynasty, and a large number of Hakka people migrated to Nanyang and Taiwan Province.

The origin of Hakka name

The name Hakka comes from the fighting between Tuke and Hakka in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. Later, new immigrants from the north were called Hakka to distinguish them from the local indigenous residents.

The original meaning of "Hakka" should refer to foreigners, that is, compared with the locals, the Han people living in the south are foreigners. But the term "Hakka" now refers to the Hakka people, which is the abbreviation of Hakka. The "guest" here is the "mountain is the main thing, so I am a guest" mentioned above.

however, some scholars believe that "guest" is not a simple outsider relative to "master", which is different from the Han nationality families, such as Guangfu family and Fulao family, who both moved south from the Central Plains. From the historical phenomenon, all the ethnic groups in the south of Han nationality were formed earlier than Hakka family, basically within the same administrative region (some of them are only partially extended), while Hakka family was formed later and not. Another special phenomenon is that the original aborigines or owners in this connecting area, except for a very small number of Guyue people, include "Shanke", "Muke" and "Sheke". Most of them are also "outsiders". These "Hakka" and the later "Hanke" lived in the same place and merged for a long time, which gave birth to a unique language and cultural characteristics. (It can be considered that the ethnic group was initially formed at this time, but there was no formal name.) However, these unique people moved abroad, such as moving to the residential areas of Fulao and Guangfu, and were called guests, customers and Hakka by local owners. Moreover, this title was called out by different ethnic groups in Fujian coastal areas and Guangdong coastal areas, which should be considered as a kind of "* * * song" for people with the same cultural characteristics (that is, Hakka people later determined) in terms of cultural connotation. Whether this is related to the "Hakka" of the aborigines in the connecting area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces, or whether the residents in these places have already said "Hakka" (although there is no written record), it is still difficult to determine. At present, the origin of Hakka names is compared with "he said" to "self-proclaimed". The time of "he said" was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. The self-proclaimed time began in the middle of Qing Dynasty. But this does not mean that the Hakka clan was formed at this time. "He said" was first "said" by Fulao people along the coast of Fujian and Guangfu people along the coast of Guangdong. "Claiming" is self-identification. Because the history of Hakka before the formation of the clan system has always been the migration history of visiting other places. People have no derogatory meaning to their titles, and at the same time, they are in line with their own history; I agree with it.

Hakka spirit

Some scholars think that the term Hakka spirit is inaccurate, and put forward opinions on using the words of people, character, folk customs, characteristics, fashion, morality, quality and temperament. But the Hakka spirit is made by Hakka history. Hakka history is the history of wandering, struggle and entrepreneurship of Hakka ancestors and Hakkas. In order to survive and develop, the long-term migration, vagrancy and drift from place to place gradually got rid of the shackles of the traditional conservative concepts of "moving to another place in the Central Plains" and "parents are not far away", and established a new idea of "being at home in the four seas". That is to say, long-term drift from place to place, in order to survive and develop in adversity, we must struggle with nature and society and work hard. The winners are these strong people who dare to struggle and take risks. They finally reach the other shore and gain new life and development. Hakka ancestors received the traditional education of Confucianism in their hometown in the Central Plains, and their clan and family concepts were deeply rooted. After leaving the Central Plains and living in exile for a long time, I realized the importance of the joint efforts of clans and families, and further consolidated and strengthened the concept of clans and families. Therefore, the ideological concept of respecting ancestors and muzong is very prominent, and it is very prominent to remember the father's bones, gather together, and then repair genealogy and ancestral halls. After suffering from long-term exile, Hakka ancestors realized more deeply that "I don't know my mother's hard work at home, but I know my mother's kindness when I go abroad" and "it's good to stay at home for a thousand days, but it's difficult to go out for half a day", so they became more concerned about their hometown and deeply realized the integration of the fate of home, hometown and country, and the relationship between honor and disgrace, which made the idea of patriotism and love for their hometown strongly manifested in all aspects, which was particularly prominent. The expressions of Hakka spirit are complex, simple, long and short, which can benefit all aspects of consciousness and behavior, but the most prominent and essential one can be summarized as "being at home in the world, taking risks and enterprising, respecting ancestors and families, loving the country and loving the hometown".

language

one of the important factors for the establishment of a clan is that there are * * * languages in common. The same language of Hakka people is Hakka dialect. Hakka dialect, also known as Hakka dialect, Hakka dialect and Hakka dialect, belongs to one of the seven major dialects in Chinese.

in terms of distribution, it is mainly located in 8 provinces such as Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Taiwan Province, Sichuan, and eastern Guangxi (that is, cities and counties bordering Guangdong), and overseas there are Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and other places.

