take care of Li à ol ǐ

(1) [manage]: manage

do housework

(2) [make arrangements]: arrange

take care of things

(3) [take care of]: handle;

children have been able to manage their own lives

◎ cooking Li à ol ǐ

[Cooked Dishes (USU. Meat and Fish Dishes)] dishes

Japanese food in Ximending is my daily visit

1. Care; Take care of "Biography of Wang Huizhi in the Book of Jin": "When you taste the emblem, you say,' Qing has been in the government for a long time, and you should take care of it." "Taiping Guang Ji" Volume 311 quoted Tang Daifu's Guang Yi Ji: "If your wife were my wife, I would rather not take care of it." Yuan Chengao's poem "Planting Flowers" says: "When Miao students are born in early summer, they are busy cooking in the morning and evening." Zhu Ziqing's "The Back": "Besides, can't a man of my age take care of himself?"

2. arrangement; Handle. "Song Shu Wu Xichuan": "When dealing with food, it is better than working." Ming Feng Menglong's "Think Tank Complements Miscellaneous Wisdom and Shining Light": "[Shining Light] is to accept bribes for cooking. There are a number of middle officials and a number of yamen, which can be sealed in case." Qing Qing Chengzi's "Zhi Yi Xu An Yi Ling": "[Yi Ling] manages family affairs in an orderly way." Yu Dafu's poem "You Yu Garden": "The pavilion in Huang Mao is a small tower, and it takes a lot of talent to cook Xishan."

3. renovation; Tidy up. Jia Sixie's "Qi Min Yao Shu Planting Elm Poplar" in the Northern Wei Dynasty: "The elm is born, and the grass is long, so it is not necessary to take care of it." Song Li Gang's "Feng Zhaotiao has the interests of frontier defense": "Not only do you take care of Huainan, but you still want to build health and guard the walls of the city, repair the palace, establish the government, and create barracks, so that you can make a rough copy of it for Cuihua's luck." Li Yu's "Jade Scratches the Head and Extremely remonstrates" in Qing Dynasty: "All kinds of ominous words are signs of national subjugation, and I didn't promise him, so I went to take care of the remonstrance."

4. promotion; Support. Liu Yiqing in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty wrote "Shi Shuo Xin Yu De": "If you choose an official, you should take good care of this person." "Song Zhou Tang's" Qing Bo Biezhi "volume:" I hope to go to Changge to take care of it tomorrow. "

5. give directions; Education. Tang Duan Chengshi's "Youyang Miscellaneous Strange Techniques": "His people stayed in Zhengzhou, because he said,' You can do hundreds of times when I take care of you." "Zhu Ziqing's Back Children": "He doesn't spoil them, but they can't be successful without patience to take care of them."

6. repair. "Pipa Record" in Duan 'an Festival of the Tang Dynasty: "There are two pipa faces in the inner library, numbered Big Hulei and Little Hulei, which were sent to the Nanzhao family in Chongren Square for cooking because of the loss of the title." Song, Zhao and Shi recorded the retreat of the guests, Volume I: "[Liu Biangong] said,' People can still be repaired when they are broken, and they are ruined.' The language is not perfect, the nail school is here, and the cooking is as good as new. "

7. Dismissal; Recreation. Tang Hanyu's poem "Feng Zhongcheng passed Zhang Daoshi, the guard's little room outside the gift department, on the ancient tomb beside the south road of Drinking City" reads: "I don't realize that I am drinking." Jin Duan Keji's poem "Partridge and Answer for the Right Way" says: "Poor sorrow is about poetry cooking, and the price of wine in Mo Wen in spring is high." Qing Jiangyu's "Xiangyue Jiading Zhaoyin Valley returned from the north to rely on its voice to give it" reads: "Don't sigh and wander around the rivers and lakes, teach heaven to cook, and have a leisurely time in the world."

8. expect. Ming Xu Wei's "Yun Shi Pian": "If you want to fold it and send it far away, there is no such long arm. Cooking bamboo people should be less fragrant with cold branches. "

9. Japanese kanji words. Cooking. Also refers to the dishes. Guo Moruo's After Leaving Chiang Kai-shek: "When she heard that I didn't eat breakfast or lunch, she quickly ordered some Japanese food."

The original meaning of cuisine in Chinese is to treat and arrange, but the word cuisine means dishes in Japanese. With the rapid expansion of Japan's economy, the Japanese way of life has gradually spread to all parts of the world. As a member of the world cuisine, Japanese cuisine naturally takes root in various countries. Japanese-style huts, tatami, waiters wearing kimonos, and Japanese dishes with bright colors and exquisite tableware constitute the unique scenery of the food world. The taste and diet of Japanese food have also begun to be widely accepted.

