1. Ancient Chinese translation of Han Yu's "Reading"

Confucianism ridiculed Mohism's ideas of advocating unity, universal love, respecting the virtuous, and recognizing the existence of ghosts and gods. However, Confucius criticized officials. I am in awe and will not speak ill of the officials of any country. (Confucius) satirized the authoritarian ministers in "Spring and Autumn". Isn't this "shangtong"? Confucius cared for everyone and personally practiced the concept of benevolence and righteousness, and used extensive charity to help everyone and became a sage. Isn't this "universal love"? Confucius valued virtuous people and praised his disciples in four subjects: virtue, speech, political affairs, and literature. He felt ashamed that people died but their reputations were not improved. Isn't this not "valuing the virtuous"? Confucius advocated that when offering sacrifices to ancestors, one should treat them with respect as if they were right in front of them. He satirized those who offered sacrifices in a hypocritical manner and said, "I will enjoy the benefits given by my ancestors when I offer sacrifices." Doesn't this prove the existence of ghosts and gods? Confucianism and Mohism both praised Emperors Yao and Shun, and opposed Xia Jie and Shang Zhou. They both focused on self-cultivation and a correct mentality to govern the world. Why do they disagree like (now)? I think the differences arise from the students of later generations, (the purpose of which is) to promote their usual doctrines to others, not the original intention of the two teachers' thoughts. Confucius must learn from Mozi's thoughts, and Mozi must learn from Confucius's thoughts. Without learning from each other, it is not enough to form their own thoughts.

Note: Shangtong, Shangxian, Universal Love, and Minggui are all Mozi’s thoughts 2. Translation of Mozi’s Classical Chinese Translation of Shouyi

Original text:

Gongshu Pan is a tool for Chu to build a ladder. If it is completed, it will be used to attack Song. When Zimozi heard about it, he started from Qi and traveled ten days and ten nights to Ying, where he saw the public loser. The public loser said: "Master, what is your order?" Zimozi said: "There are insults in the north, and I would like to borrow my son to kill them." The public loser was not happy. Zimozi said: "Please offer me ten pieces of gold." Gongshu Pan said: "I firmly believe that I will not kill people." Zimozi stood up, bowed again and said: "Please tell me. I heard from the north that Zi is a ladder, and I will attack Song Dynasty. What is the crime of Song Dynasty? Jing State has more than enough land but not enough people. To fight for all the surplus is not wise. To attack the Song Dynasty without fighting is not to be called benevolence. . If you fail to win, you cannot be called strong. If you do not kill the few but kill the many, you cannot be called a loser. Zimozi said: "Of course, why don't you see me as the king?" The public loser said: "No, I have already said that I am the king." Zimozi said: "Why don't you see me as the king?" The public loser said: "No."

Zimozi saw the king and said: "There is someone here today who has given up his elegant mansion, because his neighbor has a poor carriage, and he wants to steal it; he has given up his brocade, and his neighbor has a short brown one, and he wants to steal it; There is chaff in the neighborhood, so why do you want to steal it? "The king said: "There must be someone stealing it." Zi Mozi said: "The land of Jing is five thousand miles away, the land of Song. "It's five hundred miles away," this is like what Wenxuan said to me. There are clouds in the bushes, rhinoceros, elk, and deer are all over them. The fish, turtles, turtles, and turtles in Jianghan are the richest people in the world. In the Song Dynasty, there are no pheasants, rabbits, and foxes. This is like it. Liang meat is the same as chaff; Jing has long pine, wenzi, lin, zhi, Yuzhang, long wood in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, this is the same as brocade and short brown. I used the king's attack on the Song Dynasty for the same purpose. When I saw the king's attack, I would definitely hurt my righteousness and could not do it. The king said: "How good!" Although the public loser is a ladder for me, I will definitely win the Song Dynasty. ”

Then when he saw Gongshu Pan, Zimozi untied the belt into a city and used the ultimatum as a weapon. Gongshu Panjiu set up opportunities to attack the city, and Zimozi took nine steps away from it. Gongshupan was nine times away. Pan's attack weapons were exhausted, and Zi Mozi had enough to defend the siege. Gongshu Panzhu said, "I know why I'm away from you, but I don't say anything." "Zimozi also said: "I know the reason why my son is far away from me, but I don't say anything. "The king of Chu asked him the reason, and Zi Mozi said: "The public's intention of losing the son is just that he wants to kill his ministers. Killing ministers, Song Dynasty can't defend, but can attack. Qin Huali, a disciple of Ranchen, and three hundred people were waiting for the Chu invaders on the Song city with the weapons of the minister. Even if you kill the minister, you can't kill him. The king of Chu said: "How good!" I ask you not to attack the Song Dynasty. "

