In recent years, with the implementation of the western development strategy and the strategy of the rise of central China, the central and western regions have made full use of the advantages of human resources in industrial transfer. In order to retain migrant workers, especially skilled migrant workers, some areas have successively introduced some policies, some areas even made mandatory provisions for exporting and retaining migrant workers in each village, and the export of migrant workers in some provinces has gradually decreased. The state's management of enterprise employment has become more and more standardized, the treatment of migrant workers has been significantly improved, the treatment gap between the east and the west has been narrowing, the choice of migrant workers has been increasing, and their basic needs have been improved from the level of survival to the level of quality of life. The above reasons are the main reasons for the increasingly serious labor shortage in enterprises. The author believes that strengthening the construction and management of migrant workers' gathering areas is one of the main ways to solve the labor shortage in enterprises.
First, the current situation of the construction and management of migrant workers' residential areas
1, Status of Policy Support at National Level
The housing problem of migrant workers has aroused great attention and widespread concern in society, and the state and some places have issued relevant policies to provide certain protection. Article 29 of the Urban and Rural Planning Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which was promulgated and implemented in 5438+2008 10, points out: "The construction and development of cities should give priority to the construction of infrastructure and public service facilities, properly handle the relationship between the development of new areas and the transformation of old areas, and give overall consideration to the living needs of migrant workers, the economic and social development of surrounding rural areas and the production and living needs of villagers. In the process of urban planning and construction, we should pay more attention to the living environment and conditions of floating population, ensure the interests of vulnerable groups, and make the whole city develop under the theme of harmony. "
5438+June1October 2008, the Ministry of Construction and other five departments jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on Improving the Living Conditions of Migrant Workers, which pointed out: "The municipal and county people's governments should strengthen planning management, strengthen public security and environmental sanitation management, increase the construction of public utilities such as public transportation, improve the capacity of public infrastructure, facilitate the production and life of migrant workers, create a good living environment, and maintain a harmonious and stable social order."
2. Current situation of construction and management of migrant workers' residential areas in Suzhou.
Suzhou has been building residential areas since 200 1, providing centralized housing for floating population and configuring corresponding public service facilities. The government has successively issued a series of policies, such as Opinions on Accelerating the Accommodation Management of Migrant Workers. In recent years, the housing construction plan has also begun to pay attention to the construction of residential areas, striving to bring migrants into the standardized service scope of "centralized accommodation and centralized management" to the maximum extent, reducing the diaspora rate and creating a new home for "new Suzhou people". At present, the construction of Suzhou agglomeration area is in full swing, which has largely solved the housing problem of floating population and improved the living environment, but there are also many problems such as the lack of pertinence, scale and types of public service facilities, which cannot meet the needs of users.
3. Construction and management status of migrant workers' residential areas in Taicang City.
In 2003, Taicang started the construction of residential areas for migrant workers, but there were not many large-scale residential areas. At present, the construction and management of migrant workers' residential areas in Taicang City are divided into three types: the first type is a residential area funded by the government and managed by a professional company, which is the main form of residential areas with the largest number of residents and high infrastructure and management level. For example, the residential area of Taicang Economic Development Zone is divided into three districts, and each district is divided into three districts. The second category is that enterprises invest in self-construction and entrust professional companies to manage them. At present, there are a large number of such gathering areas, such as nine dragons paper Co., Ltd. and Taicang Hui Zhen Chemical Fiber Co., Ltd. The third category is social investment construction and investor management, with low management level.
Generally speaking, the construction scale of migrant workers' residential area in Taicang City is suitable for the needs of employees in Taicang City. At present, the low occupancy rate of residential quarters is in contrast with the number of migrant workers (as of September 20 1 1, the number of migrant workers has reached 480,000), which deserves our deep consideration.
Second, the contribution of dormitory construction and management to employees' retention.
1, Jisu District provides stable accommodation for migrant workers.
