During the Song Dynasty, Kaifeng had a population of over 1 million, and it was truly an international metropolis, ranking first in the world. In addition, cities with a population of more than 1, include Luoyang, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province). At that time, the largest city in Europe had a population of just over 1,. The development of ancient cities in China in the Northern Song Dynasty took a new turn. Cities before the Northern Song Dynasty were generally divided into squares and cities, that is, residential areas and commercial areas were strictly separated. In the Northern Song Dynasty, with the development of commodity economy and the increase of urban population, the boundary between "square" and "city" was completely broken, and shops could be opened everywhere instead of centralized way.

Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, is the most prosperous city in Bianliang, Tokyo (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province), with Wei, Houliang, Houjin, Houhan, Houzhou, Song, Jin and seven dynasties in the Warring States Period. During the Northern Song Dynasty, it was designated as the capital city and reached its peak, which was the political, economic and cultural center of China at that time. The capital of song dynasty is composed of the imperial city, the inner city and the outer city. The circumference of the outer city is 5 Li and 165 steps (3 steps in the Song Dynasty, 1 step =1.536 meters), which is about 46.586 Li. The population is more than 1.5 million, which is equivalent to one third of the population of Kaifeng today.

there are many handicraft workshops in the capital of song dynasty, and there are many shops, hostels and stalls on both sides of the street, and people come and go, which is very lively. The commodities on the market include both department stores from all over China and various commodities from abroad. Business hours are not limited, except during the day, there are night markets and dawn markets. There are also fixed markets and regular fairs in the city. Among them, Greater Sokokuji is open five times a month, which is very large. There is also a "tile house" (or "tile house") in the city, which has a "Goulan" (a place for singing and dancing), a wine shop and a teahouse, as well as storytelling and acting, and has become the center of entertainment. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, painted by Zhang Zeduan in Song Dynasty, is an artistic reflection of the prosperity of urban commerce at that time.

in the northern song dynasty, because the old workshop system was broken, the division of industries in cities gradually disappeared, so the status of guilds became more important and the organization was more rigorous. In the Tang Dynasty, the commercial areas of some cities expanded to the outside of the city, called the grass market, which was further developed in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are also small cities that open regularly in rural areas, which are called markets in the north and markets or markets in the south. In the trade of grass market or market, agricultural products and daily necessities such as cloth, silk, bamboo and other utensils account for the bulk, and some production tools are also traded. Some grass markets, markets and fairs have gradually developed into fixed towns on the basis of developed exchanges. Towns are bridges between cities and villages, and their development is conducive to the prosperity of commodity economy. Lin 'an, the capital of Southern Song Dynasty, was the center of politics, economy and culture at that time. There is an endless stream of cargo ships coming from Zhejiang and other counties. In addition, Pingjiang, Jiankang, Ezhou, Jiangling and other cities along the river have developed handicrafts and commerce. Markets are more common than those in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are 8 markets in Guangdong alone, which reflects the prosperity of commerce from one side.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was already a famous big city in China. Liu Yong, a great poet, said in "Looking at the Tide of the Sea" that "Qiantang has been prosperous since ancient times, with a staggering 1, families". In the Southern Song Dynasty, as the capital of a country, the population of Lin 'an City accumulated rapidly. There are 1.24 million people registered in nine counties of Lin 'an prefecture, while in the same period (13th century), there were only 2, people in London, 4, people in Paris and only 1, people in Venice, the largest and most prosperous city in the west.

During the period of Xiaozong Road in the early Southern Song Dynasty (1165~1173), the population of Lin 'an was "261,692 households with a population of 552,57"; By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, during the reign of Xianchun (1265~1274), it had increased to "391,259 households and 1,247,6 people", which was the total number of accounts in nine counties of Lin 'an prefecture. This does not include the number of troops with no less than 1, people and a large number of floating population that is difficult to count.