When Zimozi returned and passed through the Song Dynasty, the rain from the sky protected his house, and those who guarded the house did not stay inside. Therefore, he said: "Those who rule by gods will not know their merits, and they will fight against those who are enlightened. Everyone knows it. ”

Translation:

Gongshu Pan made an instrument like a ladder for the Chu State. After it was built, he would use it to attack the Song State. Mozi heard about it and set off from the Qi State. After walking for ten days and nights, he arrived at Ying, the capital of Chu State, where he met Gongshu Pan and said, "What are your instructions to me?" Mozi said: "There is a man in the north who bullies me. I would like to help you kill him." "Gongshu Pan was not happy. Mozi said: "I am willing to give you ten pieces of gold. Gongshu Pan said: "I uphold justice and will never kill anyone." Mozi stood up, bowed to Gongshu Pan again, and said, "Please tell me this righteousness." I heard in the north that you built a ladder and will use it to attack the Song Dynasty. What crime did the Song Dynasty commit? Chu State had extra land but insufficient population. Now, sacrificing the insufficient population and plundering the surplus land cannot be regarded as wisdom. Attacking the Song State without committing any crime cannot be said to be benevolent. Knowing this and not arguing cannot be called loyalty. Arguing without results cannot be considered strong. If you pursue righteousness and do not kill one person, but kill many people, you cannot be said to be a wise person. "Gongshu Pan was convinced by his words. Mozi asked him again: "Then, why don't you cancel the attack on Song Dynasty? "Gongshu Pan said: "No. I have already told the King of Chu. Mozi said, "Why don't you introduce me to the King of Chu?" "Gongshu Pan said: "Okay.

"

Mozi met the King of Chu and said: "Now there is a man here who abandons his gorgeous silk fabrics. His neighbor has a short coat of coarse cloth, but he plans to steal it; he abandons his delicious food, and his neighbor There is only chaff, but I plan to steal it. What kind of person is this? The king of Chu replied: "This man must be suffering from theft disease." Mozi said: "The area of ??Chu State has a radius of five thousand miles; the area of ??Song State has a radius of five hundred miles. This is like comparing a float with a broken one." The Chu State has Yunchu Daze, which is full of rhinoceros, Si, and elk. The fish, turtles, turtles, and turtles in the Yangtze River and Han River are the richest in the world. However, the Song State does not even have pheasants, rabbits, and foxes. This is like delicacies and delicacies. Compared with chaff. Chu State has giant pine, catalpa, nan, camphor and other valuable timber; Song State does not even have a big tree, which is like gorgeous silk fabrics compared with coarse cloth short clothes. From these three aspects, I think Chu State's attack The Song Dynasty is the same type as people with theft disease. I think your Majesty, if you do this, you will definitely harm morality, but you cannot occupy the Song Dynasty. King Chu said: "Okay!" Even so, Gongshu Pan has built a ladder for me, and I must conquer the Song Dynasty. ”

So he called Gongshu Pan to meet again. Mozi took off his belt and surrounded it like a city, using small pieces of wood as defensive tools. Gongshu Pan nine times displayed ingenious and changeable tactics for attacking the city. Mozi resisted his attack nine times. The weapons used in Gongshupan's attack were exhausted. Mozi's defensive tactics were frustrated, but he said: "I know how to deal with you. But I won't tell. "The king of Chu asked the reason, and Mozi replied: "Gongshu Pan only means to kill me. Kill me and Song will have no one to defend, so it can attack. However, my disciple Qin Huali and two hundred people were already waiting for the Chu invading army in the capital of Song, holding the weapons I used to defend the emperor. Even if you kill me, the defenders cannot be killed. King Chu said: "Okay!" I will not attack Song State anymore. "

Mozi returned from Chu and passed through Song. It was raining. He went to Lumen to take shelter from the rain, but the people guarding Lumen did not accept him. So he said: "Those who use magical machines , everyone does not know his merits; but the person who keeps arguing in the open, everyone knows about him. ” 3. Lesson 17 Gongshu "Mozi" Classical Chinese Translation

Gongshu Pan is a weapon for Chu to build a ladder. Once it is completed, it will attack the Song Dynasty.

