Huizhou dialect, also known as Hui dialect, is a new Chinese dialect in Atlas of Chinese Language, and some scholars tend to classify Hui dialect into Wu dialect. Huizhou dialect is a Wu dialect in a broad sense, which belongs to the Huiyan film of Wu dialect.
it is the old Huizhou prefecture (including Tunxi district, Xiuning county, yi county, Qimen county, Shexian county, Huizhou district, huangshan district (limited to Tangkou town, Tanjiaqiao town in the south), Jixi county and Wuyuan county in the south of Xin 'anjiang river basin), and the old Yanzhou prefecture in the northwest of Zhejiang province (including Chun 'an, Sui 'an, Jiande in the present). Hui language is spoken in Shexian, Jixi, Jingde, Tunxi, Xiuning, yi county, Qimen, Ningguo (limited to Hong Men Township in the south), East (limited to Langmuta in the southeast), Shitai (limited to a large area) and other cities and counties.
classification of emblem language
Ji-she dialect (Shexian dialect, Jixi dialect, etc.)
Jing-Zhan dialect (Jingde Xixiang dialect, Zhanda dialect, etc.)
Xiu-Yi dialect (Tunxi dialect, Xiuning dialect, yi county dialect, etc.)
Qiwu dialect. And Huizhou dialect with floating beam and Dexing)
Huizhou dialect (Huizhou dialect of the former Yanzhou prefecture in Zhejiang province, including Jiande dialect, Chun 'an dialect, Sui 'an dialect, etc.)
Huizhou dialect features
Huizhou dialect retains many grammatical rules and pronunciations of ancient Chinese. It is characterized by softness, relief and cadence. Since ancient times, because Huizhou is located in the mountainous area, the communication between people in various districts and counties is limited, and the pronunciation cannot be unified. The pronunciation of Huizhou language in southern Anhui is very different. Even in a county, people often can't communicate normally in their own emblem language.
Huizhou dialect has some connections with Wu dialect, while the dialects of counties in Huizhou are different from each other. Ming Jiajing's "Huizhou Fuzhi" contains: "The languages of six cities can't be connected, and their dialects are similar unless they are Wu people." Huizhou's topography is dominated by hills and mountains, which is an extremely important factor that causes the "isolated mountain" dialect. In addition, Huizhou is located in the border of Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, and various dialects are easy to penetrate, especially the frequent exchanges between Huizhou merchants, which has brought complex influences to the formation of Huizhou dialects. But after all, Huizhou dialect is a single system of dialect as a whole, and it has its own laws and similarities in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Phonetically, most of them have sharp sounds; Nasal consonant G, interacting with K and X, is the standard root sound of the tongue; There is no "day [z]" mother but "[n]" mother; N rhyme is serious, such as "cat" pronounced as "people" in Xiuning dialect; Qimen dialect "cat" is pronounced "cotton"; The word "cat" in yi county dialect is pronounced as "destiny", which is similar to the word "er" in Putonghua in nature and function, but the difference is the non-rolling tongue sound; Huizhou dialect has an entering tone, except for Xiuning dialect, which is similar to Wu dialect's throat, but it is not a real throat. There are many unique dialect words in Huizhou dialect, but there are differences among counties and sources. Some words still use the ancient meaning, such as "first" or "Mr."; "All kinds" are "short and messy beards"; "Nature" means "lucky" and so on. Huizhou dialect has some unique morphemes with grammatical functions, among which "Ren" and "Da Jia" are plural. Some of them have a structural combination, indicating people in a certain aspect, such as "両". Some indicate affiliation, such as "ge". Some unique verbs have many meanings, but they are not ambiguous in sentences. For example, the word "emperor" has the meanings of "to", "to", "to be" and "to be", and how to use it in the sentence is clear at a glance. To indicate action repetition, in addition to adding the adverb "zai" as an adverbial before the predicate, sometimes adding "Tian" at the end of the sentence, such as "eat another bowl of Tian".