The huge urban population can be proved by the grain consumption of Lin 'an City at that time. "Dream Liang Lu" says: "Every day, rice is eaten in the market, except for the people in the government, official houses, houses, rich rooms and other departments, and the people eat it, and there are no less than one or two thousand stones in and out of the city every day." According to the statistics of "Old Wulin Stories", "In the Song Dynasty, except for the rice house, there were 16, or 7, people in Hangcheng. People are counted as two liters, and three or four thousand stones can't be used for one day, while the north and south outer compartments are not in harmony, and the exchanges between passengers and tourists are not in harmony. "

the largest comprehensive central business district in Lin' an is the Imperial Street. Famous products from all over the country are distributed here, and merchants shuttle back and forth, which is prosperous. From the north gate of the Imperial Palace and the outside of Ningmen (now the intersection of the foot of Fenghuang Mountain on the south side of Wansong Mountain), along the Imperial Street, there are many businesses on both sides. In addition to Imperial Street, professional markets and businesses are all over the city and outside. Zhugan Lane, named after Hang Cheng's fine bamboo with hedges and flower arrangements in the Southern Song Dynasty; Mashi Street sells horses, Pishi Lane sells furs, and Caishi Bridge is a vegetable distribution center ... Gaoyin Street, which is adjacent to Qinghefang, is a famous jewelry market in the Southern Song Dynasty, so it is named after it. People in ancient China formed many traditional folk festivals according to the annual climate change and the needs of production, life, culture and entertainment. In these festivals, people all over the country will hold various commemorative activities, or play games, or pray for blessings, or sacrifice ancestors, or worship gods, which are quite colorful.

in the northern song dynasty, with the further development of economy and culture and the increasing prosperity of commerce and trade at that time, the contents of various festivals became more and more, and Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan province), the capital of the country at that time, naturally had a more grand and cheerful festival, which was representative at that time. At that time, people in Tokyo had many festivals every year, such as New Year's Day, Lantern Festival, Cold Food, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Tanabata Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Chongyang Festival, Winter Solstice, etc. Among these many festivals, "the winter solstice, New Year's Day (Spring Festival) and cold food are the three major festivals in the capital", and Song Ting stipulated that there should be seven days off each, including five days off. In addition, the holy day, Shangyuan and Zhongyuan are three days each, and there is one day off. Chunshe, Qiushe, Shangsi, Chongwu (Dragon Boat Festival), Chongyang, beginning of spring, long summer, Sanfu, beginning of autumn, Qixi, Autumnal Equinox, Shouyi and beginning of winter all have one day off. Summer solstice, twelfth day, three days off each. All the big sacrifices are a fake day. The festival was particularly grand. During the Song Dynasty, the entertainment industry was very popular and developed. The entertainment places in Washi are called Washe, that is, places for large-scale cultural performances, which are mostly located in crowded and bustling places, which are conducive to publicity and profit. The tile house is divided into many goulan (enclosed by railings and surrounded by curtains). There are more than 5 goulan in a large Vacherie, which can accommodate thousands of people. The programs performed in each Goulan are also different, such as rap (script), folk art, acrobatics (stepping rope and swallowing iron sword), puppet show, ventriloquism, sumo wrestling, monkey playing and so on. Entertainment industry is everywhere, from official to local, from folk to military camp, everywhere. In front of the temple, the commander (commander of the capital garrison), Yang Hewang, set up a tile house in the military camp to attract a large number of folk artists and song and dance actors, and when he had nothing to do, he gave cultural performances to express his condolences to the army.

According to various historical records, there were more than 2 tile markets in Lin 'an City in the Southern Song Dynasty. Jishanfang Lane, Houjing Street and Wulong Lane were all famous places of entertainment at that time, among which Beiwa, which is located in the south of Zhonganqiao Bridge, was the largest. According to the Record of the Old Man's Numerous Victory in the West Lake, "only Beiwa is the largest, with 13 goulan blocks", performing zaju, acrobatics, sumo, puppet shows and storytelling respectively.

The early summer of Wazi is a manifestation of economic prosperity. The existence of Wazi adds vitality to the city. In the song entertainment industry, mass entertainment is extremely developed, especially in words. In Song Dynasty, poetry was pure literature. Ci is a vulgar art, which belongs to the vulgar music and decadent sound, and is of the same nature as today's popular saliva songs. The most famous ci writers at that time was not Su Dongpo, but Liu Sanbian. He wrote lyrics on orders, but wherever there is well water, there must be Liu Yong's lyrics. Ci also has professional singers, that is, geisha, who are the earliest pop musicians. Singing a little song in Nai De Weng's "Ji Sheng of the Capital" says: "Singing a little song means singing a slow song and a broken song on the board, and it is a big rate to start again and kill lightly, so it is said that singing is shallow and low." This kind of singing is usually performed by a singer with clappers, and some of them are accompanied by some simple instruments such as cymbals, pipa, Xiao, Sheng and Fang Xiang. Singers are male and female, but mainly women, and Song people sing with women as their true colors.