Since the reform and opening up, migrant workers have been scattered all over the country like duckweed. Long-term poverty forces migrant workers to give priority to the livelihood of their families. With the development and progress of society, migrant workers pay more and more attention to their own quality of life, and their social needs are also richer. Salary is no longer the only reason why they wander. Their demand for working environment, living environment, continuing education environment and accommodation conditions is getting higher and higher, and they are eager for a family reunion lifestyle. The construction of residential areas caters to this demand and can provide relatively stable accommodation for migrant workers. The guiding principle of national and local policies is to provide low-cost accommodation for migrant workers. Living in peace is a traditional concept in China, and it should also be an important starting point for governments and enterprises at all levels to retain employees. In economically developed areas, the government and enterprises spend a lot of money on employee recruitment and training, but employees often lose after training. The main reason is that enterprises don't care enough about employees, and they don't care about re-recruitment, reuse and support. If the government and enterprises can attach importance to the residential resettlement of employees and the humanized management of gathering areas, it may be one of the ways to retain employees and solve the labor shortage in enterprises.
2. Accommodation areas provide entertainment and cultural and sports services for migrant workers.
With the continuous transformation and upgrading of enterprises, the implementation of compulsory education and the popularization of higher education, migrant workers are no longer the embodiment of low-educated people. According to a sample survey, 7. 16% of migrant workers have junior high school education or below, and 92.84% have junior high school education or above. It can be predicted that graduates from higher vocational colleges will become the main components of enterprise employees. A new generation of migrant workers live in the information society. They have participated in and felt all kinds of entertainment and cultural and sports activities since childhood, and the demand for entertainment and cultural and sports services is more urgent. Perfect entertainment, cultural and sports service facilities are the premise of developing service industry. Making full use of entertainment and cultural and sports facilities and holding various cultural and sports activities on a large scale are the main measures to build the spiritual home of migrant workers. If providing housing can keep migrant workers' bodies, then spiritual services and enjoyment such as entertainment and cultural and sports activities can keep migrant workers' hearts. If a person's body and mind are all devoted to the enterprise, where will there be a labor shortage?
In terms of how to build the spiritual home of migrant workers, Taicang Youth League Committee has made gratifying achievements in vigorously promoting the league building of migrant workers' gathering areas. A complete league organization has been established in the gathering area of Taicang Economic Development Zone, and condolence performances and various appraisal activities are regularly organized to continuously enrich the spiritual and cultural life of migrant workers in the gathering area, safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, serve their actual needs, and enhance their sense of identity with Taicang and enterprises. League organizations have played an active role in stabilizing the employment team of enterprises, and the turnover rate of enterprise youth in the agglomeration area has dropped from about 50% in the past to below 40% now.
3. Accommodation areas provide knowledge and technical training for migrant workers.
With the gradual satisfaction of living standards and cultural and entertainment needs, migrant workers have also put their knowledge and skills on the agenda. According to the survey, residents in the community have an urgent need for educational facilities. Although the cultural level of residents has improved, they also hope to improve their competitiveness through adult education and technical training in an era when knowledge and technology play a decisive role and update faster. Due to the lack of leisure time at ordinary times, most residents in the residential area put forward higher requirements for the service radius of educational facilities, hoping to set up training points in or near the residential area to facilitate their study nearby. They are also concerned about the pertinence of teaching content, charging standards and standardization of teaching management. Therefore, the construction and application of educational facilities in residential areas are very important, and local higher vocational colleges should be duty-bound to undertake the task of training the knowledge and skills of employees in residential areas.
How to develop knowledge and skills training in agglomeration areas is worthy of attention. Xiong Jian Vocational and Technical College plans to set up a training station in Taicang large-scale gathering area, which will be responsible for the knowledge and skills training of residents in this area and assist the gathering area to carry out various cultural and sports activities.
4. The residential area provides standardized community management for migrant workers.
Standardized community management can effectively strengthen public security management and family planning management, and provide them with services such as medical care, catering and retail, post and telecommunications, capital remittance and cultural entertainment, and effectively protect the daily basic needs of migrant workers. Supporting fees for public services such as water, electricity, gas, cable TV, telecommunications and health. In residential areas, services are provided to residents according to the lower limit of the charging standard. Giving all the treatment to the local residents of migrant workers and satisfying their life demands to the maximum extent can promote migrant workers to have a sense of identity with local customs and enterprises, promote their rapid integration into the local society, share the dividends brought by social and economic development, and make migrant workers feel at home. This can effectively reduce the turnover rate of migrant workers and solve the problem of labor shortage in enterprises.
5. Accommodation area reduces the life management cost of employees.
The construction of the gathering area has changed the original logistics service mode that enterprises build their own staff dormitories and provide life services free of charge. It can reduce the life management cost of enterprise employees from the following aspects, put limited funds and energy into improving employees' income, and use both "love" and "money" to retain people. First, the society provides living services for employees of enterprises, which avoids the pain of one-time investment in self-built living facilities and reduces the financial pressure of enterprises; Second, the limited enterprise land will be used for the construction of production facilities, which will enable enterprises to generate greater benefits on land per unit area and effectively reduce the land pressure for enterprise development; Third, the gathering area adopts socialized management, so enterprises can concentrate on production without setting up a separate life management organization or being distracted by employees' life problems; Fourth, the management of accommodation area belongs to large-scale management, with complete supporting facilities and low unit management cost. As long as enterprises provide accommodation subsidies for employees, they can solve the problem of employees' living security, and the input-output ratio is extremely high. Of course, some enterprises with more employees build their own dormitory, but it is essentially different from the simple unit dormitory in the past. Their construction and operation are also carried out in full accordance with the model of agglomeration areas, such as nine dragons paper Co., Ltd. and Taicang Hui Zhen Chemical Fiber Co., Ltd.
Three. Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction and Management of Accommodation Areas
1. The concept that the interests of the professional management company undertaking the operation of the gathering area are supreme limits the function of the gathering area.
There is a problem. A document issued by Suzhou in 2005 pointed out the construction policy of the gathering area: "All cities and districts should build a gathering area with a certain scale of foreign population according to regulations and procedures", and "the construction of the gathering area should be organized and implemented by the district and town governments (economic development zones), based on the principle of land policy and operated in a market-oriented manner. It can be invested by the government, funded by the employer, built by private capital, and rented idle factories. It can be seen that the gathering area operates in a commercial way, but the companies that contract the management of the gathering area are not interested in these social services, which leads to the closure or underutilization of many service facilities with good hardware facilities and limits the functions of the gathering area.
Solution. The government should set up a special management department, which should introduce the evaluation method of gathering area, be responsible for setting up business institutions, professional management institutions and property management in towns (streets) and economic development zones, and cooperate with relevant departments to do a good job in industry management. Compulsory use of various service facilities, reward for full use of various service facilities, and punish those that are not fully used.
2. The room type and occupancy management mode of the community limit the function of the community.
There is a problem. At present, most of the accommodation units built in residential areas adopt the centralized accommodation mode of 4 people/room or 6 people/room. After employees of different types of enterprises check in, there are many people, different schedules, serious interference with each other, and most dormitory areas are not allowed to cook, which makes many employees feel uncomfortable. Especially for married employees, it is more inconvenient to stay in such a gathering area with the elderly and children. This runs counter to the original intention of building housing for foreign employees to live and work in peace and contentment.
Solution. When designing accommodation units in the gathering area, we should consider a variety of room types, not only to reduce housing costs, but also to consider the needs of single employees; We should also consider the needs of married employees. Room structure can be divided into single rooms, small suites and suites. Different types of employees should be classified to minimize mutual interference. In addition, organizing various cultural and sports activities for employees in the gathering area to increase their sense of identity is also one of the solutions.
3. The low occupancy rate of the accommodation area limits the function of the accommodation area.
There is a problem. The occupancy rate of large gathering areas in Taicang City is generally insufficient, which leads to low investment-output ratio and relatively high management cost. The management company in the gathering area has to lower the service standard and management level to maintain the operation of the gathering area, which will lead to a vicious circle of low occupancy rate, low management and service level and lower occupancy rate.
Solutions: First, the government introduced compensation measures at the initial stage of the operation of the agglomeration area, and at the same time increased contact with enterprises in the jurisdiction to assist in publicity work; The second is to lower the threshold and housing rent; Third, the location should be close to the concentrated area of enterprises, which is convenient for employees to go to work and reduce transportation costs; The fourth is to broaden the channels of rent payment. The author thinks that the best measure at present is for employees to use housing provident fund to pay rent. Suzhou is the first city in the province to try to lease collective housing buildings and entrust to withdraw provident fund in batches. This move has aroused enthusiastic response all over the country and will definitely become a way to pay rent in collective housing areas.
Fund Project: This paper is the research result of Taicang Philosophy and Social Science Research Project 20 1 1.
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