Leiden has a long cultural tradition. There are five museums in this city. Residents have many opportunities to see classic musicals, dances and theatrical performances. Students can buy discount tickets with valid certificates.
Leiden has convenient transportation. It is located in the political, economic and cultural center of the Netherlands, less than 40 minutes' drive from Amsterdam, Rotterdam and other cities, and only 10 minutes' drive from The Hague.
The environment around the city is suitable for all kinds of leisure activities, which provides very convenient conditions for people who like sports and fitness. Beihai is in the west of the city, and there are direct buses from the city to the beach. There is a lake in the north of the city, and the great lake in the north of the city is a good place for skating in winter. Elegant and ancient university buildings
When you go to Leighton, you can't help looking at the university buildings. Like many European universities, Leiden University has no walls and gates, and more than 130 building facilities are distributed in every corner of Leiden City. Many buildings, such as law school, library and student center, have unique styles, and even the international department is located in an elegant building with a history of 100 years. Like several ordinary Gothic churches and city halls in the old city, these ancient buildings are simple and exquisite. They are unpretentious in structure and decoration, and complement each other with cobblestone pavements in the streets, giving people a quiet and meticulous feeling. At the same time, the canals all over the city make these buildings have an aura, and the buildings on both sides of the river are particularly clear in the reflection. Occasionally, people cross the water, or leisurely seabirds stop on the water, which breaks the tranquility of the water, the water turns to fluctuate, and the reflection of the building overflows in the curved waves. At night, when the lights are on, we can see the boats moored by the bridge, the lights of people's windows along the river are reflected on the river, the decorative lights on the suspension bridge shine like stars, and the jazz from the bar in the distance rings in our ears, which is easy to remind people of Qinhuai River in the shadow of paddle lights.
Unique windmills and suspension bridges
Leiden people are proud of the scenery, windmills and suspension bridges. The windmill here is the best preserved in town. There used to be 65,438+09 windmills in this city. After Dutch industrialization, the grinding function of most windmills was gradually replaced by mechanical chemical plants, and many windmills were demolished. Now there are only three or four windmills in Leiden, the most famous of which is Dewalque, which was built at 65,438+06165438. Now it has been transformed into a windmill museum, which is decorated with stone mills and other items. Standing on the roof of the windmill, I looked at the stone mill that was still grinding, and listened to the creaking sound of the windmill from time to time. I seem to be watching and listening to it telling a story about the rise and fall of Dutch windmills. Canal bridges in the Netherlands are generally low. In order not to affect shipping, most of them are designed as suspension bridges. Van Gogh once described the image of French suspension bridge in many works, which must be related to this common scenery in Holland. Leiden's suspension bridges have different styles, some are similar to the hook shape of a big crane, some are in the shape of a square wooden frame, and some are particularly simple. There is no shelf, and the deck is lifted directly by electric winch. The supports of these suspension bridges are painted with different colors and patterns, which are in harmony with the surrounding architectural styles. Suspension bridges are scattered and decorated with curved canals, so the depth of field becomes fuller.
open-air market
The lively crowds and makeshift tents on both sides of the canal are open-air markets. Nordic countries such as Denmark have similar markets. The stall owners who sell vegetables on weekends are used to dragging their throats, competing with each other and selling all kinds of fruits and vegetables loudly, but the stall owners here are much quieter, so they don't need to shout and say hello in a low voice, and customers bargain tepidly.
There are many flowers and plants in the open-air market here. Holland is a country of flowers, and Leiden is the main production base of flowers and plants in Holland. There are many kinds of flowers sold in the market with low prices. Besides tulips, there are other flowers and plants such as hyacinthus orientalis and roses. There are big pots and small pots beside the canal, which give off a faint fragrance. You will feel refreshed after passing these flower stalls. You can buy everything from clothes, shoes and hats to fish and vegetables here. Visitors can not only feel the lively atmosphere of the market, but also consider buying some handwritten letters with Dutch characteristics for relatives and friends.
tourist handbook
From Leiden Railway Station, there is an information desk on the right front, where you can collect some necessary information before sightseeing. Go straight along the station road for 3 minutes to reach the canal. On the right of the canal is the National Museum of Ethnology, and on the left is a beautiful park with a windmill as a museum. Visitors can also visit the work and life scenes in the windmill.