"Little Singing" is the most common singing form in the Song Dynasty, and it is used from the commercial performances in Goulan Wahe, the royal court banquets, the official banquets, the literati banquet, and even the scholar's family banquets. Volume 5 of Dream of China in Tokyo records that Jingwa's geisha skills include "singing Li Shishi, Xu Poxi, Feng Yinu, Sun Sansi, etc.", all of which are famous geisha who are good at singing.

"Little Singing", a form of lyrics, is very popular with the audience. It occupies an important position in Goulan's performance and its commercial nature is also very distinct. When Yuan Meng recorded that Huizong worshiped Ning (112-116) and Daguan (117-111) in the Northern Song Dynasty, "Yuan sang disciples Zhang Qiqi, Jing Wang Nu, Zuo Xiaosi, An Niang, Mao Tuan, etc." were active in Bianjing Wasi. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, "singing" has become a very important mass entertainment activity in Wasi Goulan and the upper class, together with zaju, talking and other geisha.

As for the so-called "pure singing", Cheng Dachang, a Southern Song Dynasty man, said in Volume 9 of "Performing Numerous Exposures": All songs in this world are more lewd than those of Zheng and Wei, and those who add extensive singing to the old sound are called pure singing. As for the singing characteristics of "pure singing", Nai De-Weng once recorded in the article of "Jisheng in the Capital" and "Washe Gongji" that "pure singing" means singing the melody words on the drum surface, driving the empty voice, fiddling with the palace tune, and calling the fruit to sing and play songs as one. On the one hand, "Piao Singing" is accompanied by drums and other musical instruments, which makes it very lively. On the other hand, "Piao Singing" is also "driving the empty voice and playing the palace tune" (that is, adding "pan-gorgeous"), which makes it seem to be indulgent. When vocal music is combined, it naturally gives people a sense of "lewdness", but it is close to the public. Zaju Zaju is a literary style developed on the basis of Zhugong Tune in Song and Jin Dynasties, and it is an artistic form that combines songs, guest songs and dances.

"Zaju" in Song Dynasty gradually became the proper name of a new performance form; This new form can really be called "miscellaneous", including singing and dancing, music, teasing and acrobatics. It is divided into three parts: the first part is called "Yan Duan", and the performance content is familiar things in daily life, which is the introduction of the formal part; The second paragraph is the main part, probably performing stories, rapping or dancing; The third paragraph is called Sanduan, which is also called juggling, juggling, and technical harmony. It is funny, teasing, or acrobatics occasionally. Representative figures include Zhang Cuigai, Zhang Cheng's disciple, Xue Zida, Xue Zixiao, Qiao Zhier, Yang Zongxi and Zhou Shounu. A drama in which puppets are used to perform stories. During the performance, the actor manipulated the puppet behind the scenes and sang with music. According to the different shapes and manipulation techniques of puppets, there are bag puppets, marionettes, rod-headed puppets, wire puppets and so on. Puppet show is a theatrical form in which actors manipulate wooden dolls behind the scenes to perform. In ancient China, it was also called puppet show. Chinese puppet shows have a long history. In the Three Kingdoms period, there were puppets who could perform acrobatics, and in the Sui Dynasty, puppets began to perform stories.