Zi Mozi heard about it and started from Qi, after traveling for ten days and ten nights, we arrived at Ying. When we saw Gongshu Pan, he said, "Master, what is your order?" Zimozi said: "There are insults in the north, and I would like to borrow my son to kill them." "

Don't talk about the public loser. Zimozi said: "Please offer ten gold. "

Gongshu Pan said: "I firmly believe that I will not kill anyone. Zimozi got up, bowed again and said, "Please tell me."

I heard from the north that I would use the ladder as a ladder to attack the Song Dynasty. What crime did Song Dynasty commit? The country of Jing has more than enough land, but not enough people. Killing what is not enough, but fighting for all the surplus cannot be called wisdom.

It cannot be called benevolent to attack the Song Dynasty without any guilt. Knowing but not fighting cannot be called loyalty.

It cannot be said that one is strong if one cannot win despite fighting. Righteousness is not to kill the few but to kill the many. This cannot be said to know the kind. "

Gongshu Pan surrendered. Zimozi said: "Of course, it's not enough (2)? "Gongshu Pan said: "No, I have already said that I am the king. "

Zimozi said: "Hu doesn't see me in the king? "Gongshu Pan said: "No. "Zimozi saw the king and said: "There is someone here today who has left his elegant pavilion (3). His neighbor has a poor carriage and wants to steal it; he has left his brocade and brocades nearby, and his neighbor has a short brown one and wants to steal it; he has left his beams behind. Meat, there is chaff next door, and I want to steal it.

Why is this like a human being? The king said: "It must be a stealing disease." Zimozi said: "The land of Jing is five thousand miles away, and the land of Song is five hundred miles away. This is like the land of Wenxuan and my father. There are clouds and dreams in Jingjing, rhinoceros and elk are full of them, and there are fish and turtles in Jianghan." Turtles and turtles are the richest people in the world. In the Song Dynasty, there were no pheasants, rabbits, and foxes. This is just like sorghum and chaff. There are long pine trees, wenzi, lindens, nanzi, and Yuzhang in the Jing Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, there were no long trees. This is just like the chaff. Splendid and short brown.

I attacked the Song Dynasty with three things, which was similar to this. When I see the king, I will definitely hurt my righteousness and cannot do it. "

The king said: "How good! Although the public loser is a ladder for me, I will definitely win the Song Dynasty. "So he saw Gongshu Pan.

Zimozi took the belt as a city and used the ultimatum as a weapon. Gongshu Pan Jiu set up the opportunity to attack the city, and Zimozi was nine distances from it (4). The attack weapon of Gongshu Pan was After all, Zi Mozi had more than enough to guard the enclosure (5).

Gongshu Panzhi (6) said: "I know why I am away from you, but I don't say anything. "Zimozi also said: "I know the reason why my son is far away from me, but I don't say anything. "

When the King of Chu asked him the reason, Zi Mozi said: "The public's intention of losing his son was just that he wanted to kill his ministers. If he kills his ministers, no one in the Song Dynasty can defend them and can attack them. Qin Huali, a disciple of Ranchen, and three hundred others, holding the weapons of the minister, were waiting for the Chu invaders on the Song city.

Even if you kill the minister, you can't kill him. The king of Chu said: "How good!" I ask you not to attack the Song Dynasty. "

Zimozi returned and passed through the Song Dynasty. The rain from the sky protected his house, and those who guarded the house did not stay inside (7).

Therefore, it is said: "Those who govern are governed by gods. Everyone does not know his merits; if he strives for enlightenment, everyone will know it. "[Notes] (1) This article describes the story of Gongshu Pan making ladders and preparing to help Chu State attack Song State. Mozi got up from Qi State and went to Chu State to stop Gongshu Pan and the King of Chu prepared to attack Song State.

The full text vividly expresses Mozi's proposition of "universal love" and "non-aggression". From the story, we can also see Mozi's character, wit and courage in upholding justice tirelessly.

