ancient capital Chang' an

1. Historical position:

Chang' an, which means "long-term stability", is now the old name of Xi' an City, ranking first among the seven ancient capitals in China. It is also called "the four ancient capitals of the world" with Cairo, Athens and Rome.

from the 111th century BC to around the 111th century AD, 13 dynasties or regimes, including Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Sui and Tang, successively established their capitals and established political power in Chang 'an, which lasted more than 1,111 years. In the history of more than a thousand years, Chang 'an, as the national political, economic and cultural center, is famous for its glorious history. And has always been the local administrative organs-state, county, government, road and province.

in the second year of hongwu in Ming dynasty (1369), Chang' an was changed to "Xi' an mansion", and on the basis of the imperial city of Chang' an in Tang dynasty, the city wall was built, which laid the foundation for today's Xi' an city.

2. Chang 'an, Han and Tang Dynasties:

In the fifth year (212 BC), Emperor Gaudi set up a county, and in the seventh year, he made his capital here.

Chang' an in Han Dynasty was established on the basis of the site of Xianyang in Qin Dynasty. Historical Records says: "Chang' an in Han Dynasty is also the site of Xianyang in Qin Dynasty", Zhang Heng's Xijing Fu says: Chang' an in Western Han Dynasty is the site of Qin Dynasty, and the Preface of Sanfu Huang Tu also says: "Wu Zhao is the capital of Han Dynasty".

Geography of Old Tang Book says: "The capital is the Xianyang of Qin and the Chang 'an of Han." After King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty, Xianyang continued to expand southward, and built buildings such as Zhangtai, Xingle Palace, Ganquan Palace, Xin Palace, Epang Palace and Seven Temples in the south of Weihe River. After Liu Bang won the world, he was persuaded by Lou Jing and Zhang Liang to build Chang 'an as his capital. Firstly, the Xinglong Palace in Qin Dynasty was repaired and changed to Changle Palace, and then Weiyang Palace was built on the basis of Qin Zhangtai. Huidi built city walls and built east and west cities; When Emperor Wu built Guangming Palace, Guigong Palace, Bei Gong Palace and Jianzhang Palace, Chang 'an in Han Dynasty took shape. That is to say, Chang 'an City of Han Dynasty was established on the basis of Xianyang, Qin Dou, which shows that the location of the capital was made by Han Dynasty and Qin Dynasty. Palace Ques in the Han Dynasty are located in the Seoul Protection Area of Xi 'an, north of the North Second Ring Road, and the mausoleum of Emperor Wendi Jingdi of the Han Dynasty is located in Xianyang.

Since then, the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty (early Xian Di), the Western Jin Dynasty (Emperor Jin), the former Zhao Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty, the later Qin Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty have all made it their capital, and the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty and the Five Dynasties Tang Dynasty all made it their capital. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, there were green forests and red eyebrows, and at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the peasant uprising army led by Huang Chao also built its capital here. During the Han and Tang dynasties, it was also the center of foreign economic and cultural exchanges. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were residential areas specially designed for outsiders in the city. The foreigners living in the Tang Dynasty came from all over Asia, as far away as Persia and big food, and there were tens of thousands of them.

In the second year of Emperor Kaihuang of Sui Dynasty (582), Daxing City, a new capital, was built in the southeast of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty. After entering the Tang Dynasty, it was renamed Chang 'an, and it was still the capital, with only partial construction and expansion. The bird's eye view restoration map of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty is 35.56 kilometers long and covers an area of about 84 square kilometers, which is 9.7 times the area of Xi 'an City now, 2.4 times that of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty, 1.2 times that of Luoyang City in Northern Wei Dynasty, 1.8 times that of Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties, 1.7 times that of Yuan Dynasty, 1.9 times that of Nanjing City in Ming and Qing Dynasties, 1.4 times that of Beijing City in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and 7 times that of Constantinople built in A.D. 447. To the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an was the largest and most prosperous international city at that time.

Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty is the first big city with a population of one million in the history of the world. Among the population of Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty, there are no fewer than 31,111 foreign businessmen, messengers, students studying abroad and monks studying abroad, except residents, royalty, dignitaries, soldiers, slaves, monks and nuns, and ethnic minorities. At that time, as many as 311 countries and regions came to Chang 'an and Tang Tong's envoys. Tang's scientific and technological culture, political system and diet fashion spread from Chang 'an to all parts of the world. In addition, western culture was digested and recreated by Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty and then spread to neighboring countries and regions such as Japan, North Korea and Myanmar. Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty became a gathering place for business and cultural exchanges between the West and the East, and was the largest international metropolis in the world at that time.

Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty consists of three parts: Guo Cheng, Miyagi and Imperial City, with a total area of more than 81 square kilometers. The outer Guo Cheng is a rectangular plane with a length of 9721m from east to west, a width of 8651.7m from north to south and a circumference of 36.7km.. There are three gates on each side, except for the south main entrance, Mingde Gate, which has five doorways, the others are all three doorways. Miyagi is located in the northern center of Kuocheng, with a rectangular plane, 1,492 meters from north to south and 2,821 meters from east to west. The central part is Taiji Palace (Sui Daxing Palace), and the main hall is Taiji Hall (Sui Daxing Hall). East is the Crown Prince's East Palace, and west is the Imperial Secretary's Yeting Palace. The Imperial City is connected to the south of Miyagi, with 7 East-West Streets, 5 North-South Streets, Zuozong Temple and Right State, and has a central government office and affiliated institutions. Later, Li Shimin built the Daming Palace for his father's summer vacation, and when he was king of Linzi in Li Longji, he rebuilt and expanded his palace into Xingqing Palace, and the three palaces were collectively called the three big ones.

Chang 'an City takes Suzaku Street, which is 155 meters wide, as the central axis, with 11 north-south streets and 14 east-west streets, and divides the outer Guo Cheng into more than 111 uniform Li Fang.

Luoyang, the ancient capital

Luoyang (English translation: Luoyang hanyu pinyin: luòyáng)

Historical names: (Luoyi, Luoyi, Luoyang, Chengzhou, Xindayi, Shendu and Luojing).

Luoyang is located in the west of Henan province and on the south bank of the Yellow River. It is one of the first historical and cultural cities announced in the State Council, one of the "four holy cities (Jerusalem, Mecca, Luoyang and Athens)" in the world, one of the starting points of the "Silk Road" (Luoyang and Xi 'an), the only city named "God Capital" in the history of China, the earliest and longest city in the history of China, and also an excellent tourist city in China and "touched the world". Luoyang is named because it is located on the north bank of Guluoshui. Heluo area with Luoyang as the center is an important birthplace of Chinese civilization. Luoyang is the cradle of Chinese nation. "Forever Huaihe Luojian, a magnificent ancestor's business". In ancient China, myths such as Fuxi, Nuwa, Huangdi, Di Ku, Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Xia Yu, etc. were widely spread here. Di Ku is the capital of Boyi, Xia Taikang moved the capital to Tian, and Shang Tang made its capital in Xibo; King Wu cut Zhou, and eight hundred princes would meet Mengjin; Duke of Zhou assisted the government and moved Jiuding to Luoyi. Ping Dongqian, Gaozu Duluo, Guangxu Zhongxing, Wei and Jin Dynasties Zen, Filial Piety Reform, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Later Liang and Tang Jin Dynasties, and thirteen dynasties. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, Luoyang gradually became an international metropolis. Luoyang was once the political, economic and cultural center of our country, and it was also a transportation hub extending in all directions.

At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the first large highway network was established in China, with Luoyang as its center, which was as straight as a arrow and as far as it could reach. In the first year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 615), Emperor Yangdi established the capital in Luoyang and ordered the Grand Canal to be dug. So far, a north-south water transport network with Luoyang as the center and radiating to the northeast and southeast for more than 2,111 kilometers was formed.

