Qinling Mountains: China National Central Park

Qin was originally the name of a country and an era. More than 2,2 years ago, the Qin people all included a mountain in their own territory. By the Han Dynasty, people named the mountain Qin, which is the Qinling Mountains. Today, Shaanxi is called "Qin" for short, but like Qin State is not limited to Shaanxi, Qinling Mountain is not just the Nanshan Mountain in Shaanxi. For a long time, there have been at least three concepts of "Qinling": First, Xiaoqinling. Huashan Mountain extends eastward into Henan, and Tongguan and Hangu sections are called Xiaoqinling. The main body of Xiaoqinling lies in Lingbao, western Henan. Second, the Middle Qinling Mountains. That is, the "narrow Qinling" described in the "Qinling" entry in Ci Hai is a part of the "broad Qinling" in Shaanxi Province, and it is also the core and most wonderful part of the Qinling Mountains. Third, the Great Qinling Mountains. Starting from the Xiqing Mountain at the junction of Gansu and Qinghai, it rushes eastward, mountains connect mountains, and peaks overlap, all the way to Funiu Mountain in Henan. This is also the "generalized Qinling" described under the "Qinling" entry in Ci Hai. The Great Qinling Mountains is a huge mountain system, which is about 16 kilometers long from west to east and 1-2 kilometers wide from south to north. Can be described as "joins a thousand mountains to the corner of the sea".

As the preface of "Entering the Qinling Series" points out: "There are many famous mountains in China, but Qinling is the most important and unique." "As a very important ecosystem in China, Qinling Mountain is not only reflected in the ecological environment, but also in culture and history." "It is no exaggeration to say that no mountain has nurtured the process of Chinese civilization like Qinling, and no mountain has profoundly influenced the process of Chinese civilization like Qinling. If the Yellow River is compared to the mother river of the Chinese nation, then the Qinling Mountains should be the father mountain of the Chinese nation. " "We have the Qinling Mountains, which is really a unique blessing; When you choose Qinling, you choose a profound and broad cultural advantage, a vast world where you can gallop freely and make great achievements. "

The Great Qinling Mountains are a beautiful business card of China's backbone, China's Long Mai, China's Father Mountain, China's geographical indication, China's ecological life gate, China's culture and China's ecology. The Great Qinling Mountains are not the "back garden" of a province, but the central garden and park of China people. In 25, chinese national geography magazine published a famous title: Qinling Mountain, the central national park of China people. It is clear for the first time that Shaanxi people have always cherished the dream of building "Qinling National Park". Have such a dream, based on "nine reasons":

Reason 1: Qinling Mountain is the reference point of chinese national geography coordinates of the central mountain, that is, the origin of China's land, located in Beiliu Village, Yongle Town, Jingyang County, 4 kilometers north of Xi 'an. More than 2, years ago, a geographical baseline of the Western Han Dynasty, which runs north and south, is more than 1, kilometers long and passes through the central axis of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty. Spread out the map of China, and you will surely find that the mountain closest to the origin of China's earth is the east-west and magnificent Great Qinling Mountains. In other words, Qinling Mountain is the central mountain in China. It can also be said that Qinling Mountain is the "central mountain" in China. Of course, Qinling National Park is the geographical "central garden" of China, and it is also a natural "central garden".

Reason 2: Qinling Mountain is the mountain of the earth vein

Daqinling Mountain is an ancient fold fault mountain range, with complex, special and distinctive geological structure. The mountains are intertwined with ravines and peaks, and the terrain is very different, with strong ups and downs, forming different geological landscapes. Qinling Mountain is a field geological museum and a field geological laboratory, enjoying the reputation of "natural geological museum". The central orogenic belt consists of five orogenic belts: West Kunlun orogenic belt, East Kunlun orogenic belt, West Qinling orogenic belt, East Qinling orogenic belt and Dabie Mountain orogenic belt. It's like a dragon in the middle of China, and the Great Qinling Mountains are in the middle of the middle. As early as 2,5 years ago, the Book of Changes called the Qinling Mountains "Long Mai".

Reason 3: Qinling Mountain is a mountain of earth and gas

Perhaps, because it is in the "center" of China geography, the Great Qinling Mountains, with its solid and towering backbone, divides a vast China into the south and the north. South of the main ridge is subtropical, and north of the main ridge is warm temperate zone. The main ridge of Qinling Mountain is not only the climate dividing line, but also the watershed between the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin. South Qinling belongs to the Yangtze River Basin and North Qinling belongs to the Yellow River Basin. Nowadays, people think that forests are "the lungs of the earth". In fact, Qinling Mountain has long been known as "Difei Mountain". Zhongnanshan is the core area of the North Qinling Mountains. The Records of the Historian Xia Benji says: "Zhongnanshan is a land of earthworms." Shang Mountain and Kuzong Mountain in Qinling Mountains are also known as "Difei Mountain" or "Feishan Mountain".