"Japanese loanwords" in modern Chinese

1. China in Japan in Tang Dynasty and Japan in China in modern times

There are many interesting and meaningful things in the history of cultural exchange between China and Japan. On the whole, there are two periods that are particularly noticeable. One is in the Tang Dynasty in China, and the other is in modern times.

In the Tang Dynasty, it was the Japanese who greedily learned from China, and even after they came into contact with China culture, the Yamato people encountered writing for the first time, and then learned to write. Japanese "pseudonyms" (letters) are just variants of Chinese characters.

In modern times, it was China who desperately learned from the Japanese. Regardless of other aspects, only in terms of language and writing, in modern times, Japan has become an exporter of Chinese. Japanese "Chinese" has impacted the language systems of East Asian countries. Of course, it has also entered China's Chinese in large quantities and become an important part of China people's daily language.

Second, Mr. Student and Mr. Student

In terms of time sequence, China came into contact with western culture much earlier than Japanese. As early as the 7th century, Christian monks came to China to preach. Since then, Kyle Poirot in the 3rd century and Matteo Ricci in the 6th century have been widely known as the emissary of western culture in ancient times. During Matteo Ricci's time, the work of western Chinese translation had begun. It is well known that Xu Guangqi cooperated with Matteo Ricci to translate Euclid's Elements of Geometry. In 1871, the Protestant missionary Morrison came to China. He translated the New Testament into Chinese, and the full version was published in 1814. More importantly, he also compiled a Chinese-English dictionary. The first volume of the dictionary was published in 1817, and the whole dictionary was in quarto, with six volumes and 4595 pages, which was published in 1823.

in the autumn of p>1898, after the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Liang Qichao sneaked into the Japanese warship Oshima and fled to Japan. At this time, a large number of western nouns and terms have entered Japanese, and there are naturally many such translations in The Adventure of a Beautiful Woman and Talks with the United States, which are called "political novels". He easily introduced such words as democracy, science, politics, economy, freedom, law, philosophy and aesthetics to China readers. While Liang Qichao translated and introduced Japanese political novels to China, he also started the "golden decade" in the history of modern Sino-Japanese relations as mentioned in Mr. Lei Yi's "golden decade", which set off an upsurge of learning from Japan throughout the country. Western works that have been translated into Japanese were also translated into Chinese during this period, and even Japanese intermediate textbooks were translated and used as teaching materials.

This also means that the introduction of Japanese "loanwords" into China started under a last resort.

third, seeking truth and being easy and being second-hand

Originally, the Westernization Movement was to learn from and understand the West, so it was necessary to translate western works. However, as soon as we turn to Japan as a teacher, the momentum of people learning western languages will be reduced. Learning from Japan is nothing more than hoping to learn from the West indirectly by learning from Japan. At that time, the ruling and opposition parties generally believed that this could get twice the result with half the effort. However, Yan Fu, the first translator in modern China, was firmly opposed to this upsurge of learning from Japan. In the book "Letter to the Master" published in Diplomatic News, he wrote:

When I hear about academic matters, I must seek for the first place and then get the truth, and I will try my best to get what I see in the two rooms. Secondly, begging for the spirit is spread by the simple strategy and taught by the teachers and friends. However, it is both, and there is no doubt that the text that must be used for its original purpose is also. At the bottom, it is the translation of seeking, which is far away from the truth. Nowadays, there are few translators in our country who have tasted science and technology. That is to say, what Japan has worked hard and won only is not what it has, so it is not necessary for my neighbors to avoid it. It's only thirty years since he left. Japan, which has been seeking the academic achievements of Taixi for 2111-3111 years, has gained only after 31 years of hard work. Although it has translated works, its name can be decided that it is not safe, and its textual research can be predicted that it is not secret. It's just because I'm close to you that I have led the world's scholars to follow it. What about those who have no ambition and are not good at learning it? Dwarfs ask that the path is higher than that of repairing people, and they believe it because they are more self-sufficient. What you do is different.

Yan Fu emphasized that in order to have a deep understanding of western thought and scholarship, one must read the original works directly. With the help of translation, it is a last resort, and with the help of translation, there will be more dust and further truth. He believes that Japan's translation of western concepts is inaccurate, so it cannot be borrowed unconditionally. For example, he opposed the Japanese translation of "economy" and replaced it with "Ji Xue", and explained the reason in the "translation examples" at the beginning of Yuan Fu: "Ji Xue, whose western name is Ye Konomi, is Greek. Ye Ke, the speaker. Nomi, for the turn of Niemo, this statement is ruled. If you keep your word, its meaning begins with managing the family. Quote and apply for it, for all the things that the material broker saves the cashier, expand and fill it, and serve the country with raw food. Cover its training bud to the public, put the Japanese translation for economy, China translation for financial management. If you look forward to it, the economy will be too broad, and financial management will be too comfortable. If you do it yourself, you should learn from it. "

He thinks that the original meaning of the word "economy" is broader than the western word "economy", so it is not suitable for translation. For another example, he refused to borrow the Japanese translation of "society", but insisted on translating the western translation of "society" into "group" and "sociology" into "group study". In addition, "capital" translates "capital" daily and "mother wealth" strictly; The Japanese translation of "evolution" is "evolution" and the strict translation is "natural performance"; "philosophy" translates "philosophy" in Japan and "Neo-Confucianism" in strict terms; "metaphysics" translates "metaphysics" in Japanese and "metaphysics" in strict ...

