First, the overall perception

In the eleventh year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1378), in the second year of Song Lian's retirement, he should be summoned to the DPRK to meet him. Ma Jun, a junior fellow student who is studying in the Imperial College, came to visit. Song Lian wrote this preface to introduce his learning experience and attitude, and encouraged him to study hard and become a person with both ability and political integrity. This lesson only extracts the first half of the preface. In this part, the author didn't preach with a straight face because of his position and elder status, but presented his own views, describing the difficulties and hard-working experience of his youth, moving with emotion and understanding with reason, and the author's ardent expectations for Ma Sheng were contained in it.

second, problem research

1. How did the author write about his study experience?

The author writes about the hard scenes in his study when he was young, mainly about his learning process and attitude. At the beginning, it points out the contradictions that are difficult to solve in learning: "poor family" and "addicted to learning", which leads to the difficulty of studying: borrowing books from people often, taking notes by hand, leaving them in the cold, so I can read a lot of books. Without the guidance of a famous teacher, suffering travels a hundred miles away and asks questions from a teacher. After the author's subjective efforts, tenacious struggle, countless hard work and numerous hardships, he finally overcame the difficulties of "no books" and "no teachers" in learning, gained knowledge and became a well-read person. In particular, the author exaggerates the difficulty of studying under the teacher: in the poor winter season, walking through the mountains and valleys, "my feet are chapped and I don't know" and "my limbs are stiff and unable to move". Life is extremely hard, and there are only two meals a day, wearing rags and old robes. But these have not shaken the author's will to study. In the hard study life, the author enjoys himself, and has no envy of the luxurious life of sharing the same life. Spiritual affluence overcomes material poverty. The accumulation of knowledge and spiritual enrichment are the necessary conditions for students to study. Finally, the author summed up his study career with "diligence and difficulty", from which Ma Sheng can be inspired.

2. What is the author's purpose in writing about his hard study experience?

It is to encourage Ma Sheng to study hard. Because the text is only an excerpt, the author's intention is very obvious with reference to the superior learning conditions of the Imperial College and the encouragement and expectation for Ma Sheng. At the same time, the article is written from my own experience, and it is more intimate and easy to read.

exercise instructions

1. Recite the text and tell me what difficulties the author encountered in the process of studying, how he overcame them and why he was able to do so.

This topic is designed to fulfill the requirements of Chinese curriculum standards on reciting ancient Chinese. Asking students to talk about the difficulties encountered by the author in the process of studying, how to overcome them, and the reasons why he can do so not only provide students with an opportunity to speak, but also guide students to grasp the content of the text on the basis of reciting the text. The last question, "Why can he do this?" can be eclectic, as long as he expresses his understanding.

second, explain the underlined words in the following sentences.

1. The family is poor, so I can't read the book ...

2. After recording, I will send it away, and I dare not exceed the appointment slightly.

3. It is beneficial to admire the sage's way.

4. Also suffering from celebrities without masters and traveling, I tried to travel a hundred miles away, and asked questions from the ancestors of my hometown.

5. once he is happy, please invite him again.

This topic is designed to guide students to pay attention to special words in classical Chinese, especially words that are different from modern Chinese, so as to accumulate classical Chinese words and cultivate a sense of language in classical Chinese.

1. to: get it.

2. walk: run. Slightly: slightly, slightly.

3. Yimu: Admire more. Benefit, more. Admire, admire, admire

4. worry, worry. Taste: Once.

5. as soon as: wait, wait.

Third, the author's family is poor and fond of learning, and he is happy to forget his worries. He is respectful in front of the teacher and dares not speak. What should contemporary middle school students think of this learning attitude and the way of respecting teachers?

This is an open exercise. It is intended to guide students to re-examine the ideological content of this work with modern concepts. Students can be allowed to discuss this topic, and it is best to have different opinions. It doesn't matter if there is disagreement in the discussion. Through discussion or even debate, it is more conducive to the sparks of students' thoughts. If some students can talk about the relationship between respecting teachers and respecting teachers' dignity, and even quote the famous sentence "I love my teachers, and I love the truth more", it will obviously help to deepen the discussion and should be strongly praised.