historically, Huizhou was under the jurisdiction of six counties. Huizhou dialect actually refers to Shexian dialect, Jixi dialect, Xiuning dialect, yi county dialect, Qimen dialect and Wuyuan dialect. As for Jingde County, Taiping County and shitai county, which were placed in Huizhou area after liberation, most of their languages belong to Jiangguan dialect, and they are generally not included in Huizhou dialect. Shexian county has long been governed by states and counties, governing Xiuning, Jixi and other places, so the so-called Huizhou dialect should be represented by Shexian dialect. However, during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, coastal areas and foreigners moved into Tunxi in succession, so the population of Tunxi surged, and it was once called "little shanghai". After liberation, Tunxi has long been the location of the region, and Tunxi dialect can also be the representative of Huizhou dialect to some extent. Nuo Opera (Pinyin: nuó xì), also known as Nuo Dance, is a popular traditional dance in the Yangtze River valley in China. Dancers wear various simple and exaggerated masks with distinctive witchcraft colors. It was originally a ceremony of praying and praying. It is recorded in the Analects of Confucius, The Encyclopedia of Ancient and Modern Events, and The Etiquette of the Later Han Dynasty. On May 2th, 26, Nuo Dance was approved by the State Council and included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
Huizhou is one of the regions with rich Nuo culture. Since the Han Dynasty, there have been names of "Fang Xiang Dance" and "Twelve Gods Dance", especially Wuyuan Nuo Dance and Qimen Nuo Dance.
Wuyuan Nuo dance, commonly known as "ghost dance" or "dancing ghosts", has a long history, numerous programs and unique style. It is a living fossil of the study of ancient dance art history in China, which has attracted the attention of experts and scholars at home and abroad. Nuo dance is quite popular in Qingyuan Village, Shenxiang Town, Qiukou Township and Likeng Village.
There are forty or fifty kinds of Nuo dancing faces, which are generally wood carvings, with vivid faces, loyalty, treachery, ignorance, joys and sorrows. There are dozens of traditional programs of Nuo dance, such as Creation of the Earth, Liu Hai Playing with Golden Toad, Catching lice with Two Monkeys, Shooting the Sun in Houyi, Zhang Fei Sacrificing a Gun, Drunk Judge, Monkey King Descending Mouse Essence, etc. The dance movements are rough and simple. There are more than 1 Nuo dance programs and more than 2 Nuo dances in Wuyuan. At present, there are 19 actors and more than 3 masks in the exorcism class in Changjing Village, Qiukou Town, including 4 original woodcarving masks, which can perform 24 programs. The performance is very simple, rough, exaggerated and concise. For example, in "Creation of the Earth", the dancers hung Pangu's mask on their heads, held big axes and chopped on all sides, showing the heroic spirit of Pangu, who created Gankun. "Drunk Judge" shows the drunken state of the judge and the kid playing and fighting, with distinctive characters and interesting life. Dancing Flowers is a large-scale dance drama, which shows the historical story of Qin Ershi and Hu Hai usurping the throne. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the painters in Huizhou area and the main Huizhou painters who lived in other places at that time made good use of pen and ink to describe their hometown and express their feelings through scenery. In painting theory, they advocated the painter's personality and integrity factors, and their painting style tended to be bleak and cold, with a distinctive scholar's yi pin style, which made them shine in China painting circles in the 17th century. Because these painters have the same geographical relationship, life belief and painting style, they are called "Xin 'an Painting School".
The Xin 'an Painting School has many members and strong strength. There are nearly 8 people with considerable painting skills, among whom about 2 people are outstanding, which are divided into four levels: pioneers Cheng Jiasui, Li Yongchang and Li Liufang; Jian Jiang, the leader of the painting school; In its heyday, the main members were Yu, Wang Jisu, Wu Shantao, Cheng Sui, Wang Jiazhen, Dai Benxiao, Long Wu, Shun Tiansheng, Cheng Zhengqi, Zheng Lian, Wang Zhirui, Sun Yi, Cha Shibiao, Wang Hongdu and Xuezhuang. Modern successor Huang Binhong. It is a printmaking school that rose in Huizhou in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Huizhou prints originated from engraving books, which started in the Southern Song Dynasty, flourished in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and gradually declined in the early Qing Dynasty. Huizhou prints flourished in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, and Huizhou prints flourished from Wanli to Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty. From its rise, heyday, innovation and dissemination, it gradually formed a complete Huizhou printmaking system.