IV. Visible quantity and invisible influence

The number of Japanese "loanwords" in modern Chinese is amazing. According to statistics, 71% of the nouns and terms in social and humanities we use today are imported from Japan. These are Japanese translations of corresponding western words, which have been firmly rooted in Chinese since they were introduced to China. Most of the concepts we use every day to talk loudly, think hard and say "East" and "West" are actually invented by the Japanese.

In fact, without Japanese "foreign words", we can hardly speak today. Even when I write this article about Japanese "loanwords", I must also use Japanese "loanwords" in large quantities, otherwise it will not be written at all. In recent years, this problem has also been talked about in different ways from time to time. For example, Mr. Lei Yi wrote in the article "golden decade" introducing the book "The New Deal Revolution and Japan" by American scholar Ren Da:

These new words, which are almost related to various disciplines, were newly created in modern Japan or endowed with new ideas by using old words, and now they are borrowed by the vast number of China intellectuals, which greatly enriched Chinese vocabulary and promoted many changes in Chinese, laying a very important foundation for China's modernization movement. At present, some basic terms and vocabulary we commonly use are mostly imported from Japan. Such as service, organization, discipline, politics, revolution, government, party, principles, policies, applications, solutions, theories, philosophies, principles, etc., are actually all "loanwords" from Japanese, and there are also things like economy, science, commerce, cadres, health, socialism, capitalism, law, feudalism, harmony and aesthetics.

Every time I think that 71% of the concepts we use for thinking, speaking and writing are created by the Japanese, I wonder how this fact has influenced the thinking of China people for thousands of years.

It can be said that the influx of Japanese "loanwords" has definitely influenced the thinking of China people, China culture and the historical process of China for thousands of years. However, it is very difficult to think about this influence in modern Chinese as a whole. Because when thinking about the influence of Japanese "loanwords", we must use Japanese "loanwords", which is like a snake biting its tail. -This should be an excellent topic for western sinologists.

Although we can't talk about the influence of Japanese "loanwords" as a whole, we can still cite some concrete examples.

The question of whether there was a sprout of "capitalism" in ancient China has been debated endlessly in the history circle for decades. However, the struggle is essentially a conceptual struggle, and the difference lies in the understanding of the concept of "capitalism". The same historical fact, some people think that it can explain the germination of "capitalism", while others think that it can't. Whether there is a dispute about the budding of capitalism comes down to why it is a dispute about capitalism, and both the words "capital" and "ism" were invented by Japanese people, and it is also the Japanese who use capitalism to translate the capitalism in western languages. If "capitalism" is translated into another Chinese word, will this controversy still happen? Even if it happens, will it be different in expression?

since the 1981s, there has been a so-called "ugliness study" in Chinese aesthetic circles. "Ugliness" is relative to "aesthetics". "aesthetics" is the translation of the western language "aesthetics" by Japanese Chomin Nakae. However, the original meaning of "aesthetics" is "sensibility". If there is no such translation as "aesthetics" at the beginning and it is translated into other forms, such as "sensibility", can the so-called "ugliness" still be established?

Today, we call fictional works as short as hundreds of words and as long as millions of words novels, but there are differences between novels and short stories. The naming of novels and short stories only points out the difference in length, and nothing else is explained. Therefore, there is a research and debate about whether there are essential differences between novels and short stories in aesthetic sense. Some people say that they mean different aesthetic ways, while others say that the difference between them is only in the number of words. In fact, the concept of "novel" we use today is the translation of English "novel" by Japanese modern writer Hirauchi Xiaoyao in "The Essence of Novel", while English "novel" originally means a long-length work, while short works are expressed by "short story". Two different names have emphasized that they are not the same. It should be said that the translation of "novel" with "novel" failed to fully convey the original intention. If we don't call novels and short stories "novels" but have different titles, will our understanding of them be different from the beginning? And will the dispute over long stories and short stories still happen?

v. The old will not go and the new will come

There are many other examples. Finally, I want to say: Because the western concepts we use are basically translated by the Japanese for us, there will always be a Japan between China and the West.

I wonder if this statement is true?

VI. Japanese loanwords are divided into the following categories:

[ 1] modifiers+modified words

(1) adjectives+nouns

Examples: human rights, treasury, privileges, philosophy, representation, aesthetics, background, fossils, battlefields, environment, art, medicine, admission tickets, sewers and notaries.