Teaching suggestions

First, supplement the knowledge of style and guide students to understand the difference between "preface to a book" and "preface to a gift".

second, guide students to grasp the contrast of the article, understand the content of the article, and experience the expression effect of this writing.

third, identify the pronunciation of some classical Chinese words.

fourth, tap the practical significance of this article, and guide students to study diligently and not be afraid of hardship.

Relevant information

1. The author introduces

Song Lian (131-1381), whose name is Jing Lian, whose name is Qianxi, Pujiang (now Yiwu, Zhejiang). He was born in a poor family, but he was eager to learn since childhood. He was once employed by Wu Lai, Liu Guan and Huang, the masters of ancient prose in the late Yuan Dynasty. He studied hard all his life, "from childhood to old age, he never went to the book one day, and he learned everything." At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Shundi called him to compile and edit the Imperial Academy. He resigned and wrote a book on the grounds of supporting his parents.

in the early Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, and Song Lian took office as a Confucian scholar in Jiangnan, giving lectures to the prince. In the second year of Hongwu (1369), he was ordered to major in Yuan History. Tired officer to the academician courtyard bachelor's undertaking, knowing the patent. In the tenth year of Hongwu (1377), he resigned as an old man and returned home. Later, because the eldest grandson Song Shen was involved in the Hu Weiyong Party case, the whole family was exiled to Maozhou (now Maowen Qiang Autonomous County, Sichuan Province) and died in Kuizhou (now fengjie county, Chongqing) on the way.

In the history of ancient Chinese literature, Song Lian was ranked as the three greatest poets in the early Ming Dynasty along with Liu Ji and Gao Qi. He took it as his duty to inherit the Confucian feudal orthodoxy, advocated "learning from the classics" and "learning from the ancient" for the text, and learned from the Tang and Song Dynasties. His works were very rich. His works are represented by biographical sketches and narrative essays, which are simple and concise, elegant and graceful, with their own characteristics. Zhu Yuanzhang called him "the leader of the founding civil servants", Liu Ji praised him as "the first in today's articles" and scholars from all directions called him "Tai Shigong". He is the author of Selected Works of Song Xueshi.

second, prose in the early Ming dynasty

most prose writers in the early Ming dynasty were from yuan dynasty to Ming dynasty. They experienced social unrest and had a deep experience in managing the rise and fall of chaos, so their creation was closer to reality. The main representative writers in this period are Song Lian, Liu Ji and Fang Xiaoru.

Song Lian is "the leader of the founding civil servants". He insisted that Ming Dow should be practical in his prose, learn from the classics, emphasize "expressing words", pay attention to "changing things" and require "writing according to the feelings of events", so his prose is rich in content and has certain artistic skills. Liu Ji is both a poet and a poet. Prose is good at argument, simple and bold in style, sharp and vigorous, and full of imagery, such as Yu Li-ion and The Orangeman's Speech. Fang Xiaoru, a student of Song Lian, inherited the literary tradition and orthodoxy of Song Dynasty and had his own unique style. His prose is vigorous and bold, sharp and pungent, such as Mosquito Pair and Finger Metaphor.