Reason 4: Qinling Mountain is a mountain of literature and history

In China culture, the great Qinling Mountain is unique and unparalleled in the world. Qinling Mountains nurtured the Weihe River and Guanzhong, which is the earliest "land of abundance" in the history of China. Most of the fairy tales of the Chinese nation happen in this area. Xi 'an is "in the middle of Guanzhong", which was called Chang 'an in ancient times. Thirteen dynasties established their capitals here in history. The ancient "Silk Road" started from here, connecting Europe and Asia and connecting the world. Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties were the four dynasties that decided the cultural trend of China, all of which laid the foundation and rose in Guanzhong. The Great Qinling Mountains nurtured the Luohe River and the Heluo region. Luoyang, which was called Luoyang and Yuzhou in ancient times, was the "Millennium Imperial Capital" with Chang 'an fly with me and the "ancient capital of the 13th Dynasty". Culturally, it is "the first in loong". Geographically, the Great Qinling Mountains is the "Long Mai of China". Hanzhong is located in the Great Qinling Mountains, which determines the Han Dynasty, Han people, Chinese characters and Chinese culture. Danjiangkou, where Hanjiang River meets Danjiangkou River, is the "ancestral court" of Chu culture. Jialing River originates from Yuhuang Mountain in Qinling Mountains, and the Bashu culture in Jialing River basin is unique.

Reason 5: Qinling Mountain is the sacred mountain.

Xi 'an and Luoyang are ancient capitals of thirteen dynasties, where "Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism" gather together, and "heaven, earth and people" compete to shine, and "mountains, temples and looks" complement each other. The two schools, Buddhism and Taoism, worship mountains and water, while the Buddhist and Taoist ancestral halls are mostly in Qinling Mountains. Louguantai, Baima Temple, Great Jionji, Caotang Temple, Jingye Temple, xiangji temple and other Buddhist ancestral halls and their schools are densely distributed, so Qinling Mountain has become a famous mountain of Buddhism and Taoism. Longmen Mountain and Maijishan Mountain are one of the four major Buddhist grottoes in China. Huashan Mountain in Xiyue and Songshan Mountain in Zhongyue are all in Qinling Mountains. "Chang' an looked back and embroidered piles, and the front door on the top of the mountain opened for the second time." The imperial palace is also a beautiful scenery in the Qinling Mountains.

Reason 6: Qinling Mountain is the mountain of plank roads

The historical landscape before the Grand Canal is the Great Wall of Wan Li, and the historical landscape before the Great Wall of Wan Li is the Qinling plank road. The spirit of the Great Wall lies in "enclosing" and "blocking", which refuses outsiders to enter their "homes" with the attitude of a big wall, while the spirit of the plank road is to extend, communicate and develop, bring in and go out. Some people define "China ancient plank road" as "the ninth wonder of the world". The plank road in Qinling Mountains has a history of more than 3, years, which is much earlier than the history of "Qinzhi Road". If there is no Qinling plank road, there will be no Daqin strong Han prosperous Tang Dynasty. Qinling plank road is a huge and dense traffic network, which is the "expressway" in ancient mountainous areas of China. "The plank road is thousands of miles away from Shu Han." From east to west, the ancient Qinling roads are Wuguan Road (Shangshan Road and Qin Chu Road), Ziwu Road, Luoluo Road, Xiexie Road and Chencang Road respectively, and Litchi Road, Micang Road and Jinniu Road in Micang Mountain. The plank road culture and landscape with a long history are going out of the mountains and into the world.

Reason 7: Qinling is the mountain of water resources

The Great Qinling is a huge green reservoir, which continuously provides water for the civilization at the foot of the mountain. The Great Qinling Mountains gave birth to four famous rivers that have an important influence on China culture. The water of the Qinling Mountains once supported the capitals of ancient China: Chang 'an and Luoyang, and now it is also supporting the capital of contemporary China: Beijing!

