Folk New Year's Festival and Food Style in February of the lunar calendar ■ Dragon Head Festival in February of the lunar calendar, Spring Club, Wenchang Festival, Flower Festival I. Eating Style in Dragon Head Festival On the second day of the second lunar month, there was a custom of dragon head festival in ancient times. Legend has it that this day is the day when the dragon looks up, so a series of sacrifices and food cultural activities are related to the "dragon". 1. The Dragon Head Festival was called "Zhonghe Festival" in ancient times, which began in the Tang Dynasty. According to the Song Dynasty's Zhang Cuo's Miscellaneous Notes on the Cloud Valley, Volume II says: Tang Dezong takes February 1st as the festival of peace. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Wu Zimu's "Dream of Liang Lu" was published in one volume, and it was called the Zhonghe Festival in February. The folks still used green bags to fill hundreds of grains, melons and fruits, and gave them to each other, "for offering children." 2. Later, with the development of history, the progress of society, and the differences and differences of customs and people's feelings in different places, the folk sacrifice methods, meanings and contents of food culture have also changed, but the main purpose of sacrificing dragons to avoid pests is the same. At that time, the people will eat sun cakes, fried cakes, Longxu Noodles, onion cakes and so on, and take them as offerings. There are a lot of literature records on the food culture and customs of these programs. 3. "Miscellaneous Notes of Wan Department" in the Ming Dynasty said that during the Zhonghe Festival, "the villagers used ash to spread cloth into the kitchen of the house from the outside of the door and put it around the water tank, which was called to bring the dragon back. Spread pancakes with noodles, and smoke the bed to make the insects not born. " 4. "History of the Ming Palace" said: On the second day of the second day, each family used sticky jujube cakes to fry them in oil; Or spread the noodles and thin noodles into pancakes, which are called "smoked insects". It is time to eat puffer fish and drink reed bud soup to relieve fever. Each family cooked the wine in summer. At this time, "eating Jesus is called peach blossom crisp." 5, Hebei "Wanquan County Records" cloud: On February 2 nd, it was commonly called "the dragon looked up". This eclipse dishes all took the meaning of the dragon, such as eating dumplings, which was called "eating dragon ears"; Those who eat onion cakes are called "tearing the dragon skin"; People who eat noodles are called "eating dragon whiskers". "Women should avoid needles every day for fear of stabbing the dragon's eyes." 6, "Yongping Fuzhi" said: On the Zhonghe Festival, farmers here use ash from the household to the well, and use chaff from the well to the urn, which is called "bringing dragons into the house" and the main wealth. If you smoke insects by frying cakes with fragrant oil, things will not decay and avoid insects and ants. Moreover, "the scholar's family ordered the boy to write and take good luck." On that day, the woman stopped the needle, and the common cloud was afraid to wear the faucet. " 7. As for the custom of eating sun cakes, "Yanjing Years Old" contains: On the first day of February, the city people made rice dough into small cakes, with five pieces in one layer and more than an inch of chickens on the top, which is called sun cakes. Those who "sacrifice to the sun" in the capital, buy and offer them, "three or five sets vary." 8. In this folk area of Jilin, outer manchuria, on the Zhonghe Festival, every household has a diet habit of "eating more pig's heads and spitting spring cakes". "New Records of Jilin" recorded that local people kept the heads and hooves of the fat pigs they ate at the end of the year until the "Dragon Head Festival", so there was "February 2, the dragon looked up; It rains in the sky and the ground is dirty; Every household eats a pig's head. 9. However, when Fugu County in northwest Shaanxi meets this festival, all households "eat bean noodles or vegetable cakes, which is called riding a dragon's head". It can be seen that the forms and contents of folk food cultural activities during the Sino-Japanese Festival are diverse and rich. Second, the catering and eating style of the Spring Festival In the vast areas of southern China in ancient times, in the second month of the lunar calendar every year, people held spring prayers to worship the land gods. This activity is called Spring Festival Club. 1. Zhejiang's "Annals of Xiaofeng County" says: On the social day, 1 to 2 people in each village form a cooperative, slaughtering animals, sprinkling wine and burning incense in Zhang Le to worship the god of Tugu, which is called spring blessing. 2. "Jinhua Fuzhi" said that on the social day, each of the four townships had a social sacrifice to worship the god of Tugu. 3, "Dongyang County Records" said that on the social day, farmers used green noodles as fruit, and orange leaves were sandwiched, which was called social fruit, so as to offer it first and eat it. 4. According to the Records of Yanzhou Prefecture, on the social day, every township has sacrifices, offering sacrifices to the gods of the society to pray for the news, and then drinking blessings when they finish. 