III. Translation

I loved reading when I was a child. The family is poor and can't get books, so they often borrow books from people who have them, copy them with their own pens, and calculate the agreed date to return them on time. When the weather is particularly cold, the ink in the inkstone pool forms solid ice, and the fingers can't bend and stretch, and they dare not relax. After copying, return the book as soon as possible, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. Therefore, people are more willing to lend me books, so I can see all kinds of books. As an adult, I admire the theory of ancient sages more, but I am worried that I have not interacted with masters and celebrities. I used to run hundreds of miles away holding scriptures and asking my fellow villagers for advice from their predecessors with moral knowledge. The elder was highly respected, and the students who asked him for advice crowded the room. He never softened his words and expressions. I stood by and waited, asking questions, asking truth, bending over, leaning my ears and asking him for advice; Sometimes when I meet his reprimand, my expression is more deferential, my manners are more thoughtful, and I dare not say a word; When he was happy, he went to consult again. So although I am stupid, I can finally gain something. When I was studying as a teacher, I was walking in the deep mountains and valleys with my book box on my back and my shoes dragged. In the deep winter festival, the skin on my feet was frozen and cracked, and I didn't know it. When I arrived at the guest house, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The waiter brought me hot water to wash my hands and feet, and covered me with a quilt. It took a long time to warm up. Living in a guest house, I only eat two meals a day, and there is nothing fresh and fat to enjoy. The classmates who live with me are all dressed in gorgeous clothes, wearing hats decorated with red tassels and decorated with jewels, wearing white jade rings around their waists, wearing knives on the left and sachets on the right, all shining like immortals. I live among them in rags and old clothes, and I don't envy them at all, because I have enough happiness in my heart, and I don't feel that the enjoyment of food and clothing is inferior to that of other people. This is probably the case with my diligence and hardship when I was studying.

4. abridged parts of the original text, notes and reference translation

Although I am an old man, I have not achieved anything. Fortunately, I am among the gentlemen. However, I have been honored by the son of heaven, and I have been waiting for a consultant every day, and all over the world have wrongly called my surname. Is it worse than the rest?

Today's students are studying in Imperial College, and the county officials [5] have a little bit of support [6], and their parents have the legacy of Qiu Ge [7], so there is no fear of being cold. Sitting under the building and reciting "Poetry" and "Book", there is no need to run around; There are teachers and doctors who are teachers, and those who don't ask and don't tell, who can't ask for it; All the books that should be available are collected here, so it is not necessary to record them in the hands of others, and pretend that everyone will see them later. If the industry is not refined, if the morality is not successful, if the nature is not humble, then the heart is not expert, is it too much for others?

dongyang ma shengjun has been in the imperial college for two years, and he is called a sage by his younger generation. [14], the capital of the Yu Dynasty, was born with a fellow countryman. I wrote a long book and thought it was [6], and my speech was very fluent. Discuss and argue with it, and make peace with it. It takes a lot of effort to learn when you say you are young. He is a good scholar. He was going home to pay a visit to his parents, and I told him about the difficulties of his studies.

It means that Yu Mian is a scholar, and Yu Zhi's ambition is also; Those who scorn me for boasting about the prosperity of my fortune and are arrogant about the villagers, I don't know the rest!

note: (1) [Yao Lao] is older. (2) [Pre] participation. (3) [bear] bear and accept. (4) Exceed. 5] [county magistrate] here refers to the court. [6] There is a slight supply of rice every day. A granary. Slightly, eat food, food issued by the government. (7) [Ge] Xiabu refers to clothes worn in summer. Being [division, doctor] official name, imperial academy's teacher. Levies [fake people] are fake to others and borrowed from others. ⑽ [Nature] Talent, human intelligence. ⑾ [humble] low. ⑿ [Jun Ze] Ma Sheng's words. [13] people of the same age. [14] [facing the capital] here refers to going to Beijing to appear before the emperor after going to the official. ⒂ [as a fellow villager] Meet me as a junior from my hometown. Pujiang County and Dongyang City belonged to Jinhua House in the Ming Dynasty, so they were fellow villagers. Pay a visit. Write a long letter as a gift to zhì)〕 your respect. Basket, a gift to show our respect when we first met. ⒄ [Yi] is peaceful. ⒅ will, wish. 9. slander, slander. ⒇ [arrogant countryman] shows off in front of the countryman.