Go further and you will reach the intersection of the two canals, and there is a canal tourist boat pier by the bridge. Cross the bridge into Haram Street, the largest commercial street in Leiden. Walk along Harlem Street for about 500 meters, and you will reach a crossroads. There is a church on the left of the intersection. Turn right here and you will reach the canal. There are many cafes near here, most of which are students. If you go west from here, you will come to St Peter's Cathedral, the headquarters of Leiden University and the National Museum of Ancient China. Perhaps because of the university, there is a calm and quiet atmosphere here.
In Leiden, it is best to walk among ancient buildings along the canal, especially the canal flowing in front of the National Museum of Ancient China. WEDDESTEEG Hutong by the river is Rembrandt's birthplace, and further north are white suspension bridges and windmills, which is an authentic Dutch scenery.
Cultural wide angle
1In the forties and fifties of the 8th century, the improvement of power generation devices and the study of atmospheric electrical phenomena attracted physicists' extensive interest. 1745, Christer of Prussia used wires to lead the electricity generated by friction to a glass bottle with nails. When he hit a nail with his hand, he was hit hard. Perhaps inspired by this discovery, Mei Sen Brock of Leiden University invented the "Leiden bottle" for collecting charges at 1746. Because he saw the hard-won electricity gradually disappearing into the air, he wanted to find a way to save it. One day, he hung a bucket in the air, connected the motor, led it out of the bucket with a copper wire and immersed it in a glass bottle filled with water. He asked an assistant to hold a glass bottle in one hand, while Mei Sen Brock shook the motor vigorously. At this time, his assistant accidentally hit the other hand with a barrel. He suddenly felt a strong electric shock and began to cry. Mei Sen Brock then exchanged views with his assistant and asked him to shake the motor. He held the water bottle in one hand and touched the bucket in the other. In a letter, he described the result of this experiment: "I want to tell you a novel but terrible experimental fact, but I warn you not to repeat this experiment under any circumstances." Put the container on your right hand. I tried to draw sparks from the charged iron column with my other hand. Suddenly, my hand was hit by a powerful force, and my whole body was shaking, and my arms and body had an indescribable sense of terror. In a word, I thought my life was over. "
Although Mei Sen Brock didn't want to do this experiment again, he came to a conclusion that putting a charged body in a glass bottle can save electricity. Only at that time, it was not clear whether the bottle or the water in the bottle played a role in saving electricity. Later, people called this storage bottle "Leyden bottle", and this experiment was called "Leyden bottle experiment". The discovery of this "electric shock" phenomenon caused a sensation, which greatly increased people's attention to Leyden bottles. Mei Sen Brock's warning had the opposite effect. People are repeating this experiment on a larger scale, and sometimes it just becomes an entertainment game. People use Leiden bottles to kill mice by spark discharge. Some people use them to get some alcohol and gunpowder. Frenchman Nolette gave the most spectacular performance in front of Notre Dame. Nolette invited members of the royal family of French King Louis XV to watch the performance live. He invited 700 monks to join hands in a row, 900 feet long and about 275 meters long. This team is amazing. Let the monk in front hold the Leyden bottle with his hand, and the monk in the back hold the lead wire of the Leyden bottle, and then electrify the Leyden bottle. As a result, 700 monks jumped up almost at the same time because of electric shock, and everyone present was dumbfounded. Nolette explained the great power of electricity to people in a convincing tone. Later, people quickly used electricity in medicine, and the electricity generated by the motor was used to treat hemiplegia and neuralgia through the patient's body. This treatment has been used until people understand the function of electricity. It was recorded in 922 AD. /kloc-in the 0/2nd century, the city developed around castles, and the city was built in 1266. Textile and printing industry developed in14th century. Since the end of19th century, the industry has developed rapidly, including printing, textile, food, metallurgy and building materials. One of the largest cheese and cattle markets in China.
The population of Leiden is about 6.5438 million, and many buildings of Leiden University are also very important and modern buildings in Leiden. Leiden has many museums, such as the National Museum of Ancient Customs and the Museum of Human Culture. Leiden University Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical gardens in Europe. From Leiden Railway Station, there is an information desk on the right front, where you can collect some necessary information before sightseeing. Go straight along the station road for 3 minutes to reach the canal. On the right of the canal is the National Museum of Ethnology, and on the left is a beautiful park with a windmill as a museum. Visitors can also visit the work and life scenes in the windmill.
