hong kong

for a long time, history books have recorded the history of hong kong, mostly from the British colonial rule of hong kong. However, Hong Kong was inhabited by human beings more than a thousand years ago. The most powerful archaeological discovery is that a 5,-year-old (ancient kiln) was recently discovered on Lantau Island, the largest outer island in Hong Kong. As for prehistoric Neolithic stone carvings, they are scattered all over Hong Kong. Although the significance of carving and the identity of the creators are beyond examination, it is believed that this haven and Danshui Bay once attracted many ancient people sailing along the Pacific coast to stay here.

About 2 years ago, during the Han Dynasty, China incorporated Hong Kong into its territory. The Han Tomb located in Lizhengwu, Kowloon was built at this time. In the 14th century, many Cantonese people came to settle in Hong Kong, and some (Hakkas) moved to Hong Kong from central China. Many modern Hong Kong people still pay (rent) to the descendants of the landlords of that day. These ethnic groups are commonly called (the five major ethnic groups in the New Territories).

According to some earliest historical records, Hong Kong is determined to become an important economic center. According to official historical records, the army was first stationed in Tuen Mun and Tai Po to ensure Tolo Harbour. In addition, crane fishermen from eastern Guangdong also settled in Hong Kong. In the 17th century, the Qing Dynasty entered China. In order to suppress opponents and pirates, the Qing court prohibited ordinary people from settling in the coastal areas. Finally, the ban was abolished, and new immigrants settled in Hong Kong one after another, namely (Hakka) or (Hakka).

The Hakkas, who used to be farmers, began to plant rice and tea trees, and also produced Guanxiang and pineapple. The interests of the family to collect pearls; Now, Tuen Mun and Tai Po have become two major towns in the New Territories.

Historical evidence of Hong Kong's early lifestyle can be found in some small fishing villages and Xiaotianzhuang. Many of these early villages are still protected by visiting walls, moats and guard rooms.

after the first opium war in p>184, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the treaty of nanking in 1842 and cede Hong Kong Island. In 1856, the British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War, forcing the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty in 186, ceding the Kowloon Peninsula, the area south of today's Boundary Street. After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the "Special Article on Expanding the Boundary of Hong Kong" in 1898, and forcibly leased the New Territories for 99 years, ending on June 3, 1997. The lease of the New Territories increased the area of Hong Kong tenfold.

December 19th, 1984: China and Britain signed a joint declaration on the question of Hong Kong, implementing "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong after 1997.

Macao

Macao became the territory of China from the Qin Dynasty and was leased by the Portuguese in 1557 of the Ming Dynasty. It was not until 1887 that the Portuguese government and the Qing government signed the Treaty of Reconciliation and Trade between China and Portugal, which was valid for 4 years (expired in 1928), that Macao became a Portuguese colony and the first territory of European countries in East Asia.

Macao, known as Haojing 'ao in ancient times, has a close historical relationship with Xiangshan County. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Xiangshan was already a land of over 1 Guangdong islands. About the 3rd century ago (that is, when Qin Shihuang unified China), Macau was formally incorporated into Chinese territory, belonging to Panyu County, Nanhai County. In 42 (the second year of Yuan Xi in Jin Dynasty), Macao belonged to Fengle County, Xinhui County. In 59 (the tenth year of the Emperor's reign in the Sui Dynasty), the abandoned Xinhui County was changed to Baoan County, and in 757 (the second year from the Tang Dynasty to Germany), Baoan County was abandoned and changed to Dongguan County. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, Macao belongs to Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province. According to historical records, Zhang Shijie, a famous soldier in the late Song Dynasty, and his army were stationed in this area. People who settled in Macao in the early days formed small villages here, relying on fishing and farming for a living.

