On both sides of the rich and beautiful Nenjiang River in the northeast of China, there lives a Daur nationality who mainly focuses on agriculture and concurrently engages in animal husbandry and fishing and hunting. The Daur people are famous for their bravery and good fighting skills. They have been good at riding, shooting, wrestling and playing hockey since ancient times. Hockey, called "Beikuo" in Daur language, is a traditional sport with a long history in Daur nationality.

the house is like a person. Most Daur villages are surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the scenery is very beautiful. The courtyard of the house was built neatly. Tall "Jie"-shaped straw houses give people a generous and rough impression. Every household is surrounded by a fence with various patterns woven by red wicker. Courtyard layout is rigorous, stable and cowshed are generally built far away from the yard and kept clean.

most traditional houses of Daur nationality are made of pine or birch beams, with adobe or mud walls, covered with yellow mud inside and outside, and covered with grass, ranging from two, three and five rooms. The two rooms have a bedroom in the west room and a kitchen in the east room; For three or five rooms, the middle room is the kitchen, and the two sides are the living rooms. Houses generally face south, paying attention to lighting, and windows are a major feature of Daur houses. There are three connected big kangs on the south, north and west sides of the living room or on the south, east and north sides, commonly known as "Manzi Kangs". Manzikang is an indispensable heating facility for Daur people in winter because of its good thermal insulation performance.

the west room is more expensive for Daur people. Westinghouse is located on the south kang, mostly inhabited by elders, while sons, daughters-in-law and their children live in the north kang or the east room, while the west kang is dedicated to guests' daily life. Most of the kang surfaces are covered with reed mats or felt.

Nowadays, with the development of economy and the improvement of living conditions, brick houses are increasing day by day. However, the living customs such as using kang are still deeply loved by Daur people.

the form of traditional folk houses

China's traditional architectural heritage is very rich, including not only magnificent official buildings such as palaces, temples, tombs and temples, but also folk buildings such as houses, ancestral halls, halls and academies. Residential building is the most basic and abundant building type closely related to people's life. In order to distinguish it from the present new residence, we call it traditional residence or residential building. The form of folk houses includes social form and living form. Social form refers to the characteristics formed by social factors such as the history, culture, beliefs, customs and concepts of residential houses. Residential form refers to the characteristics formed by the plane layout, structural mode and internal and external architectural image of residential buildings. The characteristics of traditional folk houses are mainly manifested in three aspects:

1) plane layout and environmental characteristics. It is the embodiment of social system, family organization, customs and beliefs, and production and lifestyle in folk houses.

2) Structure and appearance characteristics. It reflects the influence of climate, geography, materials and construction technology on architecture.

3) Decoration and details. It is the expression of culture, custom and aesthetic consciousness in the interior and appearance art of residential buildings.

China's traditional folk houses are rooted in the farming culture that has been circulating for thousands of years, representing Chinese traditional agricultural civilization, with rich cultural connotations, human feelings and local characteristics. These different forms and magnificent residential buildings are a valuable asset in the ancient architectural heritage of our country, and also a source for reference when building new houses today. The formation of traditional folk houses is related to society, culture and customs, and influenced by natural conditions such as climate and geography. China has a vast land and a large population. Due to the great disparity in climate, different geographical conditions, and great differences in material resources, and the different customs, lifestyles and aesthetic requirements of various ethnic groups, the plane layout, structural mode, facade appearance and internal and external space treatment of traditional houses are also different, which makes China's residential buildings have distinctive and rich national and local characteristics. For example, in feudal society, consanguinity, kinship, family system and agricultural production mode determined the family organization and lifestyle of the Han people. Courtyard layout appeared in traditional houses, and most of the Han people's houses in China belonged to this layout. However, due to the disparity in climate between the north and the south and the geographical differences between the east and the west, courtyard houses are formed in the dry and cold areas in the north, patio houses are formed in the humid and hot areas in the south, cave houses are formed in the loess areas of the Central Plains, and bucket houses are formed in areas with frequent typhoons along the coast and earthquakes in the interior.

people's experience in technical and artistic treatment created in practice, such as ventilation, heat protection, cold protection, waterproof, moisture-proof, typhoon prevention, insect prevention and earthquake prevention, the combination of landscape and terrain, and the decoration and decoration of residential buildings, still have practical and reference value today, and are worth exploring.

China's traditional residential buildings are related to society, history, culture and folk customs, as well as Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yang and Five Elements. For example, in rural areas where the family system is prevalent, it is very common to live in groups, and residential houses are laid out together with family temples and ancestral temples. The prevailing view of destiny, family, hierarchy and the thought of Yin-Yang and Five Elements in ancient times had a significant impact on the site selection, location selection, orientation and layout of residential buildings, as well as the facade, gates, gables, roof tops and decoration of buildings. At present, the study of traditional folk houses in China is mainly from the cultural and social perspectives. The former studies from the perspective of cultural characteristics and collective manpower, while the latter studies from the perspective of social relations and structure. For a long time, the research on folk houses in China has mainly focused on the cultural perspective, but the research from the social perspective has not been fully developed. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen comprehensive research from a social perspective today. After in-depth investigation of a large number of single residential building materials, we should try to grasp the overall research of residential buildings. For example, in the study of traditional folk houses in Fujian, we should not only study the plane, elevation, beam frame and shape of a certain folk house, but also integrate all kinds of buildings in the village, such as ancestral halls, temples, schools, theatres and shops, and combine historical, geographical, social, customs and cultural factors to explore the interactive relationship between them and traditional folk houses.

Qiang architecture is most famous for its towers, stone houses, cable bridges, plank roads and water conservancy dams.

Qiang people call diaolou "Qionglong". As early as 2, years ago, there was a record in The Biography of the Southwestern Foreigners in the Later Han Dynasty: Ran Ren,

"Living on the mountain, the stone is the room, and the height is more than ten feet". Diaolou is mostly built next to village houses, with a height of

1 to 3 meters, which is used to defend against enemies and store grain and firewood. The watchtower has four corners, six corners and eight corners. Some are as high as thirteen or fourteen stories. Building materials are stone chips and yellow soil. The foundation of the wall is 1. 35 meters deep and is made of stone chips

. The inside of the stone wall is vertical to the ground, and the outside is slightly inclined from bottom to top. No drawing, stringing and

column support are required during construction, which is entirely based on superb skills and experience. The building is solid and enduring. In 1988, Yongpingbao, an ancient castle site of Ming Dynasty, was discovered in Yong 'an Village, Qiang Township, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province. After hundreds of years of wind and rain, it is still well preserved.

According to Du Lin and Li Binlin's article in Sichuan Daily on July 12th, 21, among the existing ancient Qiang villages, Taoping Qiang Village in Lixian County is the most typical one, which is recorded in historical records. It was built in 111 BC and has a history of more than 2, years. There are 8 stockade gates outside Taoping Qiangzhai, which are arranged in a gossip pattern. There are 31 passages in the stockade, extending in all directions, connecting all families, and there are hidden holes for external shooting everywhere, which are prepared for defending the enemy in the old days. At present, there are only

2 stone watchtowers in the village, all of which have 9 floors and more than 3 meters. Praised by UNESCO officials, the preparatory work for declaring < P > human cultural heritage has been started.

Qiang people's houses are square flat-topped houses made of stone chips, most of which have three floors, each with a height of more than 3 meters. The bottom of the roof

platform is a wooden board or slate, which extends out of the wall to form an eaves. Wood or slate is densely covered with branches or bamboo branches,

and then covered with loess and chicken manure for tamping, with a thickness of about . 35m. There are gullies for water diversion, so it is warm in winter and cool in summer. The top platform of the house

is a place for threshing, drying grain, doing needlework and playing games for children and the elderly. Some buildings have

buildings across the street (arcades) to facilitate communication.

The mountains in the Qiang area are high and dangerous. In order to facilitate traffic, the Qiang people created a cable bridge (rope bridge) more than 14 years ago. Stone cave doors are built on two banks, in which stone foundations or large wooden columns are erected, and there are dozens of bamboo ropes as thick as arms tied to the foundations and columns. Bamboo ropes are paved with planks, and bamboo rope handrails more than 1 meter above the bridge deck are set on both sides.

there are two kinds of plank roads: wooden stacks and stone stacks. Wooden stacks are built in dense forests, paved with wood and mixed with earth and stone; The stone stack is applied to the cliff, the hole is drilled in the edge rock, and the wood is inserted as a bridge.

Qiang folk masons often go out to work during the slack season. The world-famous Dujiangyan project in Guanxian County, Sichuan Province has a history of more than 2, years, and it is still benefiting the people, including the sweat and wisdom of the ancient Qiang people.

Bai people mainly live in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan. The state is located at the southern end of Hengduan Mountains, with high terrain in the northwest and low terrain in the southeast. The average altitude is 12-23 meters. Located in the middle of Diancang Mountain, this area is divided into two different natural geographical environments, east and west. The mountains in the west are high and the valleys are deep, and the terrain in the east is relatively flat. Erhai Lake is located in Cangshan East,

with beautiful scenery, and is known as "Silver Cangyu Er". The climate in most areas of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture is mild, with four seasons < P > like spring, and the average annual temperature is 16℃.

The forms of Bai folk houses vary from place to place. Most of the dam areas are tile houses with civil structures, while the cold mountainous areas are "stacked wooden houses",

that is, logs are used as houses.

In order to adapt to the local topographical features, most Bai folk houses in Dali area are backed by Cangshan Mountain and face Erhai Lake. According to the characteristics of strong wind when

, the eaves of the roof are sealed with green slate to prevent the eaves from being damaged by nest wind. There are no windows on the external walls, which

creates a comfortable environment of "no wind entering the house". The courtyard is a large eaves with wooden frame to adapt to the rainy climate. There are many earthquakes in Dali, and the earthquake prevention measures of the building structure are extremely strict. The wooden frame itself and each other are provided with several vertical and horizontal crossing lanes, forming a relatively perfect building structure with vertical and horizontal ties.

most of the Bai people's houses are courtyard-style, with two floors, where food and sundries are stored upstairs and people live downstairs. Some

front porch is double eaves. The front wall is mostly made of wood with carved doors and windows. The roof of the tile, with a large wooden frame at both ends, forms a graceful and soft roof curve, which is one of the characteristics of Bai folk houses.

Three-bedroom, one-facing-the-wall dwellings are popular among the masses. Common layouts are "one front and two ears", "three rooms with one wall" and "four in five patios". "One front and two ears" is a two-story building with two bungalows hanging on the side. The plane of "three rooms and one zhaobi" is a combination of three two-story buildings perpendicular to each other and one zhaobi.

The gate is opened next to the zhaobi; "Four-in-one and five-patio" is a vertical cooperation of four two-story buildings, enclosing a big sky well, and a small patio at the junction of the two buildings, with a pavilion attached, totaling five patios. The foundation of a house

is generally made of square stones, which is solid and firm. The gatehouses are mostly decorated with wood carvings and colorful paintings, with beautiful images and exquisite skills. The door of the main room consists of six lattice doors, each of which is divided into two sections, with 2-5 layers of through-engraving method, engraved with relief patterns of people, birds and animals and flowers, with various and lifelike shapes. The gate is made of wood,

mud, marble, blue bricks and other materials, and it is built into a flower shop with arched eaves and upturned corners, which is symmetrical and harmonious and very rich

style. The walls of buildings are often painted with lime. There are many flower beds in the patio to plant flowers and trees. According to the cornice of the wall, there are corners.

Corner bricks are embedded around it, and blue tiles or glazed tiles are covered on the top, which is generous and well proportioned. Paint the middle of the zhaobi in white

color, and write auspicious words such as "colorful in Yunnan", "auspicious in dragon and phoenix" and "longevity and well-being" on it, or just write single characters such as "blessing", "longevity", "Lu" and "happiness", or draw pictures on the zhaobi with poems and lyrics, each with its own style.

There are many Bai people's houses in Dali built with stone walls, which are durable. There is also a

wall built with pebbles in eighteen streams of Cangshan Mountain, and the folk proverb "There are three treasures in Dali, and pebbles will not fall down" comes from this. Pebble houses with different shades, sizes and shapes are simple, elegant, solid and unique, which fully shows the superb architectural skills of Bai craftsmen.

Ganlan-style dwellings

Zhuang, the most populous minority in China. The current population is more than 15.4 million. Mainly distributed in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County of Guangdong Province, and Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province.

the housing of Zhuang nationality is mainly dry-column buildings. Gaoshan ethnic group is based on society

Gaoshan ethnic group is the oldest ethnic group in Taiwan Province, and it can also be said that it is an indigenous ethnic group. "She" is the basic

social organization unit of Gaoshan nationality in Taiwan Province. At first, it was a clan organization based on consanguinity, and then it gradually developed into a social organization with consanguinity as the new belt and geography as the combination, including one or several clan members living together.

Gaoshan nationality is a nation that can sing and dance, and the folk houses are also endowed with the unique colors of Gaoshan nationality. De 'ang nationality is one of the oldest nationalities in the southwest frontier of China. Like many ethnic groups in the south, De 'ang people

like to live in dry-column bamboo houses. This kind of bamboo building mostly uses wood as the frame, and other parts, such as rafters, floors,

terraces, walls, doors and stairs, are made of bamboo, and the roof is covered with thatch.

The bamboo buildings of De 'ang nationality are mostly built on the mountain, sitting west to east, and there are two main shapes: square and rectangle. Compared with

, the square bamboo building with one household and one hospital as the representative in Dehong area is typical and common. This bamboo building is divided into two parts: the main building and the annex building. The main building is square, and people live upstairs. It is generally divided into two parts: bedroom and living room, which are used for the whole family to live, receive visitors and store food and sundries. Keep livestock in captivity downstairs. The annex houses are mostly built on one side of the main building,

for stacking firewood and placing rice paddies. This kind of bamboo building is unique in appearance and elegant in appearance. It is said that it is very similar to the towel hat of Confucian scholars in the Central Plains in ancient times. As for its origin, there is also a touching story among De 'ang people: Zhuge Liang led his troops to the south and came to De 'ang Shanzhai. One day, she was suddenly attacked, injured and in distress. Thanks to the rescue of Arnold, a brave and kind De 'ang girl, she was able to save the day and turn the corner. In the brief contact, the two < P > developed feelings. When Zhuge Liang had to say goodbye to his sweetheart, he left his hat as a token for Arnold. Infatuated Arnold waited for 18 years, but what came was the death of his sweetheart. From then on, the heartbroken Arnold didn't eat or sleep, and stood at the head of the village every day, watching his sweetheart's way eastward. On the 33rd day, all of a sudden, there was a thunder and lightning, and it rained cats and dogs. After the rain cleared, Arnold disappeared. But where she stood, there appeared a house exactly like the hats of Ge Liang, which was the bamboo house where De 'ang people later lived.

Jinuo is an ancient nation. In June 1979, it was recognized as the 55th ethnic group in China.

Jinuo Mountain, where Jinuo people live in compact communities, is a tropical mountainous area with fertile land, abundant rainfall and dense virgin forests everywhere. It is rich in tea and is the six famous tea mountains of Pu 'er tea at home and abroad.