193s to 198s were the preparation period for the birth and development of "New Huizhou Printmaking". These leading figures were Lai Shaoqi, Zheng Zhen and Shi Songling. After the mid-198s, the creation of Anhui New Huizhou Prints entered a pluralistic period, and a group of young printmakers emerged, among which a new generation of printmakers, represented by Zhang Guolin, marched forward along the road of "New Huizhou School" initiated by the older generation of printmakers. Laba: The eighth day of the twelfth lunar month is Laba Festival, hence the name "twelfth lunar month". As soon as the "Laba" is over and the Spring Festival is approaching, every household should clean the house dust from the day of Laba. On the same day, we will eat Laba porridge. After Laba, every family will start to slaughter Nian pigs, and invite each other to eat pig-killing wine, wrap glutinous rice dumplings, make rice preserves, fry oil tofu, stir-fry peanuts and broad beans, and make sesame sugar and frozen rice sugar. It is also necessary for people to arrange their wedding activities on this day, so there is a folk saying: "Laba Laba is a good day, and how many older women change into older women?"
Lunar New Year's Eve: December 24th of the lunar calendar, commonly known as "Lunar New Year's Eve". Late the night before, every household offered a sacrifice to the kitchen stove, which was commonly known as "sending the kitchen stove". Pray for the Kitchen God to speak well in front of the Jade Emperor and bless the safety of a family. On this day of off-year, ancestral paintings are hung in front of every family hall, which record the names of ancestors in previous dynasties or draw portraits of ancestors. Set up a candlestick incense table, buy a tribute, and pick up the ancestors to come home for the New Year. From this day on, every household cleaned furniture, dismantled and washed bedding, swept away dust and greeted the New Year cleanly.
February 2nd: February 2nd of the lunar calendar is the birthday of the earth god, and Huizhou in ancient times was called "the dragon looks up". It's probably because in midsummer, there is more rain and thunder can be heard, so there is this saying. In rural areas, farmers are forbidden to go to the fields on this day, and women are forbidden to spend the day with needlework. It's the custom in Jixi County to cook dumplings wrapped with a liter of glutinous rice on this day to worship the land god. February 2 is also the birthday of Baihua, so it is also called "Flower Festival". On this day, scholars decorate Baihua, hold Wenchang Fair and compete for poems.
Chongyang Temple Fair: a traditional temple fair in Linxi Town, a suburb of Jixi. It is held for 3 days before and after, and the ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the day. Good men and women from four townships and eight towns came in droves to worship the Bodhisattva King of Zhou and set up a stage to sing opera. From sunset to sunrise, they stayed up all night, which was really lively. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the temple fair became an authentic trade fair for agricultural and sideline products and handicrafts. In the old days of Huizhou, various production industries, such as farming, doing business and doing business, all had their own rules and customs. In rural areas, the "five grain gods" should be sacrificed to pray for the prosperity of crops; Drought often promotes "seeking rain", vegetarian fasting, and doing Dojo to worship the dragon goddess bodhisattva; When the cattle are transferred, the buyer mainly replaces the old cow rope with the cow rope, which is called "breaking the rope", which means that neither the buyer nor the seller can go back on their word. When bricklayers build houses, they should slaughter cocks and pour chicken blood on the door, which is called "offering sacrifices to the door gods", and read the words "chicken blood pours on the east to congratulate the owner on adding children and grandchildren; Chicken blood drenched to the west, congratulations to the owner for adding more. " Everyone echoes each other for good luck. Woodworking worships "Master Lu Ban", and it is most taboo for someone to sit on his tool stool in the morning, which means sitting on the bench, that is, there is no business to do. Shops set up a "God of Wealth" to worship the "Grand Marshal" all the year round, in order to prosper business, make money and make a fortune.
Receiving the God of Wealth: Huizhou takes the fifth day of the fifth lunar month as the God of Wealth Day, and businessmen often receive the God of Wealth on this day.
Opening Ceremony: On the opening day of the new store in Huizhou, we should wear red knots, hang gold-lettered signboards, set off firecrackers, and some even play music to celebrate. Marriage in Huizhou: In the old days, marriage in Huizhou followed the orders of parents and the words of matchmakers. Generally, there are nine procedures: matchmaking, hiring, inviting a date, moving to a wedding, opening a face, welcoming a relative, visiting a bride, making trouble in the bridal chamber, and returning to the door. Matchmakers are generally older women, called "matchmakers". The employment is commonly known as "sending a burden", and the woman returns the gift on the same day after receiving the gift, and the marriage is fixed. After the engagement, the man chooses the date of marriage and informs the woman, which is called "invitation". Please move and get married later. On the wedding day, my aunt or aunt twisted the hairs on the bride's forehead with two silk threads, which is called "opening face", also known as "Lamian Noodles". Then there are wedding ceremonies, meeting the bride, and making trouble in the bridal chamber. On the third day after the marriage, Xin Lan accompanied the bride to visit her parents, which was called "returning to the door". This is "the Ming media is married." There are other special forms of marriage, such as child marriage, concubinage, bride-snatching, adoption by adoption, wedding before marriage. After 195s, the arranged marriage of parents was gradually replaced by free love, and the marriage was simple. After the 198 s, some took the form of tourism knots and group weddings.