"Tokyo Dream of China" has already contained such names as "staff head puppet, hanging silk puppet, medicine hair puppet". Dream of Liang Lu: "Every puppet, acting like smoke powder, ghosts, fighters, case-solving, and history books, tells stories, or tells history, or makes zaju, or is like cliff words. Such as hanging puppet, it started from the story of Chen Ping's six wonders of clearance. Today, there are gold thread doctor Lu and Chen Zhong Xi, etc., which makes it as true as ever, especially those who take the line concurrently. There are even more staff-headed puppets, especially Liu Xiao's archer, Guo Qi, and his water puppets, including Yao Yuxian, Sai Bao Ge, Wang Ji, Jin Shihao, etc., make a hundred mourning. There are hundreds of plays in the water, and the trend of going back and forth, the scale dances away, the fish dragon turns into the truth, and the art is like a god. "Shadow play, also known as" shadow lamp play ". The drama, in which characters are cut with paper or leather, and the lights are reflected on the curtain, is a beautiful folk opera art in the East. China is known as the "hometown of shadow plays", which originated in the Tang and Five Dynasties and flourished in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and has a history of more than 1, years. Song Gaocheng's "Jiyuan Game Play Shadow Play": "Little Weng night curtains, lights and candles. The emperor sat in his tent and saw it from the curtain, as if it were like a lady, so he couldn't cover it. Therefore, there are movies in the world. " Song Guan Pu Nai De Weng's "The Capital Jisheng Washe's Many Performers": "Every shadow play is carved with plain paper at first, and then covered with color." Qing Fucha Dunchong's "The Year of Yanjing: Closing the Taiwan": "The movie takes pictures with lights, and the sadness is abnormal. When the old woman listens, she can cry." Lu Xun's Collection, Supplement, Bookstore Folding Branches: "I suspect that the current operas, action attitudes and painted faces are related to ancient shadow lamp plays." Tourism "Mileage Map to Beijing", available in Post Road Store, is cheap and childlike. This appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty, which is similar to today's guide map. The picture shows the inns, restaurants and toilets in the scenic spot, which greatly facilitates people to travel. Tourism in Song Dynasty also had a certain scale, and major cities often held "tourism festivals" to attract tourists, such as the Chrysanthemum Festival in Kaifeng and the Peony Festival in Luoyang. Luoyang Peony Flower Festival is more lively than Chinese New Year. All the residents in the city, from dignitaries to peddlers, arrange flowers. This festival lasts until the flowers fade. Pornography was unprecedentedly developed in Song Dynasty. Youfang Alley, Yan Guan Ge Lou, to name a few. Originally a cabaret, musicians engaged in cabaret music have no status and gradually become sex workers. In the Song Dynasty, there were many famous prostitutes: Liu E, Zhen Jinlian, Xie Yuying, Qin Cao, lianli Nu, Chao Yun, Yu Wenrou Niang, Lao Guiying, Su Xiaoqing, Yan Xijiao, Xie Suqiu, Li Shishi, Hua Xiangrong, Xin heptachord, Liang Hongyu, Tan Yige and Yan Rui.

There are nearly 1, romantic workshops in Bianliang, Tokyo, which have become a major tax pillar industry. Not only female prostitutes, but also male prostitutes. Many down-and-out children are unwilling to make progress and are willing to sell meat. This special romantic workshop is called "bee nest". During the reign of Song Huizong Zhenghe, the official issued a notice forbidding, "A man is a prostitute, with a staff of 1, and the accuser will be rewarded with 5 yuan (24,62 yuan RMB)." Female prostitutes can't be banned, let alone men? So the decree gradually lost its effect. During the Southern Song Dynasty, this trend was even worse, and the area outside the new gate of Lin 'an was a famous male prostitute area. Ci writers, a famous Southern Song Dynasty, exclaimed carefully: "It is nothing more than corrupting customs!" Mutton is the main meat in the northern dynasties.

Steamed bread, steamed buns and cakes are the staple foods of northerners. Although southern food and Sichuan food are popular in Bianjing, they have not affected the dominant position of northern food. There are many northern food shops in Bianjing, such as Xujiahu Soup Shop, Majiagou Soup Shop, Shijia Soup Shop and Qiaotou Jiajiahu Soup Shop, all of which mainly sell soup. According to the Records of Dream in Tokyo, there are head soup, stone marrow soup, stone belly soup and so on. Steamed bread includes "the first in Beijing" Wanjia Steamed Bread and Sun Haoshou Steamed Bread, steamed buns include steamed buns shops such as Plum Blossom Steamed Bread in Wanglou Mountain Cave and Lujia Steamed Bread, and steamed buns with bamboo shoots and ferns, grouted steamed buns, thin-skinned spring cocoon steamed buns, shrimp steamed buns, oil cakes with meat, sugar steamed buns and Imperial College steamed buns. In addition, there are oil cake shops and Hu cake shops, which are large in scale and very specialized in production. "Dream of Tokyo" Volume 4 "Cake Shop" says: Where there are cake shops, there are oil cake shops and Hu cake shops. if