Weihe River is the largest tributary of the Yellow River. Also known as Yu River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River, Guanzhong-Tianshui Mother River. According to the Book of History, Dayu "guided Wei in the same cave mountain as birds and mice". For thousands of years, people thought that Bird and Rat Mountain was the source of Weihe River. Nowadays, some people think that the Weihe River is originated from Huohuo Mountain, which is not far from Bird and Rat Mountain. Whether it is Bird Rat Mountain or Huohuo Mountain, it all comes from Qinling Mountain, and it runs 818 kilometers east along the northern foot of Qinling Mountain to Tongguan and enters the Yellow River. The north shore receives the water from the Loess Plateau, and the south shore receives the water from the Qinling Mountains. Qinling Mountain is a green reservoir in the Great Pass, which moistens the Great Xi 'an and the Great Pass, and moistens the earliest "land of abundance" in the history of China.

Luohe. It was called Luoshui in ancient times, and it originated from the East Qinling Mountains. Its source is Longtangou, Caolianling at the junction of Luonan, Lantian and Huaxian in Shaanxi Province, and it flows 453 kilometers eastward into the Yellow River. The north bank of Luohe accepts the water from the southern foothills of Huashan Mountain and Xiaoshan Mountain, and the south bank accepts the water from the northern foothills of Mangling Mountain and Xiong 'er Mountain. Luohe River is the largest tributary on the south bank of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the green reservoir and the mother river in the Heluo area. Luonan in the upper reaches is in the south of Luohe, and Luoyang in the lower reaches is in the north of Luohe, and it is called the "God Capital" of China.

Jialing river. Zhengyuan is located in the south of the south mountain of Baoji-Yuhuang Mountain, which is 1345 kilometers south, flows through Gansu and Sichuan, and enters the Yangtze River at Chaotianmen in Chongqing. It is the second largest tributary of the Yangtze River. Western Han River is the second source of Jialing River, which comes from the southern foot of Qishou Mountain in the south of Tianshui, flows 279 kilometers to the southeast, and enters Jialing River in Lueyang County.

Hanjiang river, the largest tributary of the Yangtze river. Three sources of Hanjiang River: Yangshui, qu shui and Yudai River, all from Qinling Mountains. The Hanjiang River flows eastward for 1577 kilometers and enters the Yangtze River in Hankou, which is known as the "Three Thousand Li Hanjiang River". Danjiang River is a major tributary of the Han River, which originates from Fenghuang Mountain in Shangluo Qinling, flows 384 kilometers southeast and enters the Han River at Danjiangkou. The water source of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer from Qinling Lake (Danjiangkou Reservoir) is all from Qinling Mountain.

Reason 8: Qinling Mountain is a mountain of elves

Forest is a paradise for living beings, and Qinling Mountain is a mountain of elves, a biological gene bank and a typical area of biodiversity in the world.

The climate in Qinling Mountains covers subtropical zone, warm temperate zone, temperate zone, cold temperate zone and sub-frigid zone. The diverse climate has created various species, including plants from subtropical zone to frigid zone. South Qinling is a subtropical forest vegetation landscape, with deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen mixed forests as the base band, and evergreen, deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests, deciduous broad-leaved forests and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests from bottom to top. The mountain forest landscape of warm temperate zone is obviously vertically distributed in the North Qinling Mountains. From low to high, there are four climates: warm temperate zone, temperate zone, cold temperate zone and sub-cold zone, and from bottom to top, deciduous oak forest belt, birch forest belt, coniferous forest belt and alpine shrub meadow belt.

The area of Qinling Mountains is less than 1% of the whole country. There are 197 families, 17 genera and 3446 species of seed plants in Qinling Mountains, accounting for 65.23% of the total families, 33.79% of the total genera and 14.4% of the total species in China. Among them, there are 9 families, 23 genera and 45 species of gymnosperms in Qinling Mountains, accounting for 81.81%, 67.65% and 23.31% of the corresponding categories in China respectively. There are 341 species of angiosperms belonging to 984 genera and 188 families in Qinling Mountains, accounting for 64.6%, 33.4% and 13.96% of the corresponding categories in China respectively. There are 26 kinds of rare plants under special state protection, such as Hua Shan, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Bai Shu, Acer negundo, Leymus chinensis, Puccinellia tenuifolia, Leymus chinensis, etc. Taibai Mountain has the richest biodiversity. As the saying goes, "Taibai Mountain has no idle grass", "A trip to Taibai Mountain is better than reading half of Materia Medica".

plants are the primary production, animals are the secondary production, and diversified plants create diversified animals. There are 642 species of vertebrates in 82 families in Qinling Mountains, including 142 species of mammals and 338 species of birds. Among them, there are 8 species of national first and second class key protected wild animals. Rare and endangered animals such as Zhu _, giant panda, antelope, golden monkey, leopard, forest musk deer, golden eagle, white-crowned long-tailed pheasant, red-bellied pheasant, blood pheasant and red-bellied golden pheasant. There are 77 species of amphibians and reptiles, among which the giant salamander is the most representative and the largest tailed amphibian in China. Zhu _, giant panda, takin and golden monkey are called "Four Treasures of Qinling Mountains".