Luoyang is a reader of Chinese culture. Historical research shows that civilization first sprouted here, Taoism began here, Confucianism originated here, Confucian classics flourished here, Buddhism first spread here, metaphysics formed here, and Neo-Confucianism originated here. Sages gather and people gather. Luoyang is also the root of surname and Hakka.

The earliest historical document of the Chinese nation "The Book of the Hutuluo" came from Luoyang. Fu Xishi, regarded as the "ancestor of humanity", became eight diagrams and nine domains according to the river map and Luo calligraphy and painting. Since then, Duke system of rites and music of Zhou, Lao Zi wrote articles, Confucius visited Zhou Wen Li, Ban Gu wrote China's first dynastic history "Hanshu" here, Sima Guang completed the historical masterpiece "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" here, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao started Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, and the famous "Seven Scholars in the Bamboo Forest" and "Twenty-four Friends in the Golden Valley" once gathered here to write colorful chapters. Ma Jun invented rollover ... Heluo culture and Heluo civilization centered on Luoyang are the core and source of Chinese national culture and constitute an important part of Chinese civilization.

Special note: The historical situation in Luoyang is complicated and easy to be misunderstood. 1. The Shang, Zhou, Han and Wei Dynasties all moved their capitals many times, and Luoyang was one of them. 2. Due to strategic and economic needs, some great dynasties set up capital cities, such as the Tang Dynasty, whose capital is universally recognized as Chang 'an. Luoyang is called its capital because the rulers of the Tang Dynasty designated Luoyang as their palace and sightseeing place, and enjoyed the same organizational system as Chang 'an, while some emperors stayed here for a longer period of time, so it was called "Luoyang as the East Capital". Although it can't be compared with Chang 'an in its influence and position on the whole imperial dynasty, it is different from ordinary local administrative units after all.

the ancient capital of the 13th dynasty

the name of the dynasty and the time when the capital was established by the emperors.

Zhong Kang, Kong Jia, Digao and Xia Jie in Erlitou, Yanshi, Xia Zhen, 2171-1611 BC

Shang Tang, Waibing, Zhongren, Taijia, etc. in Bosi, Shang Xi, 1611-1611 BC. Mu Wang et al. from 1146 to 771 BC

The city of Luoyi in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (on both sides of the Jian River) was from Pingwang to Luwang, ***25 BC, from 771 BC to 256 BC

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei, went to Xian Di, and * * 12 was from 25 BC to 191 BC

. ***4 emperors 265-313

Northern Wei, Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, Emperor Xiaowen to Emperor Wudi * * * Seven emperors 493-534

Emperor Yangdi and Emperor Gong, the ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the eastern capital of Sui Dynasty, were 616-618

Wu Zetian, the ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the capital of Wu and Zhou Dynasties, was 691 -915 AD. The last emperor 919-913

Zhuang Zong, Mingzong, Mindi and the last emperor 923-936

Gaozu, the old city of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the western Jin Dynasty, was 936-938 (about 2 years).

Luoyang, starting from the first dynasty of China, was established here by the Shang Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Later Liang Dynasty, the Later Tang Dynasty and the Later Jin Dynasty. It is the capital with the earliest capital, the most dynasties and the longest history in China.

the ancient capital of the 15th Dynasty

The ancient capital of the 13th Dynasty has always been the official saying, but according to historical records and archaeological discoveries, the most accurate saying is to add the capitals of the Western Han Dynasty and the Wu Zhou Dynasty to the "ancient capital of the 13th Dynasty", which is a fact generally recognized and accepted by scholars at present.

the ancient capital of the 17th Dynasty

On the basis of the "ancient capital of the 15th Dynasty", the Northern Song Dynasty and the Republic of China were added.

according to the historical records and the time when the capital was established, there were Di Ku, Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Warring States Korea, King of Henan at the end of Qin, Western Han, make a new start, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Li Wei, Zheng, Tang, Wu Zhou, Yan, Hou Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Jin. Therefore, Luoyang is the capital with the earliest capital, the most dynasties and the longest time in the history of China, regardless of the dynasty in which it was founded or the number of political powers. Note:

1. On the third day of February 212 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor in Dingtao, which was known as the Western Han Dynasty or the Pre-Han Dynasty. In the month when Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, he came to Luoyang from Dingtao. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" records: "Emperor bought wine in Luoyang Nangong." On merit and reward, civil servants and military commanders were all happy, so they made Luoyang their capital. In May, Lou Jing, a Qi man, passed by Luoyang and persuaded Liu Bang to move to Chang 'an. After a debate, Liu Bangcai decided to move the capital city to Chang 'an.

