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Does the vaccine have any side effects? Produced by: Popular Science China

Production: He (Shanghai Pasteur Institute, China Academy of Sciences)

Producer: Computer Network Information Center

2019 April 25th is the national children's vaccination day. The theme of this year's publicity day is

"Vaccination against infectious diseases is the most effective"

20 19 Poster of Children Vaccination Day (Source: China Center for Disease Control and Prevention)

Without vaccines, diseases such as tetanus, measles, rubella and whooping cough can easily affect our health and even take our lives.

However, there are still many false rumors about vaccines, which even affect many people. Today, let's take stock of the false rumors that you should never believe.

Rumor 1: improving personal hygiene and environmental hygiene can keep diseases away, and there is no need for vaccination.

This statement is all wet.

Fact 1:

If the immunization program is stopped, the diseases prevented by vaccination will come back. Although improving personal hygiene, washing hands frequently and using clean drinking water can protect people from infectious diseases, many infectious diseases can still spread no matter how clean the environment is. Without immunization, some diseases that are already uncommon, such as polio and measles, will soon reappear.

Myth 2: Vaccines still have some unknown long-term harmful side effects. Vaccination can even kill people.

This is also a wrong statement.

Fact 2:

The vaccine is very safe. Most reactions to vaccines, such as arm pain or mild fever, are usually mild and temporary. Very serious health incidents are extremely rare and will be carefully monitored and investigated. The probability of serious harm caused by vaccine-preventable diseases is much greater than that caused by vaccines. For example, polio can lead to paralysis, measles can lead to encephalitis and blindness, and some vaccine-preventable diseases can even lead to death. Not only will the vaccine hardly cause any serious injury or death, but its benefits far outweigh its risks. If there is no vaccine, the number of injuries and deaths will increase.

Myth 3: Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis combined vaccine and polio vaccine can lead to sudden neonatal death syndrome.

This is also a very wrong view.

Fact 3:

There is no causal relationship between the use of vaccines and sudden neonatal death, but the time of using these vaccines is the period when sudden neonatal death syndrome (SIDS) may occur in infants. In other words, the death of sudden neonatal death syndrome and vaccination are accidental events at the same time, even if there is no vaccination, there will be death. The key is not to forget that these four diseases are fatal. Without vaccination, babies will face great risks of death or serious disability.

Myth 4: Vaccine-preventable diseases have almost been eliminated in China, so there is no need for vaccination.

This is a very dangerous and wrong view.

Fact 4:

Although vaccine-preventable diseases are no longer common in many countries, infectious pathogens that cause these diseases are still spreading in some parts of the world. In today's interconnected world, these pathogens can cross geographical boundaries and infect unprotected people. For example, in Western Europe, measles has broken out among unvaccinated people in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom since 2005.

Therefore, the two main reasons for choosing vaccination are to protect ourselves and protect the people around us.

A successful vaccination program is like a successful society, and the well-being of the whole people can only be achieved through the cooperation of each individual. We should not rely on people around us to stop the spread of diseases; We should do our part ourselves.

Myth 5: Vaccine-preventable childhood diseases are just inevitable disappointments in life.

Another wrong view.

Fact 5:

Vaccine-preventable diseases are not "inevitable". Diseases such as measles, mumps and rubella are not only serious, but also cause serious complications in children and adults, including pneumonia, encephalitis, blindness, diarrhea, ear infection, congenital rubella syndrome (rubella infection in early pregnancy can cause this disease) and death. All these diseases and their suffering can be avoided by vaccination. Not being vaccinated against these diseases will make children vulnerable to diseases, which is unnecessary.

Myth 6: Giving children multiple vaccines at once will increase the risk of harmful side effects and overload their immune system.

This view is wrong.

Fact 6:

Scientific evidence shows that simultaneous inoculation of several vaccines will not bring adverse reactions to children's immune system. Children are exposed to hundreds of foreign bodies every day, which can induce immune response. Even simple eating behavior will bring new antigens into the body, and there are countless bacteria in people's mouth and nasal cavity. Children with common cold or sore throat are exposed to antigens far more than vaccination routes. One of the advantages of vaccinating several vaccines at a time is that it can reduce the number of trips to the hospital, thus saving time and money, and children are more likely to complete the recommended vaccination according to the procedure. In addition, if it is possible to combine measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, the number of injections can be reduced.

Myth 7: The flu is just trouble, and the vaccine is not very effective.

This view is still wrong.

Fact 7:

The flu is more than just trouble. This is a serious disease, which causes 300,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide every year. Pregnant women, young children, elderly people with poor health and people with chronic diseases such as asthma or heart disease are at higher risk of serious infection and death threats. Another advantage of vaccination for pregnant women is that it can provide protection for newborns (infants under 6 months are not vaccinated). Vaccines can make people immune to the three most popular influenza viruses in any season. It is the best way to help people reduce the incidence and infection rate of bad colds. Avoiding colds means saving extra medical expenses and avoiding the loss of income caused by sick leave.

Myth # 8: It is better to get immunity through diseases than through vaccines.

This is a wrong view.

Fact 8:

The immune response produced by the interaction between the vaccine and the immune system is similar to that produced by natural infection, but the vaccine will not cause diseases and will not threaten the vaccinators with potential complications. In contrast, acquiring immunity through natural infection may be costly. For example, infection with Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) can lead to mental retardation, rubella can lead to birth defects, hepatitis B virus can lead to liver cancer, and measles can lead to death.

Myth 9: The vaccine contains mercury, which is very dangerous.