Go further and you will reach the intersection of the two canals, and there is a canal tourist boat pier by the bridge. Cross the bridge into Haram Street, the largest commercial street in Leiden. Walk along Harlem Street for about 500 meters, and you will reach a crossroads. There is a church on the left of the intersection. Turn right here and you will reach the canal. There are many cafes near here, most of which are students. If you go west from here, you will come to St Peter's Cathedral, the headquarters of Leiden University and the National Museum of Ancient China. Perhaps because of the university, there is a calm and quiet atmosphere here.
In Leiden, it is best to walk among ancient buildings along the canal, especially the canal flowing in front of the National Museum of Ancient China. WEDDESTEEG Hutong by the river is Rembrandt's birthplace, and further north are white suspension bridges and windmills, which is an authentic Dutch scenery. Rembrandt (1606 ~ 1669)1606 was born in Leiden in July, and died in Amsterdam on October 4th. His paintings have a wide range of genres, and he is good at portraits, landscapes, genre paintings, religious paintings and historical paintings. The self-portrait works in Leiden period (about 1625 ~ 163 1) use strong contrast between light and shade, and use light to shape characters, which is layered and dramatic. Rembrandt's position in the history of painting-not only in the Netherlands, but also in Europe as a whole-can be compared with the Italian Renaissance masters. He represents the nation and national genius in Northern Europe. What makes Rembrandt's great face is a special skill, which expresses his special soul: light and darkness. This word, once used to talk about this painter, has a special meaning. In other words, the light and darkness of Rembrandt and the light and darkness of Italian writers in Renaissance have completely different functions. /kloc-the French painter and critic fromantin in the 0/9th century called him a "night bug". Others say that he paints light with darkness.
There are two masterpieces in The Louvre, The Carpenter's Family and The Dinner of Emmaus. We can use them to understand Rankin's truth of "light and darkness". His works "Saint Stephen Killed by a Stone" and "Art Museum of Lyon" reveal the inner activities of the characters by capturing facial expressions. In order to create characters with personal characteristics, he has been studying physiognomy all his life, and his exploration results are an important part of his painting techniques. During the period of Amsterdam (1632 ~ 1648), he lived in Amsterdam from 1632 to 1640, which was the mature stage of his creation. The famous work "Anatomy Course of Professor Tilp" (in the Royal Morris Painting Exhibition Hall in The Hague) broke through the rigid procedure of group portrait painting and handled the composition and characters vividly. A large number of religious paintings in this period showed secular content and baroque painting style. The Eye Blindness of Samson, written by 1636, is described by critics as equivalent to Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare's works because of its delicate and complicated expression. Similar masterpieces include The Painter and His Wife, Self-portrait Embracing saskia (Dresden Gallery) and so on. From 1640 to 1648, the misfortune and torture of his personal life made his observation and understanding of society more profound, and his artistic creation also entered a deepening stage. 1642 The death of his son made him extremely sad, but the appearance of Night Patrol and Amsterdam National Museum was not understood at first. This epic masterpiece with genre paintings and historical paintings can remind people of the struggle of the Dutch people against foreign rule in the past. Because it further broke through the traditional painting method, it was not accepted by painters at first and was once deadlocked. During this period, his other works, such as Night Patrol, adopted a more stage-like expression and implicitly described the main characters on the screen, so they were not as popular with the upper class as they were in the 1930s, which made life more and more difficult. In the later years of Night Patrol (1648 ~ 1669), Rembrandt had a hard life in his later years, his property was auctioned off, and there were not many buyers of oil paintings, only ordering copperplate prints with religious themes. One of the works named "100 Dutch Coin Prints" was named according to its selling price. During this period, his most famous works are The Conspiracy of West feliz, Director of Nepalese Merchants Association, and The Group Picture of West feliz, an ancient Dutch hero who resisted Roman tyranny. The former one is memorable, but unfortunately there is only one fragment now, which is hidden in Stockholm National Museum. The latter became his immortal work, because it showed the appearance and personality characteristics that varied from person to person. Family misfortune and a series of tortures did not destroy the stubborn old man. He always adhered to his artistic ideas and creative methods until his death, and he painted such famous paintings as The Return of the Prodigal Son and Saul and David. According to the statistics in the 1960s, there were 600 oil paintings, 350 etched paintings and 1500 sketches in his life, and new discoveries were made after the 1970s.
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