(2) The first "Hu" is a mistake of "Hu", Hu: He.

(3) Wenxuan: float. (4) Distance: pass "reject".

(5) Yu: Royal. (6) Yi: Qu.

(7) Inside: Tong "Na". [Vernacular] Gongshu Pan made an instrument like a ladder for the Chu State. After it was completed, he would use it to attack the Song State.

When Mozi heard about it, he got up from Qi and walked for ten days and nights before arriving at Ying, the capital of Chu, to meet Gong Shupan. Gongshu Pan said: "What will you tell me?" Mozi said: "There is a man in the north who bullies me. I would like to help you kill him."

Gongshu Pan was not happy. Mozi said: "I am willing to offer you ten pieces of gold."

Gongshu Pan said: "I uphold justice and will never kill anyone." Mozi stood up and bowed to Gongshu Pan again. , said: "Please tell me this meaning.

I heard in the north that you built a ladder and will use it to attack the Song Dynasty. What crime does the Song Dynasty have? The Chu country has extra land but a small population. It is not enough.

Now sacrificing the insufficient population and plundering the surplus land cannot be regarded as wisdom. Attacking the Song Dynasty without sin cannot be said to be benevolent.

Knowing this, not going. Arguing cannot be called loyalty. Arguing without results cannot be called strong.

If you pursue righteousness and kill many people instead of killing that person, you cannot be called a wise person. "Gongshu. I was convinced by his words.

Mozi asked him again: "Then, why don't you cancel the attack on Song?" Gongshupan said: "No. I have already told the King of Chu."

Mozi said: "Why don't you introduce me to the King of Chu?" Gongshu Pan said: "Okay." Mozi met the King of Chu and said: "Now there is a man here who abandons his gorgeous silk fabrics. His neighbor has a coarse cloth. What kind of person is he who abandons his delicacies and wants to steal only the dregs of his neighbors?

What kind of person is this? Suffering from theft disease." Mozi said: "The area of ????Chu is five thousand miles in radius; the area of ????Song is five hundred miles in radius, which is like a float compared to a broken car.

Chu. The state-owned Yunmeng Daze is filled with rhinoceros, siwan, and elk. The fish, turtles, turtles, and turtles in the Yangtze River and Han River are the richest in the world. However, the Song State does not even have pheasants, rabbits, and foxes. This is like delicacies and delicacies. Compared with chaff. The Chu State has huge pine, catalpa, nan, camphor and other precious woods; the Song State does not even have a big tree, which is like comparing the gorgeous silk fabrics with the coarse cloth jackets.

From these three countries. Judging from the situation, I think that the Chu State's attack on the Song State is the same as that of a person with a theft disease. I think that if you do this, your Majesty, you will definitely harm your morality, but you cannot occupy the Song State."

< p> The King of Chu said: "Okay! Even so, Gongshu Pan has built a ladder for me, and I must conquer the Song Dynasty." So he called Gongshu Pan to meet again.

Mozi took off his belt and surrounded it like a city, using small pieces of wood as defensive equipment. Gongshu Pan deployed clever and versatile weapons for siege nine times, and Mozi resisted his attacks nine times.

The offensive equipment of Gongshu Pan was exhausted, but Mozi still had some defensive tactics. Gongshu Pan was frustrated, but said: "I know how to deal with you, but I won't tell you."

The King of Chu asked the reason. Mozi replied: "The meaning of Gongshu Pan is just to kill me.

If you kill me, Song will have no one to defend, and you can attack. However, my disciple Qin Huali and others Hundreds of people are already waiting for Chu's invading army in the Song capital. Even if they kill me, the defenders will not be able to kill them all. "King of Chu. Said: "Okay! I won't attack the Song Dynasty." 4. The short stories in classical Chinese in "Zhuangzi" and "Mozi" need to be accompanied by a translation. One article is enough