An absurd view is certainly wrong.

Fact 9:

Thiomersal is an organic compound containing mercury, which is added to some vaccines as a preservative. Thiomersal is the most widely used preservative in multi-dose bottled vaccines. There is no evidence that the dose of thiomersal in the vaccine poses a threat to health.

Rumor 10: vaccines can cause autism.

Wrong research leads to wrong conclusions.

Fact 10:

A study in 1998 aroused people's concern about the possible link between measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism, which was later proved to be seriously wrong, and the magazine that published the research paper also withdrew it. Unfortunately, the publication of this paper caused panic, which led to the decline of vaccination rate and related epidemics. There is no evidence that measles-mumps-rubella vaccine is related to autism.

Finally, the knowledge cram school.

1.

First of all, what is a vaccine?

Vaccine is an active immune preparation made of pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, etc.) to prevent infectious diseases. ) and its metabolites are artificially attenuated, inactivated or genetically engineered.

In the process of vaccine preparation, "inactivation" and "attenuation" are usually used.

"Inactivation" refers to the process of killing viruses and bacteria by adding inactivating substances. "Attenuation" is the process of making them less toxic and no longer causing human diseases.

With the development of modern biotechnology, microbial components, such as sugar or protein exposed on the surface of microorganisms, can also be extracted by chemical treatment or expressed by genetic engineering to make vaccines.

2.

How does the vaccine work?

Human illness is caused by the combination of pathogens and a substance called "receptor" on the surface of human cells and then invading the human body, thus causing diseases.

However, after vaccination, the main components of the vaccine are inactivated or attenuated pathogens or their components, which can stimulate human immune cells and secrete a substance called "antibody". "Antibodies" are like "soldiers" sent by the body. They combine with pathogens that later enter the blood, making the pathogens unable to function, and then are excreted by other cells or processed into small molecules. The combination of antibodies and pathogens prevents the combination of pathogens and cells and resists the infection of pathogens, so we won't get sick. At the same time, "antibody" has a good memory. When they are attacked again, they will attack in time and continue to expand the "force scale" until they "kill all the' enemies'".

3.

What diseases can vaccines prevent now?

There are many kinds of vaccines and many diseases that can be prevented. We can give some examples of diseases.

Such as Haemophilus influenzae type B,

It can cause meningitis and pneumonia.

Hepatitis B,

This is a viral infection that can cause damage to the liver. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common reproductive tract virus infection, which can cause cervical cancer, other types of cancer and condyloma acuminatum in men and women.

Measles,

This is a highly contagious disease caused by virus, which usually causes high fever and rash, and may lead to blindness, encephalitis or death.

Meningitis a,

This is an infection that can lead to severe brain damage, usually fatal.

Mumps,

This is a highly contagious virus, which can cause pain, redness, fever, headache and muscle pain in the face (parotid gland) below the ear. It can cause viral meningitis.

Pneumococcal disease,

It includes pneumonia, meningitis, febrile bacteremia, otitis media, sinusitis and bronchitis.

Polio,

This is a highly contagious viral disease that can lead to irreversible paralysis.

Rotavirus,

It is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children all over the world.

Rubella,

It is a viral disease with mild symptoms in children, but rubella infection in early pregnancy may lead to fetal death or congenital rubella syndrome, which may lead to defects in the brain, heart, eyes and ears.

Tetanus,

It is caused by bacteria growing in an anoxic environment, such as unclean wounds or umbilical cords that are not kept clean. The toxin it produces can lead to serious complications or death.

Yellow fever,

This is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease spread by infected mosquitoes.

4.

The invention and inoculation of vaccines is one of the greatest public health achievements of mankind.

According to the WHO data of the World Health Organization, the global vaccination coverage rate (the proportion of children receiving recommended vaccines in the world) has remained stable in the past few years. In 20 17, about 85% of the babies in the world (1.162 million) were vaccinated with three doses of DTP vaccine, thus avoiding infectious diseases that may lead to serious diseases, disabilities or deaths. By 20 17, the coverage rate of DTP vaccine in 123 countries will reach at least 90%.

Vaccination can save millions of lives and is recognized as one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions.

It is estimated that 2 million to 3 million deaths caused by diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and measles can be avoided every year. It can be said that the invention and vaccination of vaccines is one of the greatest public health achievements of mankind. The popularization of vaccination has avoided the disability and death of countless children.

China has effectively controlled the incidence of infectious diseases through vaccination and national immunization program. Following 1995, China blocked the spread of local polio virus by taking oral polio sugar pills, and thousands of children avoided limb disability; After the popularization of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination, the hepatitis B virus carrying rate of children under 5 years old in China has dropped from 9.7% in 1992 to 0.3% in 20 14 years. In the middle of last century, the number of measles cases in China was as high as 9 million. By 20 17, the number of measles cases had been less than 6,000. Before children are fully immunized, diphtheria may cause hundreds of thousands of children to get sick every year. No diphtheria cases have been reported in China since 2006. In 1960s, the highest incidence of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in China was 3.04 million cases, and by 20 17, the number of cases had been less than 200 cases. Nearly 200 thousand cases of Japanese encephalitis were reported in the highest year, and only 1000 cases occurred in 20 17 years. The implementation of the national immunization program has effectively guaranteed children's health and life safety. It is the responsibility of the whole society to continuously improve the quality of immunization services and maintain a high level of vaccination rate.

References:

1.

Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center

2.

Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

3.

WHO (World Health Organization)

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