Reference:

Nowadays, too many students are studying in Imperial College, the imperial court provides meals every day, and their parents send them furs and gowns every year, so there is no worry about going hungry and freezing. Sitting in a tall room reading poetry books, there is no hard work to run; There are cases where teachers and doctors do not ask, but do not tell, ask and get no guidance; All the books that should be there are concentrated here, so I don't have to copy them myself like I did, and I can only read them by borrowing them from others. If they are still not proficient in their studies and have not developed their moral character, then it is not their low talent, but their intentions are not as single-minded as mine. Where is the fault of others?

Ma Junze, a scholar in Dongyang County, has been studying in Imperial College for two years, and his peers highly praise his talents. I went to the capital to meet the emperor, and Ma Sheng came to meet me as a junior fellow countryman and wrote a long letter as a meeting gift. His words were very smooth and accessible. Talk to him about things, with gentle words and a pleasant face. I studied hard and worked hard when I told myself about my youth. This can be said to be good at learning. He will go back to visit his parents, and I told him about the hardships of studying in the past.

5. Analysis of Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang (excerpt) (Wu Gongzheng)

This article is intended to encourage Tai Chi students at that time to study hard, reason thoroughly, write simply, and is very touching. Now let's talk about it in several paragraphs.

The first paragraph describes my experience of studying as a teenager, which has three layers. The first layer is about the hard work of studying in my youth. From the beginning, the article reveals the sharp contradiction between "being fond of learning" and "being poor at home". "Addicted to learning" means that you like reading, but you can't buy books from a poor family, so you have to borrow books from others, "take notes by yourself" and copy them yourself, which has become a solution to the contradiction. The scene of "taking notes by hand" initially revealed his diligent attitude towards learning. Then use the scene of copying books in cold winter to further describe this hard work spirit. "The inkstone is hard in ice, and your fingers can't bend and stretch." There is hard ice in the inkstone, and your hands are frozen stiff. This refers to both the weather and the poverty of the family. And "inkstone ice" and "finger" are written around the way of copying books by hand. "Being lazy" means being lazy. This is a comparison between learning attitude and learning conditions, further highlighting the hard work of learning. The author begins with the most difficult winter season, which is used to illustrate that it is the same all year round, every day, which is very general. The words "go" and "slightly" of "go and send it, but don't dare to exceed the appointment slightly" deserve attention. "Go" means running, and here it means "hurry up". "Send it away", borrow it in person, send it in person, and send it quickly. The word "slightly" emphasizes that he will stick to his promise and never delay, even if the difficulty is great. Because of this, people are willing to lend books to him, and it is possible for him to "read all the books". On the surface, the reason for the change from "I can't learn from books" to "I can read a lot of books" is "I don't dare to exceed my appointment slightly", but in fact it is "I am lazy", which is his learning spirit that is not afraid of hardships. This layer is hard work in writing and reading.

at the beginning of the second floor, the word "both" is used to carry on the above, and "both" means reaching adulthood. At the age of 2, ancient men held a coronation ceremony, tied their hair and wore hats, indicating that they had reached adulthood. The previous layer talked about studying hard, and this layer talked about the difficulty of seeking teachers. It is written about the scene of "going a hundred miles away from the hometown to ask questions." The so-called "the first to reach the countryside" refers to the local learned predecessors. "Inquiring about the scriptures" means asking for advice with the scriptures. "Hundred Li" means a long journey, which shows the urgency and determination of seeking a teacher. This scene was written at three points. The first point is about the teacher's severity. "First, Delong looks up to the statue, and his disciples fill his room", that is, "Delong looks up to the statue", which is a general evaluation, and then it is further highlighted by the scene that students are crowded with rooms, which shows that this teacher is indeed knowledgeable and famous. However, even if there are many people asking for advice, the teacher has not "slightly lowered his words", and his words and attitude are very serious and not casual at all. This is a contrast technique. And writing that the teacher is strict is to highlight the author's sincerity in seeking a teacher. Therefore, the next second point is to write the scene of asking the teacher at ordinary times, "standing around the waiter" and "leaning over the ear", which is vividly expressed.