5. In Hunan, every time the people meet a social day, "the neighbors will have a colorful ceremony to sacrifice mash, so as to live under a tree, first offer sacrifices to the gods, and then pay them back." 6. It can be seen that the activities of worshipping the gods in the Spring Society in ancient South China were not only a day to worship the gods and pray for the valley, but also a festival for people to get together and have a meal. Therefore, Yuan Jinglan, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, said with deep emotion in Poems of the Spring Society: Purple swallows spread all over the fields, and Lin Jiu called for rain to meet the Wu Society. The money is stacked in the green Yang village, and the people in Zili come to gather under the temple. The dolphin's hoof is full of fruit, and the witch wishes to make a good year. Dancing with dead branches is fun for children. There are ten and five teams, and the setting sun is thousands of miles away. There's a lot of noise, and everyone gets drunk when the club drinks to cure deafness. The figure helps the drunk, and the peach blossom blocks the spring breeze. Returning to the hut, I slept deeply in the spring, urging my ancestors to have no officials to surprise my neighbors. God has blessed the people with endless blessings, and one side has rewarded them with blood and food. The earth can be admired by the gods, and Tian Yuan Ma Mai is green and ordinary. Xiangda worships the public every year. On the third day of February in the lunar calendar, the folklore is the birthday of Emperor Wenchang, and Emperor Wenchang has the function of "rewarding meritorious service and being a scholar" on earth. Therefore, both the government and scholars should celebrate his birthday and name it "Wenchang Club". 1. According to the General Examination of Qing Dynasty Literature, Wenchang Temple and Wenchang Palace were established everywhere in the prefectures and counties in the Qing Dynasty, so every time the Wenchang Fair was held, Confucian scholars were "worshiped in rank". They not only offered all kinds of "sacrificial food" and offerings, but also prayed for the prosperity and glory of "to be no.1" in the coming year, and held a party after the sacrifice. 2. For example, in Chengxian County, Gansu Province in the Qing Dynasty, on the third day of February every year, Confucian scholars gathered at Wenchang Palace to celebrate their birthday and have a drink. 3. In the Jingshi area, in the past years, in addition to offering performances in Wenchang Temple, Jingzhong Temple, Jinling Village, Liyuan Pavilion and other provincial township temples, the people held sacrificial incense parties. History is called "cherish the word". Xianghui, the Spring and Autumn Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival, is extremely successful, but the precious word Wenchang will be the most. All of them are in Wenchang Temple, Jingzhong Temple, Jinling Village, Liyuan Pavilion and various provincial townships, offering performances and gathering thousands of people. " It can be seen that it is the grand occasion of Japanese festivals and celebrations, which is indeed unprecedented. 4. The forms of folk activities in other places are basically the same. Therefore, Yu Yue, a famous poet in the Qing Dynasty, said in his poem "Song of Wenchang's Birthday": On February 3rd, the spring king was born in Wenchang. From the capital to the county, a case of worshipping Chen sacrificed. I also get up early today, and chicken, fish and meat are served in a plate. All the students at home and abroad will gather together, and the clothes will be worshipped as a porch. Or Wenchang is an astrology, and I don't smell Chang Geng in my dreams. It's indecent to make a birthday as the Romans do. I said that there are six in wenchang star, and Zhao returned to the same place in the sky. He also said: I sing this poem for God's longevity, and setting it for spiritual life is English. Legend has it that there are examples in ancient times, so why not still sing Ascension to Heaven? From the beginning, Kuiguang has grown, and he is still proud of me. Fourth, the catering and eating style of the Flower Festival is on February 12 of the lunar calendar (in some areas, it is the third day of February, or February 15), which is the birthday of Kao. On this day, ancient folks and scholars had the custom of "Flower Festival". On this day, there are various activities of folk poets, such as chanting poems, touring, enjoying flowers, drinking flowers and wine, gathering banquets, acting and praying for blessings, but they are different because of local customs. 1. For example, Wu Zimu in the Southern Song Dynasty wrote a book entitled "Dream of Liang Lu", which says that the 15th day of mid-spring is the Flower Festival, which is a custom between Zhejiang and Zhejiang. It is thought that the spring sequence is in the middle, and when the flowers are competing for release, it is the most enjoyable to visit. Therefore, "everyone goes to the Yuhuahu, Guliulin, yangfu, Yundong, Qianhumen Qingle, Xiaohu and other gardens outside Qiantang Gate, and Jiahuimen outsources Jiashan Wang Baosheng and Zhang Taiwei. The most important thing is that Baojia Mountain Peach is so beautiful. On the same day, the commander in chief and the county magistrate also led the assistants and other members out of the suburbs, "calling on the elders to give food and wine, persuading them to use farming and mulberry, telling them to be diligent and sincere." 