Since Macao, a sacred territory of China since ancient times, has been illegally occupied by Portugal, the Portuguese of Macao's coat of arms during the period of the Australian-Portuguese government have always had privileges or special status in Macao, which has caused dissatisfaction among the general residents. From the beginning of Shen Zhiliang's assassination of Governor Amaliou on August 29th, 1849 to the December 3rd, 1966, the "December 3rd" incident triggered by the Cultural Revolution and the Taizi School incident showed that the people had been deeply dissatisfied with the Portuguese privileges in Macau. On April 25, 1974, the Portuguese revolution was successful, and the new government implemented the policy of decolonization, recognizing that Macao was illegally invaded by Portugal and was a territory of China under the current Portuguese administration, and Macao's sovereignty belonged to China.

in p>1986, the Chinese and Portuguese governments started four rounds of negotiations on the Macao issue. On April 13, 1987, the two prime ministers signed the Joint Statement on Macao and two annexes in Beijing. The joint statement said that Macao (including Macao Peninsula, Taipa and Luhuan) is the territory of China, and the People's Republic of China will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Macao on December 2, 1999. China promised to implement one country, two systems to Macao, and guaranteed that Macao people could enjoy the right of "a high degree of autonomy and Macao people ruling Macao".

On March 31st, 1993, the National People's Congress passed the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region in Beijing. At : on December 2th, 1999, witnessed by the heads of state of China and Portugal, Wei Qili, the 127th Governor of Macao, and He Houhua, the first Chief Executive of the Macao Special Administrative Region, handed over the Macao regime at the venue of the handover ceremony of the new Macao port. On the morning of the next day (December 21st), the people of Macao welcomed the troops of the China People's Liberation Army stationed in Macao. At this point, the People's Republic of China officially resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao.

Taiwan Province

In ancient times, Taiwan Province was connected with the mainland. Later, due to crustal movement, the connected parts sank into the sea, forming a strait and Taiwan Province Island appeared.

Most of the early residents in Taiwan Province migrated directly or indirectly from Chinese mainland. In 1971 and 1974, the earliest human fossils in Taiwan Province were discovered twice in Zuozhen Township, Tainan County, and were named as "Zuozhenren". Archaeologists believe that "Zuozhen Man" came to Taiwan Province from the mainland 3, years ago. Together with the "Qingliu Man" and "Dongshan Man" discovered in Fujian archaeology, they belong to the late Homo sapiens in the southern Paleolithic region of China, which have the same origin and all inherited some characteristics of Homo erectus in China. Among the early inhabitants of Taiwan Province, there were a few short black people belonging to the Niglito race and Langya people belonging to the Sparrow race. The early inhabitants of Taiwan Province mentioned above are the ancestors of the ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province today.

The written history of Taiwan Province can be traced back to 23 AD. At that time, Sun Quan, the prince of the Three Kingdoms, sent 1, officers and men to Yizhou (Taiwan Province), and Shen Mou's "Coastal Soil and Water Records" left the earliest account of Taiwan Province in the world. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties (589-618 AD), Taiwan Province was called "Liu Qiu". The Sui Dynasty had been a teacher in Taiwan Province for three times. According to historical records, in 61 (the sixth year of Sui Daye), the Han people began to move to Penghu. By the Song and Yuan Dynasties (96-1368 AD), there were a considerable number of Han people in Penghu area. After opening up Penghu, the Han people began to develop in Taiwan Province, bringing with them the advanced production technology at that time. In the 12th century, the Song Dynasty placed Penghu under the jurisdiction of Jinjiang County, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and sent troops to defend it. The Yuan Dynasty also sent troops to Taiwan Province. The Yuan and Ming governments set up a patrol and inspection department in Penghu, which was responsible for patrolling and arresting criminals, and also held a salt class. The name of Taiwan Province began to appear in the late Ming Dynasty. After entering the 17th century, the scale of Han people's exploration in Taiwan Province became larger and larger. In the era of war and famine, the Fujian authorities of the Ming government and Zheng Zhilong Group once immigrated to Taiwan Province in an organized way.

in the 16th century, western colonial forces such as Spain and Holland developed rapidly and began to extend their tentacles to the east. At the beginning of 17th century, Dutch colonialists invaded Taiwan Province during the peasant uprising at the end of Ming Dynasty, when the Manchus in Northeast China became increasingly powerful and the Ming government was in a difficult situation. Soon, the Spanish occupied some areas in the north and east of Taiwan Province, and were driven away by the Dutch in l642, and Taiwan Province became a Dutch colony. Dutch colonialists enforced compulsory rule, appropriated land for themselves, forced people to pay various taxes, plundered rice and sugar in Taiwan Province, and re-exported the raw silk, sugar and porcelain they bought from China to other countries through Taiwan Province, thus reaping high profits. The rule of Dutch colonists aroused the resistance of the people of Taiwan Province. In September 1652, Guo Huaiyi, a peasant leader, led a large-scale armed uprising. Although the armed uprising was suppressed, it showed that the Dutch colonial rule had been in crisis.

in p>1644, the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan and established the Qing regime in Beijing. In April 1661, Zheng Chenggong enlisted the name of a general in the Southern Ming Dynasty, led 25, soldiers and hundreds of warships, and marched into Taiwan Province from Kinmen. When Zheng Chenggong marched into Taiwan Province, he told Dutch colonialists that Taiwan Province "has always belonged to China", that the residents of the two islands, Taiwan Province and Penghu, are China people who have occupied and cultivated this land since ancient times, and that the Netherlands "should return it to its original owners." After fierce fighting and siege, in February 1662, Zheng Chenggong forced Dutch Governor Yi Yi to sign and surrender. Zheng Chenggong recovered China territory Taiwan Province from Dutch colonists and became a great national hero, which was admired by the broad masses of people.

Zheng died only four months after successfully recovering Taiwan Province. The Zheng regime transplanted the mainland's political, cultural and educational systems to Taiwan Province, attached importance to land development and water conservancy, developed foreign trade, and promoted the economic development of Taiwan Province. By the end of the Zheng regime, the Han population in Taiwan Province had reached 12,.

at the end of the Zheng regime, the Qing government was in a state of military confrontation. After the Qing government pacified the mainland, it began to plan an attack on Taiwan Province, and once adopted the policy of appealing to the government, in an attempt to persuade Zheng to settle the Qing Dynasty. The Zheng regime repeatedly counterattacked the coastal areas of the mainland. By the autumn of 1678, the Zheng army was defeated, and all the occupied southeast coastal counties were lost, and then it completely retreated to Taiwan Province. At this time, it was a foregone conclusion that the Qing government ruled China, and the Zheng regime gradually evolved into a local separatist regime. On July 8, 1683, the Qing government sent Shi Lang, the Fujian navy commander, to lead more than 2, sailors and warships from Tongshan to Penghu and Taiwan Province. The Qing army launched an attack on the defenders in Penghu, and the Zheng army was defeated. Zheng Ke, the grandson of Zheng Chenggong < Tujiashuang > (this word can't be typed) leads the people to submit to the Qing government.

in p>1684, the Qing government set up a patrol road and Taiwan government, which belonged to Fujian province. By 1811, the population of Taiwan had reached 1.9 million, most of whom were immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong. Immigrants reclaimed wasteland in large quantities, which made Taiwan Province a new agricultural region, and provided a large amount of rice and sucrose, daily consumer goods and building materials imported from the mainland, which made Taiwan Province's economy develop to a considerable extent. During this period, Taiwan Province had close contacts with Fujian and Guangdong, and Chinese culture was introduced into Taiwan Province more comprehensively.

After Britain launched the Opium War to invade China in p>184, western powers forced China to open its trading ports. In the 196s, fresh water, chicken coop, Anping and Doggie opened in Taiwan Province, with opium as the main import and tea, sugar and camphor as the main exports.

in the 197s, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan began to "expand its territory". To the south, Ryukyu and Taiwan Province are the targets of expansion, claiming that Taiwan Province is a "indigenous" residential area, a "land without owner" and not under China's sovereignty. Qing Government-Re-statement: "Taiwan Province has been transferred to our territory for a long time", "All the counties in Taiwan have been born, and there is no society that does not belong to China". In January 1874, the Japanese army invaded Taiwan Province. In October, China and Japan signed the Beijing Special Article. Although the weak Qing government compromised Japan, the Beijing Special Article still showed that China exercised sovereignty over the whole of Taiwan Province. After that, officials of the Qing Dynasty suggested that Taiwan Province should be a province.

As western powers invaded and forced China into China's frontier, there was a frontier crisis. During the Sino-French War of 1884-1885, the French army attacked Taiwan Province. Liu Mingchuan led the army and suffered heavy losses. By the signing of the Sino-French New Testament in June 1885, the French army was forced to withdraw from Taiwan Province.

after the sino-French war, in order to strengthen coastal defense, the Qing government designated Taiwan Province as a single province in 1885, and Taiwan Province became the 2th province in China. Liu Mingchuan, the first governor of Taiwan Province Province, actively carried out the new policy of self-improvement, cleaned up land tax, increased fiscal revenue, bought ships, set up telegraph lines, set up the General Administration of Posts and Telecommunications and built railways; Buy warships and add batteries. Set up a machine bureau to make their own weapons; Set up coal bureau and install new coal mining machines; Set up a company to promote the city, build streets and roads; Establish western schools and telegraph schools to train construction talents. Liu Mingchuan concentrated many new businesses in one province, making Taiwan Province one of the advanced provinces in China at that time.

Japan launched the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, and the Qing government was defeated the following year. On April 17th, it was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki, which humiliated the country and ceded Taiwan Province to Japan. After the news came out, the whole country was angry and opposed to cutting the table; Taiwan Province province "cries loudly", gong strike. Liu Yongfu, the general of the Qing army who was in charge of Taiwan Province's military affairs, led the soldiers and civilians to resist the Japanese occupation. After more than five months of fighting, the Japanese invaders paid a heavy price, but eventually failed. Since then, Taiwan Province has been a Japanese colony for 5 years.

Japan implemented the autocratic rule system of the governor in Taiwan Province, established a strict police system, controlled Taiwan Province society, and used the Baojia system as an auxiliary tool of police politics. After Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China in 1937, it carried out the "Imperial People Movement" in Taiwan Province, instilling the idea of loyalty to the "emperor" and love for the "country" (Japan), and trying to turn the people of Taiwan Province into loyal subjects and good citizens of Japan. Economically, the policy of "agricultural Taiwan Province, industrial Japan" is implemented, and Taiwan Province provides rice and sucrose to Japan; Later, in line with Japan's southward policy, it developed industries related to military supplies in Taiwan Province, and regarded Taiwan Province as a supply place for the Japanese army. The people of Taiwan Province have never succumbed to Japanese colonial rule. In the early days of Japanese occupation, the anti-Japanese armed forces with farmers as the main body fought for 2 years. Later, the Cultural Association, the People's Party and the Producer Party also organized and led the national resistance movement against Japanese colonial rule.

in July p>1937, the "July 7th Incident" was created by the Japanese, and the people of China started the national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, many Taiwan Province compatriots returned to the motherland to participate in the Anti-Japanese War, which contributed to the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the recovery of Taiwan Province. After the Pacific War broke out in February, 1941, on December 9th, the Japanese government issued the Announcement of China's Declaration of War against Japan, clearly telling China and foreign countries: "All treaties, agreements and contracts involving the relationship between China and China shall be abolished."

In August p>1945, Japan was defeated in World War II, and announced its unconditional surrender on August 15th. After eight years of heroic War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China finally recovered Taiwan Province. Taiwan Province compatriots celebrated their return to the motherland with great joy. On October 25th, the surrender ceremony of Taiwan Province Province in China War Zone was held in Taibei. On behalf of the China government, the surrendered officials announced that from now on, Taiwan Province and Penghu Islands have officially re-entered Chinese territory, and all land, people and political affairs have been placed under China's sovereignty. At this point, Taiwan Province and Penghu are under the sovereignty of China.