A common cultivation formula
There are many raw materials for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus, such as cottonseed hull, corncob, sawdust, straw and wheat straw, among which cottonseed hull is the best, and all localities can choose it according to local conditions. No matter what kind of raw materials are selected, the culture materials must be fresh, dry and mildew-free.
Formula 1: cottonseed hulls 93%, urea 0.3%~0.5%, calcium superphosphate 1%, plant ash 1%~2%, lime 2%~3%.
Formula 2: corncob 48%, cottonseed hulls 40%, cottonseed cake powder 4%~5%, calcium superphosphate 1%, plant ash 1%~2%, urea 0.3%~0.5% and lime 2%~3%.
Two ingredients and fermentation
Weighing the culture material in proportion; Uniformly stirring the main material and the water-insoluble auxiliary material; The soluble substance is prepared into an aqueous solution, which is gradually added and evenly mixed. According to the characteristics of the culture material, adjust to the appropriate water content. (Note that water cannot be added at one time, but should be added in batches, especially not in excess. )
1, ingredients
The above formulas can be mixed with water according to the ratio of material to water1:1.2 ~1.3, and adjusted to water content of about 60% and pH value of 7.5~8.
2. Stacking fermentation is selected in sunny and dry places, and the culture material is mixed with lime water with pH9~ 10, and the water content reaches 65%.
~70%。 After mixing well, pile 50 kilograms per square meter, which is small and should be piled in a round pile, which is beneficial to the rise.
Warm fermentation; The material quantity is large, which can be piled into a long strip pile. Because the wheat straw is elastic, it should be compacted, and others should be compacted according to the situation. Then use a wooden stick with a diameter of 2~3 cm to drill a hole to the bottom at intervals of 0.5 meters to facilitate ventilation. In order to have good ventilation, two bamboo poles are placed at the bottom when spreading the material, and they cross with the bottom bamboo poles when punching holes on both sides of the top. After stacking, the bottom bamboo poles are spread out, and then covered with plastic film for heat preservation and moisture preservation to make them ferment. After 1~3 days, the material temperature rises to 50-60℃, and it is turned over once every 24 hours. When turning the pile, pay attention to turning the outer layer into the material, the inner layer into the outer layer, the upper layer into the lower layer, and the lower layer into the upper layer, and adjust the position inside and outside up and down, so as to keep the temperature consistent and bear the pressure consistent, which is beneficial to the uniform and orderly growth of mycelium, and then pile it according to the original method. When the temperature rises to 50℃~60℃ again, after 24 hours of fermentation, the material is soft and crisp, and it will break when pulled by hand, which is fragrant, not sour and brown.
Three-bag inoculation
(1) specifications and charging amount of plastic bags: long and wide plastic tubes should be used when the temperature is low, and the charging amount is relatively large. The charging bag should be 23 cm wide and 40-45 cm long, and the dry material should be 0.7-0.8 kg.
(2) strain amount: ensure that the hyphae are pure and free of miscellaneous bacteria, and the hyphae grow vigorously, and the strain age should not be too long, and the strain amount is 15%.
~20%。 The strain amount is large, the mycelium growth advantage is great, and the cultivation is easy to succeed. The amount of strains at both ends of the bag should be large, which is beneficial to the growth of hyphae and the surface advantage. Generally, bagging inoculation adopts layer sowing, which can be three layers of culture materials and four layers of strains.
Four bacteria management
(1) To control the temperature, the temperature is low in early spring, late autumn and winter. The north and south rows can be juxtaposed as a row, with a 50 cm walkway between each row, and 3-5 floors can be stacked. In other seasons, it should be arranged in a single row, and the number of floors should be less. 3~5 layers can also be stacked in a well shape at high temperature.
(2) control that suitable temperature for mycelium growth. Suitable temperature should be controlled for indoor or outdoor border planting and greenhouse planting. The room temperature or border temperature of cultivation should be 15℃~20℃, and it should be low rather than high. The feed temperature should be controlled at 20℃~25℃, which should not exceed 25℃ in a short time and not exceed 30℃ at the highest. Low temperature is not only beneficial to high success rate, but also to high yield. Under the conditions of suitable temperature, humidity and good ventilation, mycelium can grow full of culture materials after 20~30 days.
(3) The relative humidity of the air in the culture room should not be too high, not exceeding 60% at the initial stage, because if the relative humidity of the air is high, it is easy to produce miscellaneous bacteria, and it is appropriate to increase the relative humidity of the air to 60%~70% at the later stage.
(4) During the cultivation period, ventilation should be carried out in combination with the temperature and humidity, 2~3 times a day. When the temperature and humidity are high, the ventilation frequency should be increased and the time should be extended, and ventilation should also be paid attention to when the pile number is large.
(5) Mycelium is suitable for growth under weak light, even under dark conditions, but strong light is not conducive to growth.
(6) Turn over the pile and check the miscellaneous bacteria in time. If it is found that some flaky miscellaneous bacteria occur, it should be picked out and prevented in time. Inject disinfectant with syringe or cut a small mouth of plastic bag with scissors (or blades) and smear it with concentrated lime water or caustic soda solution with pH 10 or above. The bacteria in the bag are serious and should be eliminated.
(7) The culture room must be kept clean.
Five mushroom management
(1) It is advisable to reduce the temperature, increase the temperature difference between day and night 10℃~20℃, increase the relative humidity of the air, strengthen ventilation and increase the light, so as to promote the formation of fruiting body primordium.
(2) Promote the rapid growth of young mushrooms, and control the air relative humidity to 85% at this time.
~95%, and supply sufficient oxygen and fresh air with low concentration of CO2 and strong light.
(3) management of five periods in the development of fruiting body:
(1) Knotting period: water can't be sprayed on the material, and white or yellow-white protrusions appear on the plastic bag, which are larger than soybean grains-broad beans, so that the plastic film forms a gap with the material surface and enters fresh air, which makes it open to promote buds, which is beneficial for hyphae to knot and bud.
(2) Mulberry stage (germ bud stage): a protrusion the size of a small grain of rice is formed on the knot, which promotes the differentiation of the original base, and water can not be sprayed on the material surface, so as to strengthen ventilation.
(3) Coral stage: the primordium is elongated, and the mushroom buds are covered with different lengths of primordium and stipe. At this time, the material surface can be sprayed with water, and young mushrooms are most afraid of losing water by wind.
④ Elongation period: the stipe is thick, and the top is blue-gray and oblate, which can distinguish the stipe from the cap. Spray water 3~4 times a day on the material surface to promote the firmness and hypertrophy of the fruiting body, so as to improve the weight of a single flower. At this time, we must pay attention to the influence of temperature, humidity, light and ventilation.
⑤ Maturity: The stipe stops growing and the cap accelerates.
Early stage: the cover is dark, dark gray, hemispherical, with a raised middle and a downward edge;
Mid-term: the mushroom cap is unfolded, the middle is concave, the edge is flat and light gray, and the harvest is suitable in the middle term;
Late stage: the edge of the lid is wavy, pale white, yellow and gray, and a large number of spores are distributed.
Analysis and treatment of six common problems
1 When is a good time to plant Pleurotus ostreatus? How to get higher benefits?
(1) For low-temperature varieties cultivated in spring, bagging should be done sooner rather than later. In the first year, bagging can be done in March-April this year, and fruiting can be finished by the end of May. For medium and high-temperature varieties, bagging can be started in early or middle February or in March, but not later than the end of March, and fruiting can be carried out in April-June and July.
(2) Summer cultivation: the northern part of our province adopts summer cultivation, while the southern part can only use civil air defense, caves and basements to cultivate high-temperature resistant varieties, and the general site is not suitable for cultivation. The main reason is the high temperature in midsummer and the serious pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. In addition, a large number of fruits and vegetables listed in summer are unfavorable to the sales of Pleurotus ostreatus, which is not easy to preserve, and it is difficult to manage in busy farming season.
(3) Autumn cultivation should be carried out later than earlier. Generally, bagging fungus will start in mid-September, and fruiting will take place in10 ~1month. The northern and southern parts of our province can be advanced and postponed appropriately.
(4) In winter cultivation, seed production should be started in late August, and fungus should be bagged in 1 1 month. At this time, new cottonseed hulls is just used, and the products can be sold fresh in the off-season, which not only meets people's needs, but also improves economic benefits.
2. Some mushrooms have small, thin and shriveled lids and long, thick and hard stipes. Why?
This is caused by high temperature, low humidity and poor ventilation.
3. Some mushroom houses have slender handles, small lids and long handles. Why?
This is caused by the late uncovering of the film and insufficient illumination.
4. Some mushroom houses only have long stalks, no caps and big feet. Why?
This is due to poor ventilation and high carbon dioxide concentration.
5. In some mushroom houses, a large area of young mushrooms shriveled and died. What is the reason?
Because of poor ventilation, too much humidity or too little humidity.
6. In some mushroom houses, the growth and development of the mushroom body is extremely slow, and there are tumors or granular protrusions on the surface of the mushroom cap, and the mushroom cap is stiff and sclerotic. Why?
It is caused by low temperature, poor ventilation and insufficient light during the growth period.
7. Some mushroom houses appear, and the mushroom cover is blue. The whole mushroom body looks like blue ink, which is blue. Why?
This is due to improper heating mode, toxic gases such as carbon monoxide produced by the fire, poor ventilation or too low temperature, resulting in mushroom poisoning and discoloration. At this time, under the premise of ensuring the humidity of the culture material and the relative humidity of the air, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation, control the temperature and increase the illumination, and the fruiting body will grow rapidly and normally.
8. Solving the pollution of various miscellaneous bacteria has become an urgent problem in the production of Pleurotus ostreatus?
(1) Penicillium and Trichoderma viride, whose mycelia are white at the initial stage, turn pale green and then turn dark green, are the enemies that endanger the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. Like Pleurotus ostreatus, this fungus likes to grow in acidic substrates. When it meets high temperature and humidity and the air is not fresh, it is easy to produce, and sometimes it suddenly breaks out in a large area, leading to cultivation failure. Therefore, we must keep the air circulation in the culture room, and the temperature and humidity should be appropriate to avoid this situation. Once it happens, it should be washed and smeared with concentrated limewater with pH 10 or aqueous alkali solution, and treated in time to eliminate it in the spotting period.
(2) Analyze the main ways that cause the contamination of miscellaneous bacteria.
First, the raw materials (cottonseed hulls and strains) carry miscellaneous bacteria themselves during inoculation, and second, the invasion of external miscellaneous bacteria during cultivation. Therefore, we should step by step control every step of planting Pleurotus ostreatus, take the principle of "prevention first, combining prevention with control", and actively take effective control measures to treat early and small, so as to ensure the normal growth of Pleurotus ostreatus to achieve high quality and high yield.
(3) How to deal with the problem of miscellaneous bacteria pollution?
Once the cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus is contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria, it is necessary to find out the reason and deal with it in time. When it is cultivated in spring, a large area of pollution suddenly occurs. First, the pollution of the culture material and ingredients should be considered. If the miscellaneous bacteria occur around the inoculation block or the inoculation eye, the pollution caused by impure strains and miscellaneous bacteria themselves should be considered. If there is sporadic point pollution on the material surface, the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria should be considered in the later period. In the outbreak and management of Pleurotus ostreatus, we should always pay attention to the situation of miscellaneous bacteria pollution, find out the pollution, find out the reason and deal with it immediately, the sooner the better. When stars or small pieces of miscellaneous bacteria are found on the material surface, they should be washed and smeared with concentrated limewater with pH above10, and then the contaminated material surface should be eradicated with a sterilized knife, and then the surrounding areas should be smeared with concentrated limewater to make up new materials, and the strains can be planted on demand. And pay attention to the cultivation under low temperature, ventilation and dry conditions.