2. In the Tianqing Temple, a birthday party will be held for the old gentleman, and 1, lanterns will be lit, "for the holy practice and praying for the people. Scholars pay tribute to the incense and have countless contacts. " 3. The foreign minister of Chongxinmen, Ming Temple and monks and nuns of various institutes of education, built a Buddhist nirvana to win the meeting, listed banners and buildings, and there were "all kinds of fragrant flowers and different fruits to support, famous paintings and calligraphy, rare toys, solemn Dojo, crowds of visitors, and endless days". 4. In the Qing Dynasty, the folks in Beijing passed it on February 12th every year as the birthday of Kao Hua, and in this session, "you are a charming person, and you write poems and sing harmony". In the early spring, I enjoyed reading peony. "Only the North and South Gallery of the Temple of Heaven, the Zhangyuan in Yongdingmen and Fangshan Monk House are the best. In addition to Yao Huang and Wei Zi, there are all kinds of red, light green and Phnom Penh, which are not found in Jiangnan. 5. In the state capital area of Jiangxi Province in the south of the Yangtze River, at the Flower Festival every year, scholars and scholars have a typical practice of "picking flowers and drinking poems, and the apprentices compete for drinking wine". 6. In addition to folk festivals, there were also high-level celebrations such as banquets, flower viewing, and theater viewing at the Palace Flower Festival in the Qing Dynasty. According to documents, during the Guangxu period, Empress Dowager Cixi was lucky to "cut the ribbon" and watch the opera in the Summer Palace every year. Shi Yun, Empress Dowager Cixi went to the Summer Palace to watch the ribbon-cutting on the Flower Festival. "Sometimes eunuchs prepared yellow and red silks, which were cut into strips by the palace officials. The treaty was two inches wide and three feet long." The Empress Dowager took one red and one yellow, tied to the peony flowers, while the eunuch of the palace family took the red flowers and tied to the trees, so the garden was full of red silk flying, and the palace family and others were also full of colors, just like wearing a butterfly. After tying the knot, Empress Dowager Cixi began to watch the drama. Singing the birthday celebration of the flower god, the tree is a male fairy, and the flower is a female fairy. Anyone who plays the god of a tree and a flower, "clothes are made to show their color." Those who dress up as lotus fairies wear pink silk shirts with Xiao lotus flowers and green silk blouses with Xiao lotus leaves. I imitate this. The scenery is a mountain forest, surrounded by rocks, and there are holes in the rocks. There are countless little immortals holding wine in the holes. " The so-called little fairy, that is, small flowers, such as honeysuckle, pomegranate flowers, etc. Then "the immortals gather to drink, and a rainbow falls from the sky and falls on the rocks, and the immortals cross it, and the rainbow rises again and rises to the sky." ■ Seasonal delicacies and delicacies in February of the ancient lunar calendar There are many kinds of seasonal products and flowers among the people in February, which enrich the food and cultural life of the people on the New Year's Day and weekdays. 1. According to the records, in the Yuan Dynasty, there was a custom of recommending new seasonal foods every month. For example, the ancestral temple recommended new fruits such as Han Tao, vegetables and bamboo shoots. Sacrifices include Haba fish, tuna (both from Heilongjiang), "God Chef Royal Rice, Bald and Hemp Sheep Head, Sheep Lung, Powder Soup, Steamed Bread, Cheese porridge" and other foods. 2. In the Jingshi area of Qing Dynasty, the folk fresh food in February included flaming red-rooted vegetables, flaming red-rooted vegetables and shrimp pies. Seasonal flowers include lilacs, birthday flowers, apricot flowers and pear flowers. In this regard, the literature records that every year in February of the lunar calendar, spinach will spend the winter under the wind account, and in the spring, it will be fresh red-rooted vegetables, and when it is old and has thin green leaves, it will be flame red-rooted vegetables. Shrimp with golden hook is eaten with bread and branded, which is also a product in mid-spring. If lilac purple, birthday yellow, apricot red and pear white, the so-called colorful is always spring. When the Yuan bird arrives, the Gaotang painting building will be covered with mud and grass to live in; To the autumn society, the city village Yan each bred its young in the East Tufu, and the name gathered in Yantai, and the whistle went away two days later. By the end of each month, there were many people selling small fried chickens and ducklings on the streets of Jingshi in the Qing Dynasty, and the citizens rushed to buy them, and they could be eaten after the autumn. Therefore, every spring, in late February, there are people who sell suckling chickens and ducks, and they are still selling in the street, and their business is smooth. Gai Jingshi is prosperous, and there are tens of thousands of chickens a day, which are all raised by manpower, not self-nursing. " This industry, called chicken and duck house, is generally distributed in Qihuamen and Dongzhimen. ■ Difficult-to-read words for future reference (WU, four tones, pictophonetic sound, from bird, 1 original meaning duck, such as a row of ducks; An emu boat is a small boat shaped like an emu. 2 wild duck, like a duck, crouches like a duck. 3 extended to the pursuit of seek for, such as aiming too high. ) tuna, WEI, three times. Euthhynnus yaito, a tuna, is spindle-shaped, with a blue-black back and a gray belly. There are seven or eight small fins behind the dorsal fin and the anal fin. Animals that live in tropical seas, eat small fish, etc. Sturgeon is the ancient name of sturgeon and bighead. Hui, QU, two tones, form and sound, from force. 