Wumazi called Zimozi Said: "The Master loves the world, which is not a benefit; I do not love the world, which is not a thief. None of the merits have been achieved, how can the Master be alone and not me?" Zimozi said: "Now there is a burning person here. "If one person brings water, it will be poured out; if one person mixes it with fire, it will benefit it. If the result is not achieved, why should I be more valuable than the other two people?" Wu Mazi said, "I am the person who mixes water with water, not the person who mixes fire with it." Zi Mozi said: "It is my will, not Zi's." Translation: Wumazi said to Mozi: "You love the world, it is of no use; I do not love the people of the world, There is no harm. It has no effect. How can you think that you are right and I am wrong?" Mozi said: "There is a fire. One person brings water to put it out; another person holds the fire. , to make it burn even more. Even if there are no consequences, which one of the two do you agree with more?" Wumazi said: "I agree with the wish of the person carrying the water, but deny the wish of the person holding the fire." Mr. Mozi said: "Now you should understand that my idea of ??loving the world is correct, and your intention of not loving the world is wrong." 5. The classical Chinese text "Mozi"

Mozi said: "In ancient times, when people did not know how to use palaces, they lived in mausoleums and caves, which moistened and harmed the people. Therefore, the sage kings used them as palaces. < /p>

For the method of the palace, it is said that the room is high enough to prevent moisture, the sides are high enough to protect against wind and cold, the top is high enough to receive snow, frost, rain and dew, and the palace walls are high enough to differentiate between men and women. This is the end of it (2). Anyone who spends money and labor without adding benefits is not doing it.

This is not what the people suffer from. They suffer because of the heavy work that is collected from the people.

Therefore, the sage king used it as a palace to facilitate life, not to entertain people; as a clothing and shoes to facilitate the body, not to ward off strange things. The truth is in the body and the people are taught, so that the people of the world can be governed and the wealth can be sufficient.

The current owner is a palace, which is different from this. He must make a lot of money to collect from the people, rob the people of their food and clothing, and use them as palaces, terraces and pavilions with curved views and green and yellow carvings.

The palace is like this, so there are Dharma images on the left and right. This means that the wealth is not enough to cope with the severe famine and to support the orphans and widows. The country is poor and the people are difficult to govern. If you want to implement the rule of the world, but hate the chaos, you should be a palace and must not be unruly.

In ancient times, people did not know how to wear clothes, and their belts were not light and warm in winter, and they were not light and cool in summer. The sage king thought that he was not in line with people's feelings, so he pretended to teach women, cure silk and linen, and make cloth and silk for the people's clothing.

For the method of clothing, in winter, practice wearing silk fabrics to make them light and warm; in summer, practice wearing silk fabrics to make them light and warm, and stop doing so. Therefore, it is enough for the saint to wear clothes that are suitable for his body and skin.

It is not to honor the eyes and ears but to look at the ignorant people. At that time, a strong chariot and a good horse do not know the value of it, and a carving and literary talent do not know the joy of it. Why? That's what it says.

The people have enough food and clothing to survive droughts, floods, and famine, so why not? The reason why he has the feeling of self-support and does not feel it externally is because his people are thrifty and easy to govern, and his monarch is easy to support with his financial management. If the treasury is full, it will be enough to wait otherwise; if the war is not stopped and the soldiers and the people are not working hard, it will be enough to conquer but not conquer.

Therefore, the deeds of an overlord can be carried out throughout the world. The present master is different from this in terms of clothing. He wears it lightly in the winter (5) and in the summer, both of which are already in place. He will make thick clothes to seize the people, rob the people of their food and clothing, and think that they are beautiful and elegant. Man's clothes are made of gold and used as hooks, and pearls and jade are used as pendants.

Women are good at writing and men are good at engraving, and they think they are dressed in clothes. This is not Yun Yixu's sentiment. Mere wealth and labor (6) are all considered useless. Viewed from this perspective, they are clothes, not the body, they are all for beauty. This is because the people are promiscuous and difficult to govern, and the king is extravagant and difficult to admonish. It is impossible to use a luxurious king to control the promiscuous and eccentric people, and if you want the country to be free from chaos.

You really want order in the world but hate chaos, so you must dress with integrity. In ancient times, when people did not know how to eat, vegetarian food was divided into places, so the sages made it and taught men to cultivate crops and trees to provide food for the people.

It is food, it is enough to increase Qi, replenish deficiency, strengthen the body and nourish the abdomen. Therefore, they use their money prudently, support themselves frugally, and make the people prosperous and the country well governed.