Specifically, it is mainly distributed in China: Changting County, Liancheng County and Shanghang County in Fujian-western Fujian; Guangdong Meizhou, Huizhou, Jiaoling and other 16 counties and cities; 14 counties and cities such as Ningdu, Ruijin and Xingguo in the south of Jiangxi. In addition, non-pure counties, such as Nanjing, Pinghe, Shao' an and Longyan in Fujian; Guangdong Chaozhou, Haifeng, Shaoguan, Dongguan, Xinyi, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Zhanjiang, etc. Guangxi Bobai, Lu Chuan, etc. Hakka is also spoken in many areas of many counties and cities such as Tonggu, Guangchang and Yongfeng in Jiangxi. In addition, Hakka dialects are distributed in Taiwan Province, Hainan, Sichuan and Hunan to varying degrees.

According to internal differences, Hakka dialects can be roughly divided into three types: Hakka dialects in western Fujian, Meixian and Gannan. Further, it can be divided into the following eight films: Tingzhou Film (also known as Minke Film), Guangdong-Taiwan Film, Central Guangdong Film, Huizhou Film, Northern Guangdong Film, Western Guangdong Film, Guidong Film, Ninglong Film, Yugui Film and Tonggu Film.

the distribution of Hakka people

the distribution of Hakka people in China

Hakka areas are divided into pure Hakka counties and impure Hakka counties. There is no standard to measure the definitions of pure Hakka counties and impure Hakka counties, such as pure Hakka counties, the percentage of Hakka population in the total population, and impure Hakka counties. So it can only be arranged according to the survey data of scholars in the past and recent years. The following counties and cities are the counties and cities where Hakkas are distributed in China. Because they belong to the phased research, they can only be used for current reference.

Jiangxi:

There are 18 pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganxian, Nankang, Xinfeng, Shangyou, Dayu, Chongyi, Anyuan, Longnan, Quannan, Dingnan, Ningdu, Yudu, Xingguo, Ruijin, Huichang, Xunwu, Shicheng and Tonggu. There are 2 non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganzhou, Guangchang, Yongfeng, Ji 'an, Jishui, Taihe, Wan 'an, Suichuan, Jinggangshan, Ninggang, Yongxin, Wanzai, Yifeng, Fengxin, Jing 'an, Xiushui, Wuning, Pingxiang, Hengfeng and Wuyuan.

Fujian:

The pure Hakka counties and cities are Changting, Ninghua, Qingliu, Mingxi, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping and Yongding. There are 12 non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Jianning, Jiangle, Taining, Chong 'an, Guangze, Shaowu, Shunchang, Shaxian, Yong 'an, Sanming, Zhangping, Longyan, Nanjing, Pinghe and Zhao 'an.

Guangdong:

There are 13 pure Hakka counties and cities, including Meijiang, Meixian, Tai Po, Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Xingning, Wuhua, Zijin, Longchuan, Heping, Lianping, Luhe and Xinfeng. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities are: Shenzhen, Ruyuan, Lechang, Fengshun, Boluo, Liannan, Dongchang, Huiyang, Huidong, Jiexi, Huilai, Puning, Lufeng, Haifeng and Lianshan.

Guangxi:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Hepu, Fangcheng, Qinzhou, Bobai and Pubei. Mashan, Cangwu, Wuzhou, Laibin, Xiangzhou, Quanxiu, Liuzhou, Liujiang, Shaoping, Mengshan, Luzhai, Yishan, Hexian, Zhongshan, Liucheng, Huanjiang, Hechi, Lipu, Pingle, Yangshuo, Luocheng, Rongshui, Rongan, Sanjiang and Fengshan.

Sichuan (including Chongqing):

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Tongjiang, Daxian, Bazhong, Yilong, Guang 'an, Baxian, Peiling, Chongqing, Hejiang, Hechuan, Huxian, Huzhou, Neijiang, Fushun, Longchang, Weiyuan, Zizhong, Anyue, Renshou, Jianyang and Anhui.

Guizhou:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Zunyi and Rongjiang.

Hunan:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Chaling, Yanling, Youxian, Anren, Changning, Laiyang, Lingxian, Yongxing, Guidong, Rucheng, Jiangyong, Jianghua, Chenxian and Yizhang, etc.

Hainan:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: 8 counties, including Danxian, Chengmai, Ding 'an, Lingao, Qionghai, Wenchang, Wanning and Sanya.

Taiwan Province:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Nantou, Taichung, Pingtung, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, Changhua, Hualien, Yunlin, Taitung and Taipei.

Hong Kong and Macao:

Hakkas in Hong Kong and Macao live in various places and account for a considerable proportion of local residents.

Shaanxi:

There are many Hakkas who have returned from the Hakka areas in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in southern Shaanxi, and there are many Hakka settlements with a population of 2,. It is not yet possible to determine the non-pure Hakka counties and cities.

Henan:

There are many Hakkas who have returned from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in southern Henan, but it has not been determined whether they are non-pure Hakka counties.