1 The original meaning is hard work, such as pain, pain, etc. ) (Yong, JU, 1 Everyone chipped in to contribute to a feast, and if they were short of money, they chipped in to buy wine. 2 gather and contribute, such as collecting money, that is, collecting all people's money. Shit, HE, four tones, knowing. 1 The original meaning covers Gath. 2 gather together, like a gathering of scholars. 3 why not, if not, why not. 4 what, what, what, what, what, what, what. ) (ZHI, three tones, work done with needles, especially work other than simply sewing with needles, such as embroidery, knitting and needlework, such as needles. ) ■ Lunar February Shanxi Folk Qinglong Festival Flower Tide Festival The second day of February, commonly known as Qinglong Festival. The origin of the Qinglong Festival is related to the "fright" in the 24 solar terms. After the fright, the earth recovered and the yang rose. There is a saying in Shanxi folk proverb that "on February 2nd, the dragon rises". Jinnan area thinks that this day is the day of Qinglong activities, so it is forbidden to go to the river and the well to carry water, so as not to bring back dragon eggs. When walking and working by the river and the well, pay great attention to silence and try not to make any noise, so as not to disturb Qinglong and ruin the good years with good weather. On this day in northern Shanxi, "Qian Long" prevailed. Before the sun rises in the morning, every family carries a teapot and goes to the river or well to draw water. According to the calculation of several dragons controlling water this year, put a few copper coins or coins in the teapot. After pumping water, he spilled a trail of water as he walked home, poured all the rest of the water and money into the water tank, and Qianlong brought it home, which meant making a fortune in one year. Don't talk when attracting Qianlong, so as not to scare Qianlong away. In some places in the northwest of Shanxi, Qian Long chose a big tree or a big stone and sprinkled it with gray lines. Tie a copper coin with a red line, first put the copper coin in the gray coil, pull it home with a hand and cover it with a container. In the southeast of Shanxi Province, the money-drawing dragon uses kitchen ash and sprinkles a winding gray line, which goes all the way from the door to the kitchen and around the water tank. As the saying goes: "After a fright, a hundred insects will die." During the Qinglong Festival, many activities to drive away drugs are popular among the people. "Yangcheng County Records" records: "A hundred stings are at the beginning of the shock, and the heavenly master's charm is suspended to prevent insect poison." In the morning, when people get up, they should avoid saying the word "get up", for fear that all poisonous insects will also respond. Folklores in southern Shanxi like to cook Manjing soup, and sprinkle it all over the cracks in the walls, corners, the bottom of kang mats and under the bed, which is called "banning all kinds of insects". Others gathered villagers, carried idols, went to the heads of various houses and sprinkled rice soup in the courtyard, which meant to disperse the plague. People's doors are surrounded by lime. In the southeast of Shanxi, the folk custom painted a medicine gourd, which contained poisonous insects such as snakes, scorpions, centipedes, dragonflies, spiders, etc., and stuck it on the wall, which was called "stopping all kinds of insects". Some also use beans and wheat flour to twist into a form of lights and bury them in the soil, which is called "smoked dragonflies". Folk households in Jinzhong area pat dustpans, and nursery rhymes include "On February 2nd, patting dustpans, jumping eggs and ticks dare not get on the kang". Put a line around the toilet and the door with lime, which is called eliminating plague. Luliang area is used to cleaning houses every family. The northern part of Shanxi pays attention to "paste the wolf's mouth", and paste it on the mouth of Erlang God barking dog with sesame sugar or millet dough. Qinglong Festival is called "Flower Tide Festival" in some places in southern Shanxi. People come to the suburbs with wine and food, sit around in a selected place, sing and dance, and enjoy drinking, which is called "spring outing" and "outing". Southeast Shanxi is used to making pancakes with glutinous rice flour to express condolences to women. Children in Jinzhong area are used to flying kites. Some counties pay attention to this day to play ash pits and worship the land gods. The northern part of Shanxi likes to eat noodles and vermicelli, which is called tiaolongwei. And eat cakes to paste the wolf's mouth, eat pears to fight the fire and get dirty. Luliang area likes to eat pancakes, which is called "uncovering dragon skin". On the day of Jinnan, it is called "gnawing on the keel" to eat twist and prickly heat. Northwest Shanxi pays attention to the Qinglong Festival, making a big fire yangko, and the grand occasion of building a prosperous fire resembles it.