This is not the case today. The people are busy with their work, eating grass and grass, steaming and roasting fish and turtles. A big country has hundreds of utensils, and a small country has ten utensils. The front is ten feet long, and the eyes cannot see everything, and the hands cannot move it. The mouth cannot be tasted, it is frozen in winter, and decorated with ice in summer. (7) People are like this for food and drink, so the left and right are like it. This is because the rich and noble are luxurious, and the lonely and widowed are cold and discouraged. Although they want to be without disorder, they cannot get it. You really want the world to be in order but hate its chaos, so you must eat and drink with moderation.

When the people of ancient times did not know how to use boats and chariots, they had heavy responsibilities and could not travel long distances. Therefore, the sage king used boats and chariots to inconvenience the people. It is a boat or a chariot, which is solid and light, and can carry heavy tasks and long distances. It uses little money but makes a lot of profits, and it benefits the people.

Therefore the laws are carried out without haste, and the people are fulfilled without toil, so the people return to their duties. The current master, who is a boat and chariot, is different from this. He has all the solid, light and profitable things. He must make a lot of money and collect it from the people to decorate the boat and chariot.

Decorate the car with literary talent, and decorate the boat with carvings. Women abandon their weaving skills to cultivate literary talents, so the people are poor; men leave their work to cultivate crops and cultivate carving, so the people are hungry.

The king's boats and chariots are like this, so the left and right sides resemble them. This is because the people are hungry and cold, so it is treacherous. If there are many evildoers, the punishment will be severe, and if the punishment is severe, the country will be in chaos.

You really want the world to be governed but hate its chaos, so you must be disciplined in your boats and chariots. Everywhere between heaven and earth, encompassed by the four seas, the love of heaven and earth, the harmony of yin and yang, are all present, even though they are holy and cannot be changed.

How do you know this? A sage has said: Heaven and earth are called up and down; the four seasons are called yin and yang; human feelings are called men and women; animals are called male and female. The love between heaven and earth cannot be changed even though there are ancestors.

Although he was the most holy person in the world, he would keep his personal interests in mind and would not do harm, so the people would have no complaints. There are no women in the palace, so there are no widows in the world.

There are no married women at home and no widowed husbands outside, so the people of the world are free. Today's kings are keeping their own interests. A big country has thousands of women, and a small country has hundreds. Therefore, there are many men in the world without wives, many women without husbands, men and women have lost their time, and there are few people.

The king really wants the people to be numerous but hates the few, so he must keep his private interests in check. All these five things are what the sage is frugal about, and what the villain is like is licentiousness.

Frugality leads to prosperity, while immorality leads to ruin. These five cannot be ignored. The festival of husband and wife brings harmony to heaven and earth, the festival of wind and rain brings harmony to the grains, and the festival of clothes brings harmony to skin.

[Notes] (1) This article mainly criticizes the luxurious life of the rulers at that time through the comparison between ancient and modern times of palaces, clothes, food, boats, and private possessions. The main theme is basically the same as that of "Jie Yong".

The title of the article refers to the so-called "rejection of faults", which requires Shijun to correct his faults in these five aspects. (2) Sincerely: Tong "only".

(3) Servant: Be fooled with the words "Yi Chang". (4) Positive: Pass "Zheng".

(5) Xu: Same as "warm".

(6) Single: Tong "殚".

(7) Decoration: A wrong word for "馂". [Vernacular] Mozi said: "The people in ancient times did not know that when they built palaces, they lived close to mountains and tombs, and lived in caves. The underground was damp and harmed the people, so the sage kings began to build palaces.

The people who built palaces The rule is: the foundation is high enough to avoid moisture, the sides are high enough to protect against wind and cold, the roof is high enough to protect against frost, snow, rain, and dew, and the palace walls are high enough to separate the inside and outside so that men and women are distinguished - that's all. It will not be done.

Distribute labor and repair the city as usual, and the people will not be harmed even though they work hard; collect taxes as usual, and the people will not be in hardship although they will spend money. The sufferings are not these, but the suffering of extortionate taxes from the people.

Therefore, the holy king began to create palaces just for the convenience of life, not for the pleasure of viewing; he began to create clothes and shoes, just for the convenience of the body, and It is not for the sake of strange costumes. Therefore, (the holy king) is frugal and teaches the people (by example), so that the people of the world can be governed and the wealth can be sufficient.

But the current kings build palaces in this way. Different: they must tax the people and rob them of their food and clothing to use for their business.