Reason 9: Qinling Mountain is a state-owned mountain

Qinling Mountain is a treasure island of forests in China, and most of the state-owned forest farms, forest parks, nature reserves, scenic spots and geological parks in the surrounding provinces are in Qinling Mountain. State-owned forests in Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province account for a quarter of Qinling forests, state-owned arbor forests account for a third of Qinling arbor forests, and state-owned forest stocks account for half of Qinling forest stocks. In the core part of Qinling Mountains, state-owned forest farms are concentrated and contiguous, and nature reserves are distributed in groups, all of which are state-owned forests. Most of Qinling Mountain is the main functional area where development is restricted and prohibited, which is suitable for building national parks.

A suggestion: Establish the Qinling National Park System

The forest is a land green sea, and Qinling is a forest treasure island and a green reservoir, which contains infinite green treasures. "Shangshu" contains: "Final South _ Things". The timber, fuelwood, food, medicinal materials, mountain products, minerals and precious water resources in the Qinling Mountains support the brilliant agricultural civilization at the foot of the mountain. However, with the development of civilization, the demand for more resources from forests eventually exceeded the forest regeneration capacity, leading to the reduction of forest area and the decline of ecological function in Qinling Mountains. The trees in the Qinling Mountains have changed from small to large, and the "Qinling Green" has changed from deep to shallow, which is like a king entering the crypt and being in a dilemma. This is the embarrassment of civilization, the embarrassment of Qinling and the embarrassment of Shaanxi.

Qinling is the true color of Shaanxi after all, and "Qinling Green" stands for "Shaanxi Green". Qinling Mountain benefits Shaanxi the most, and Shaanxi has the deepest feelings for Qinling Mountain. To protect the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi has the most resolute attitude, the fastest shot speed and the strongest action. As the 21st century approaches, Shaanxi takes the lead in the process of restoring and rebuilding the ecology of Qinling Mountains, and the protection of Qinling Mountains is at the forefront of all provinces. In 27, Shaanxi Province formulated local laws and regulations for the special protection of Qinling Mountains, and promulgated and implemented the Regulations on Ecological Environment Protection of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province. Later, the Regulations on Water Source Protection of Handanjiang River in Shaanxi Province was promulgated. The governments at all levels where the Qinling Mountains are located have established institutional norms and corresponding organizations. "Qinling Green" is from shallow to deep, just as a king comes out of the crypt and the king returns, the scenery remains unchanged and the style remains the same, absolute beauty. This laid the foundation for "building Qinling National Park" and enhanced confidence.

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward "building a beautiful China" and "establishing a national park system". The central "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" proposes: "Integrate and set up a number of national parks." The "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" proposal of Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee puts forward: "Building beautiful Shaanxi" and "Building Qinling National Park". It is undoubtedly of great international significance for Shaanxi to build a "new starting point of the Silk Road Economic Belt" and the Qinling National Park, and it is bound to attract world attention and win world respect. The construction of Qinling National Park is based on the establishment of the Qinling National Park system, that is, it is necessary to break the shackles of fragmented departments and break out of the barriers of fragmented localities, adhere to the system first, give priority to protection, make scientific planning, comprehensively coordinate forest resources, water resources, geological resources, scenic resources and human resources in Qinling, integrate state-owned forest farms, forest parks, nature reserves, scenic spots and geological parks, and integrate ecological protection, ecological restoration and tourism. On the basis of the Regulations on Ecological Environment Protection of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province, we will speed up the formulation of the Regulations on Qinling National Park in Shaanxi Province, laying a legal foundation for the construction of Qinling National Park. The construction of Qinling National Park will write an ecological masterpiece of beautiful Shaanxi construction, and it will also become the most beautiful and dazzling ecological business card of beautiful Shaanxi.

Like rivers, lakes and vast seas, high mountains and mountains have protected and nourished civilization, but they have also blocked it. In the Han dynasty, someone once lamented that Nanshan was the obstacle of the world. Nowadays, the natural barrier has become a thoroughfare. The technology of pontoon bridge and culvert tunnel is changing with each passing day.