2. Luoyang used to be the capital of the Republic of China. During the Battle of Shanghai and Shanghai on November 28th and the eight-year Anti-Japanese War, it was moved twice. The first time it was moved to Luoyang as the "traveling capital" and the second time it was moved to Chongqing as the "supporting capital", and Nanjing's status as the legal capital of the Republic of China remained unchanged.

Beijing

The Temple of Heaven, built in 1421, is one of the most famous historical sites in Beijing. As early as 711,111 years ago, the primitive people tribe "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian area of Beijing. The city of Beijing has a history of more than 3,111 years, and it was first recorded as "thistle". In 1145 BC, Beijing became the capital of thistle, swallow and other vassal States; Since Qin Shihuang unified China in 221 BC, Beijing has been an important town and local center in northern China. Since 938, Beijing has successively become the capital of Liao, the capital of Jin, the capital of Yuan, Ming and Qing. On October 1, 1949, it was officially designated as the capital of the People's Republic of China.

711,111 years ago, Peking man lived in the cave of Zhoukoudian in the southwest suburb of Beijing, which is one of the cradles of human beings.

The name of thistle, which first appeared in Beijing, is called thistle. In the 11th century BC, the thistle kingdom was a enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which ruled northern China. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (771 BC-476 BC), another seal swallow located in the southwest of the thistle kingdom swallowed thistle and moved its capital to Jicheng. From then on, until the Yan State was destroyed by the powerful Qin State in 226 BC, Jicheng was always the capital of Yan. According to the research of archaeologists, Jicheng was in the southwest of Beijing.

in 938, Jicheng became the capital of Liao. Liao was founded by the Khitans, a minority nationality who rose in the northeast of China. Because thistle is located in the south of its territory, it was renamed Nanjing and Yanjing. More than a century later, the Jin Dynasty, founded by another ethnic minority jurchen, destroyed Liao, and moved its capital to Yanjing in 1153 and renamed Zhongdu. In 1214, the Jin Dynasty was forced to move its capital to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) because of the attack of the emerging Mongolian army. In the second year, Mongolian fighters rode into the occupied capital. In 1267, the Mongolian leader Kublai Khan ordered the construction of a new city in the northeast suburb of Zhongdu City. Four years later, the leader ascended the throne of the emperor in the capital under construction, and established the Yuan Dynasty in the history of China. In 1276, all the new towns were built, which is what Italian traveler Kyle Polo called "the world is incomparable" in his travel notes. From then on, Beijing replaced Chang 'an, Luoyang, Bianliang and other ancient capitals, and became the political center of China, which lasted for the Ming and Qing dynasties. On 1911-11, the bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in China, and the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate in February the following year. At this point, the last feudal dynasty in China collapsed, and Beijing's history as an imperial city ended here. In April 1912, Sun Yat-sen resigned as the provisional president of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai was elected by the provisional Senate, and the capital moved to Beijing.

in the following 31 years, Beijing experienced many hardships: first, successive years of warlord wars made the imperial city decline and run-down; In 1937, the Japanese invaders invaded, and the ancient city suffered in blood and fire for 8 years; After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Kuomintang government took over the city. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded, and Beijing became the capital of the new Republic.

city name

Beijing has different names in different dynasties, roughly speaking, there are more than 21 nicknames: Ji (11BC), Youzhou (first seen in Shangshu Shundian), Youdu (Tang Dynasty), Nanjing (938 AD in the Five Dynasties) and Yanshan (1122 AD in the fourth year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty)