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Kanto in China
Kanto in Qin, Han and Three Kingdoms
The Three Kingdoms refers to the east of Hulao Pass. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao, Yuan Shao and other 18-way princes attacked Dong Zhuo, calling themselves the Kanto Allied Forces.
in the sixth chapter of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dong Zhuo burned the golden que, murdered and hid the imperial seal, and Sun Jian broke his promise.
Zhuo said, "When the thieves in Kanto started, chaos spread all over the world. Chang' an is in danger of writing a letter; Closer to Longyou, wood, stone and brick, Keri can be done, and the palace can be built without a month.
Yuan Shao saw that everyone was scattered, so he led his troops to pull out the village, left Luoyang and went to Kanto.
Qin and Han dynasties: east of Hanguguan.
Guan Dong makes a fool of himself, and Guan Xi makes a general. It means that there are more prime ministers in the area east of Hanguguan and more generals in the area west of Hanguguan. Canon out "Jin Shu Yao Xing recorded". In Qin and Han Dynasties, Hangu Pass, located in the Xiaoshan Valley, was widely used as a landmark to distinguish the east and west regions, which were called Kanto and Kansai respectively.
the above shows the origin of the Qin and Han dynasties
now
Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and eastern Inner Mongolia (Mengdong originated from the northeast) are located in the northeast of the motherland. Since ancient times, they have been commonly called "Northeast", and later they are also commonly known as "Kanto", and they are still among the people until today. Historically, there were different administrative divisions and names in Northeast China, but it took thousands of years to form a distinctive regional culture, and finally it became an inseparable part of the Chinese national culture.
The history of Kanto
is the most reliable witness. Let's start with the source of history.
Northeast China, as a region, has been recorded in ancient books since its own writing. The northeast was first recorded in ancient books, and the ancient China was divided into "Kyushu" by the introduction of Shangshu Yugong, among which "Jizhou" has covered the western part of Liaoning Province; "Qingzhou" put the southern part of Liaoning, mainly Liaodong Peninsula, within the jurisdiction of the state. According to legend, "Kyushu" was set up by Yu after the flood control, and Shun analyzed "Kyushu" as "Twelve States", in which Jizhou "Northeast" is Youzhou, that is, the area west of Beizhen, Liaoning Province is referred to as Liaoxi for short; Qingzhou "northeast" is divided into Yingzhou, that is, the area east of Beizhen today is called Liaodong. The division between western Liaoning and eastern Liaoning is generally separated by the present Liaohe River. In addition to Yu Gong, there are also books such as Er Ya Shi Di, Zhou Li Zhi Fang and Lu Shi Chun Qiu You Shi Lan, all of which have made similar records. In fact, the so-called "Kyushu" and "Twelve States" were just the idealization of ancient times by intellectuals during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period or later, reflecting people's geographical concepts at that time. Because the three generations of Yao, Shun and Yu did not have the conditions to form a country, there would naturally be no administrative division and setting of "Zhou". Nevertheless, at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in people's geographical concept, the present Liaoning province has been summarized within the jurisdiction of Jizhou, Qingzhou, Youzhou and Yingzhou respectively. The establishment of these four States does not include the land of Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, but only refers to the land of Liaoning Province in the direction of "Northeast".
Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the history of Kao had not been established in Northeast China, and the political affiliation of its land and residents with the Central Plains Dynasty was only confirmed by the tribute of frontier nationalities. According to Records of the Five Emperors in Historical Records, as early as Shun, the northern tributary nationalities were Shanrong, Beifa and Xishen. Caution means caution. In the Yao and Shun era, they lived between Baishan and Blackwater. Therefore, Zhou inherited the legacy of Yao and Shun, saying: "Li Shen, Yan, Hao, my northern soil is also." In Zhou Dynasty, Su Shen continued to pay tribute. Confucius had seen his tribute-Ya Shi Pian with his own eyes, and made an appraisal for Duke Hui of Chen. There is also a record of Sushen in Shan Hai Jing Da Huang Bei Jing. Outside the Northeast China Sea, among the wild places, there are mountains named not salty and the country of Sushen. "Not salty is Changbai Mountain today, and it has been confirmed that Sushen people live in Changbai Mountain area.
The above proof has gone beyond the geographical concept of Jizhou and other four states, and it has been extended to Baishan Heishui, which is equivalent to Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces today. At this time, because there is no clear administrative division, the local area is still called by the direction of "Northeast", and at the same time, the nationality is used as the name of the area.
Northeast China officially had the name of this region, and it was in the Warring States period that it was associated with the county established by Yan State here. Yan is located in the north, and is often invaded by its strong enemy Donghu. When Zhao was king, the Great Wall was built, and almost the whole of Liaoning Province was included in the Great Wall, and a county was set up to govern its land. According to Records of the Xiongnu Biography, it is very clear: 〃 From making Yang to Xiangping, we set up Gu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, western Liaoning and Liaodong counties to avoid Hu. 〃 Western Liaoning and Liaodong counties and parts of Right Beiping county are all in present-day Liaoning province. Xiangping, now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, was the capital of Liaodong County at that time. This is the first time in history that a county has been established in Liaoning and also in Northeast China. Since then, Liao has become the contemporary name of Liaoning area, which has remained unchanged from generation to generation. Sometimes, Liaoning is generally referred to as the Northeast, but its real meaning is still limited to Liaoning.
Qin dynasty ended the long-term dispute in the warring States period and achieved great reunification for the first time. In order to defend the Xiongnu, the Great Wall of Yan and Zhao was integrated, and the sections of the Great Wall were connected into a whole. For example, The Biography of Historical Records of Meng Tian said: "Because of the terrain, the traffic jam was controlled by danger, starting from Lintao and reaching Liaodong, extending for more than ten thousand miles." ? Liaodong section of the Great Wall basically follows the trend of Yan Great Wall, and most of Liaoning is still included in the fence of the Great Wall. The three counties of Liaodong, Liaoxi and Youbeiping are the inheritance and further improvement of Yan system.
During the Han Dynasty, the system of Yan and Qin was inherited, except for Liaoxi, Liaodong and Youbeiping, Canghai County, Xuantu County, Lelang County, Lintun County and Zhenfan County were added before the Han Dynasty. These counties were all established in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (141-87 BC), among which Canghai County was abolished after only two years of establishment, and by the fifth year of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty (82 BC), Zhenfan and Lintun counties were merged into Xuantu County and Lelang County respectively. These counties have put the Songhua River basin and Tumen River basin, which are equivalent to Jilin Province and areas close to Heilongjiang Province, under their jurisdiction, especially dividing North Korea into four counties under the unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty. This shows that the administrative jurisdiction over the Northeast was further expanded in the Han Dynasty. Since then, dynasties have continuously expanded their jurisdiction, and more and more county and state roads have been set up. With the consolidation and improvement of the county system, it naturally promoted the final formation of the northeast region.
as far as regional names are concerned, from the Qin and Han dynasties until the middle of the Ming dynasty, there has not been a general name that can cover the three provinces and regions today, but the names of Liaodong and Liaoxi counties have been in use for a long time, and Liaoning generally refers to Liaoning today. The aforementioned "Northeast" only has the meaning of orientation. After Yan and Qin Dynasties, counties were gradually set up in the three provinces. However, the Han people are different from the ethnic minorities and have different administrative divisions. That is to say, they have not been unified, so it is difficult to cover the whole region with one name. As a region, it is bound to form a general identity in politics, economy, culture and life customs, which is a long historical process, and the name is just a definition of historical development. We can see that from ancient times, it was generally referred to as "northeast" and then evolved into Liaodong and western Liaoning, which were actually two parts of a region, so later generations combined Liaoning and East and West collectively referred to Liaoning Province as "Liaoning". This is inextricably linked with the administrative division system, that is to say, without administrative division, an area with identity cannot be formed.
the establishment of the county of Yan state in Liaoning today is undoubtedly of pioneering significance to the formation of the northeast region. Qin and Han dynasties expanded on this basis. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the administrative divisions in Northeast China basically followed the setup of Qin and Han Dynasties and implemented the county system. These counties (states) are located in present-day Liaoning province and parts of North Korea, but not as good as Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. For the Dongyi ethnic groups, Xianbei ethnic groups and Wuhuan ethnic groups living in today's Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and today's eastern Inner Mongolia, there are other jurisdictions such as Dongyi captain, Hu Xianbei captain and Hu Wuhuan captain. These ethnic groups maintained a tributary relationship with the Central Plains Dynasty and maintained a stable situation.
from sui and Tang dynasties, it passed through Liao, Jin and yuan dynasties, and it was about 711 years, which was the period of the formation and development of the northeast region. The outstanding performance was that the administrative divisions of the Central Plains Dynasty developed from the original south to the northern Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, and the administrative divisions of the whole region were perfected, thus establishing the rule of the Central Plains Dynasty over the whole region, especially the three dynasties of Liao, Jin and Yuan established by ethnic minorities, which was of special significance to the development of the whole region.
the sui dynasty only existed for more than 31 years, and its contribution to the northeast was not obvious. only Peiping county and Liaoxi county were established, and its jurisdiction was from the northeast of Hebei province to the western part of Liaoning. Because Goguryeo was in a state of war, Sui's administrative jurisdiction over Northeast China was limited, and Goguryeo did not die, but it died short-lived. After the Tang Dynasty, the national strength grew rapidly, and Koguryo was finally destroyed, and the administrative establishment was promoted to the Heilongjiang River Basin, which opened a new era of regional development.
Goguryeo was destroyed in the first year of General Chapter of Tang Gaozong (668). In December of that year, the Tang Dynasty established the capital of Anton to restore the central government's administrative jurisdiction over Liaodong's hometown. Not only that, but the territory of North Korea, which is located in Pyongyang, north of the Han River and east to the Sea of Japan, was included in the territory of China and placed under the jurisdiction of the Ando Hufu. However, this situation did not last long, and with the continuous inward migration of the government, the jurisdiction gradually narrowed. In the third year of Shangyuan (676), the government moved from Pyongyang to the old city of Liaoyang, then to the new city (now Gaoershan Mountain City, Fushun, Liaoning Province), and then to Youzhou, Pingzhou and Yanjun until it moved to the old city of western Liaoning, that is, the county of western Liaoning in the Sui Dynasty, near Wangmintun, the east of Daling River in Yixian County, Liaoning Province. One of the most important consequences of Anton's repeated moves to the interior of the government was to give up the territory of northern Korea that China should have, and return to the jurisdiction of Liaodong County during the Han and Wei Dynasties, following the jurisdiction of the previous dynasties in this area before the Tang Dynasty.
In western Liaoning, the Xilamulun River and Laoha River basins in the upper reaches of Liaohe River are inhabited by Khitans. In the Tang Dynasty, there were two prefectures in Yingzhou and Songmo, each of which belonged to Qidan, with 17 prefectures. Strictly speaking, the establishment of administrative institutions in the Khitan settlement began in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the Khitan nationality, as a minority, has entered the ranks of the Chinese nation, and at the same time, it is closely linked with the development of the Northeast region.
In the Laohahe River valley where the Xi people live, the governor of Raole is set up; Zhen Yanzhou and Ju Yanzhou are located in the vast area north of Xilamulun River and south of Daxing 'anling, which belongs to Wuzhumuqin Banner in Inner Mongolia. However, the administrative institutions set up in the residential areas of Shiwei tribes have penetrated into the abdomen of Heilongjiang Province today. According to the research, the main residential area of Shiwei tribe is in Nenjiang River Basin. About to the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the governor of Shiwei was set up in this area. What is particularly significant is that from the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to the mid-period, the Tang Dynasty set up jurisdiction institutions in the residential areas of the people in the Heilongjiang River Basin. For example, the famous Heishui Dudufu is located in the area where Heishui is located in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang; Huhan Prefecture is located in the coastal area southeast of present-day Russian coastal areas. When the Bohai Kingdom was established, its king was appointed as the king of Bohai County by the Tang Dynasty, and became the local government of Northeast China under the jurisdiction of Tang Dynasty. With the continuous expansion of the territory, * * * has five capitals, fifteen prefectures and sixty-two states, which were under the jurisdiction of the former Heishui Doudufu until Liaodong area was merged into its subordinate.
during the reign of the Tang dynasty, especially after the fall of Koguryo, on the basis of the existing organizational system, the three northeastern provinces, including parts of Inner Mongolia in the west of Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, were fully established politically, which was systematic and complete, far exceeding the scale and level of the organizational system in previous dynasties before the Tang dynasty. Although it was merged under the rule of Bohai State, it was still an inseparable part of China in Tang Dynasty. The large-scale political system established in the Tang Dynasty in Northeast China has effectively promoted the simultaneous development of economy, politics and culture in this region. Today and tomorrow, this fashion has not formed a unified name, that is to say, there is no regional name that can cover the three provinces.
In this case, when Liao unified the north, people's geographical concept changed, that is, the three provinces were regarded as a large area. This was fully reflected from the military and political establishment in Liao Dynasty. According to "Liao History, Bing Wei Zhi", it is divided into "Northeast Road Recruitment Division, Northeast Road Unified Army Division, and Northeast Road Women's Direct Military Forces Division", and each system is under the jurisdiction of various ethnic and political affairs. His "Official Records" has the saying that "changchun road's divisions control the northeast countries". Obviously, in the Liao Dynasty, the geographical location-Northeast China was cited as the organizational name, and it was widely used. The Jin dynasty inherited the idioms of the Liao dynasty and still set up official positions and institutions with the "Northeast Road". In fact, the Liao and Jin Dynasties regarded the Northeast as an independent administrative region, so its military and political institutions were all named "Northeast". Compared with the Tang Dynasty, which had a complete organizational system and different names, it was indeed an improvement. This shows that the Liao and Jin people have regarded the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, which are in the same geographical position, as a whole, and for the first time, they have cited "Northeast" as the name of the organizational system. This is not only a name change, but also a leap in people's geographical concept.
-----------. For example, "Dayuan Unifying Records" said: "Kaiyuan Road, the white mountain in the south, the sea of Whale River in the north, the old country of Sanjing, the old city of the five countries, is also a metropolis in the northeast. The "Northeast" mentioned here is precisely from the large-scale area of today's Northeast region. Therefore, the concept of "Northeast" refers to both orientation and region.
"Orientation" is called, and all the original dishes are set up, which is more accurate for the official administration. "The meaning of geography, first of all, is to identify the location, which has become the common sense of people's life for a long time. It is said that "Northeast" is placed in one of the eight directions by sacrificing gossip. Zhou Li, quoted earlier, has collectively referred to Beizhen and Yiwulu Mountain in the eastern part of the province and the western part of Liaoning, which were called Youzhou at that time, as "Northeast". Later, with the expansion and development of the territory, the coverage of "Northeast" became wider, and finally all the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang were summarized in the scope of "Northeast". However, with the succession and continuous improvement of the official system of the dynasties before Yuan Dynasty, people's understanding of the region was greatly enriched. Since Liao Dynasty, the original name of geographical orientation was generally referred to as the name of the region.
since the Ming dynasty, there has been a new name in the northeast, which is known as "Guandong". The meaning of this term refers to the place east of Shanhaiguan, which stands at the junction of Hebei and Liaoning, including Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, and is generally called Kanto. It is also separated by Shanhaiguan, so it is another name for inside (inside) and outside the customs. The formation of the concept of Guandong has experienced thousands of years of historical evolution, which is closely related to the Great Wall, especially the slender Shanhaiguan.
in order to clarify the origin of the name of kanto, we must first review the history of the great wall itself.
As early as the Warring States Period, the Great Wall was built in the northern state of Yan to prevent the invasion of Donghu. At that time, Zhao also built the Great Wall to safeguard its own security for the same purpose. But what is directly related to the northeast is the Yan Great Wall. According to archaeologists' determination, this section of the Great Wall built by Yan started from today's Zhangjiakou, headed northeast, passed through Duolun and Dushi in Inner Mongolia, east longitude in Weichang County, Hebei Province, and entered today's Liaoning Province, passing through Jianping, Beipiao, Fuxin, Zhangwu, Faku and Kaiyuan, crossing the Liaohe River, then turning to the southeast, passing through Xinbin and Kuandian, and reaching the Yalu River eastward. As soon as Qin Shihuang unified the world, he gathered the achievements of Yan, Zhao and other countries and connected all sections of the Great Wall into thousands of miles. For example, the Biography of Historical Records of Meng Tian said: "Because of the terrain,