Shangjiu Temple Fair: The ninth day of the first lunar month is the martyrdom day of Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan, the martyrs of the Tang Dynasty, and the temple fair is held every year in Yansi Town, Huizhou District, commonly known as "Shangjiu Fair". The session lasts for three days, starting from the eighth day and ending on the tenth day. During the temple fair, activities of visiting and offering sacrifices to the gods were held, and operas were staged. Vendors from all over the country also came to catch the meeting and set up stalls. Various agricultural and sideline products, farm tools and daily necessities were available. Now, the "Shanghai Ninth Meeting" has lost its original significance of commemorating Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan, canceled the activity of wandering the gods and became an annual material exchange meeting.
hydrangea throwing: a folk tourism activity held in Xidi Village, yi county. The village's Qing Dynasty residence "Dafudi", on the street side, hangs out a small and exquisite, simple and elegant "embroidered building". This is the original owner, Dr. Hu Wenzhao of Chaolie, who gave his wife and ladies a rest and sightseeing. Nowadays, people regard it as an embroidered building for throwing colored balls, which makes it interesting.
Mulian Opera: an ancient drama in Huizhou, which spreads all over Huangshan City and neighboring counties, especially in Qimen and Shitai. The play <: Mulian saves the mother and persuades the good > , compiled by Zheng Zhizhen, a native of Qimen in the Ming Dynasty, is divided into three volumes (1% off). The story is mainly about Liu Qingti, the wife of Fu Xiang, who was blasphemous and was sent to hell. His son Fu Luobu was eager to save his mother, traversed the Ten Halls of Hell, and finally reunited with his mother. In the old days, in the year of the leap month in the summer calendar, Huizhou folk often performed this play in order to exorcise evil spirits and avoid disasters. Lifting the pavilion is a kind of folk entertainment popular in Xiuning and Tunxi, also known as "lifting the horn". The pavilion is divided into three floors: upper, middle and lower. Handsome children are dressed up as a drama story and placed on the three-floor pavilion. The chassis is carried by four to eight bruisers. Around the pavilion, lanterns such as Jackie Chan, Phoenix, Crane, Xiangyun and Shuihua are tied with paper. During the parade, candles are lit in the lanterns, reflecting the brightly dressed children. From a distance, it looks like a fairy.
Luohan: a folk entertainment popular in Yecun, Shexian County. During the performance, the actor wore red pants, his upper body was shirtless and his face was painted with facial makeup. The actors are all male, and their performances are simple and rough. Before the performance, an altar ceremony will be held to burn paper and incense, and Lohan will sweep the hall, and then the actors will take the stage or perform in the square one after another. Actors don't talk or sing. Under the simple rhythm of drumming, they perform the boy's worship of Guanyin, the oblique flag, the fairy bridge, the stone monkey coming out of the mountain, the six-column archway, the cool water pavilion, the water curtain cave and the golden toad in the bangs play.
Battle drum: a folk dance popular in the five cities of Xiuning, Yucun and Liyang of Tunxi, also known as "Victory Drum". Legend has it that Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan, the generals of the Tang Dynasty, beat drums to celebrate their victory against the rebels in Anlu Chongshan. This dance is performed by dozens of people. Drummers dress up as warriors, short and tight-fitting, with red crosses, battle drums (flat round leather drums) around their necks, short and thick drumsticks in their right hands, and healthy bells in their left hands, which make a crisp sound as they March. There are a pair of red lanterns in front of the queue. One person holds a banner and writes the words "Victory Drum", followed by a team of centipede flags.
Zhong Kui dancing: a folk dance, also known as "Zhong Kui dancing", is popular in Yansi Town, Huizhou District and Zhujia Village, Shexian County. It is said that this custom has existed in Wanli period. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, these areas have to "play Zhong Kui" with puppets on their shoulders. Later, people played Zhong Kui and paraded around the village. In Qitian Village, Zhengcun Town, Shexian County, this activity is held every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, which is really lively.