(4) adhere to the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention" for pest control measures. For mushroom fly control, firstly, do a good job in cleaning and sanitation of mushroom house; After cultivation, the waste materials should be removed in time and fumigated and disinfected. To control mushroom mites, fermentation treatment or soaking in lime water can also be used to trap and kill them; You can also use bone soup to trap and kill. Take1~ 2kg of fresh pig bones, add 8 8~ 10/0kg of water, cook for1~ 2hr, take 0.5kg of Tonga sugar and 50kg of water, soak them in wheat straw or rice straw, and then spread them on the surface to trap and kill. The effect is quite good.
(5) In the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, how to increase the yield and reduce the production of miscellaneous bacteria should be:
First, the environment should be kept clean. No livestock or poultry, no wood or garbage should be stored around the cultivation field, and no discarded cultivation materials should be thrown away. They should be cleaned frequently and kept clean. The cultivated materials contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria should be transported out in time for deep burial.
Second, it is necessary to rotate crops regularly: use the existing cultivation sites and use them in rotation. Sterilize regularly at leisure and keep it clean. The strains used should be replaced every 1-2 years. It is better to rotate different kinds of Pleurotus ostreatus.
Third, we should choose excellent strains, excellent pollution-resistant Pleurotus ostreatus strains, whose hyphae are white and thick, thick, with strong climbing ability, cotton wool-like, evenly distributed, and the daily growth length is more than 1 cm. Pay attention to seed selection, and have the conditions to breed by yourself; Unconditionally introduce and compare, and determine the successor strains.
Fourth, we should choose appropriate strains to inoculate. Inoculating with appropriate strains can prevent miscellaneous bacteria more effectively than increasing the inoculation amount. It is better to inoculate low-temperature Pleurotus ostreatus with 30-40 days of age, while it is better to inoculate moderate-temperature Pleurotus ostreatus with 25-35 days of age.
Fifth, we should purify the culture materials. Strict selection of materials, the use of fresh, mildew-free culture materials. There must be a plan for purchasing materials, and we must also know what we produce. We should try our best to prepare raw materials and use new materials every year. Raw materials should be properly preserved, rain-proof, moisture-proof and heat-proof. Before use, they should be dried in the sun for 4~5 days, and the day before cultivation, the materials should be mixed. Mix 1%~2% lime water, pile it up, and cover it with plastic film overnight, which can not only make the material soak up water, but also sterilize it.
Sixth, we must scientifically allocate the matrix. After the raw materials were piled up overnight, they were fully stirred and tested for moisture and pH value. The water content is adjusted to about 65%, and the pH value of raw material cultivation is adjusted to 7.5. The nitrogen source of raw material cultivation is insufficient, so it should be supplemented by soybean straw powder or urea, and wheat bran and corn flour cannot be added.
Seventh, we should optimize management. Avoid high temperature season during fungus growth. After the cultivation bag enters the cultivation room, it is created in time.
Create the best growth conditions (room temperature 24℃, well ventilated and dark) to promote the early growth and rapid growth of hyphae. After the mycelium grows, the room temperature is lowered to below 18℃ and the humidity is increased to 85%~90%. Give more than 200 lux of scattered light, keep good ventilation, loosen the bag mouth at the same time, and urge the buds to grow mushrooms. After the mushroom occurs, roll back the bag mouth. Do not touch the fruiting body during the management process, do not take the culture material with you, and remove the mushroom roots and fragments.
9. How to master the appropriate ratio of material to water for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus in plastic bags?
Plastic bags have good moisture retention performance, and the ratio of material to water must be strictly controlled when mixing materials. In spring, the temperature is low and the air humidity is low, and the ratio of material to water is1:1.3 ~1.4. In autumn, the temperature is high and the air humidity is high, and the ratio of material to water is1:1.2 ~1.3. In winter, the water ratio of cultivated materials should be1:1.3 ~1.4, and in principle, it should not be higher than 1: 1.5 or lower than1.2. Cotton lint with long lint can be properly added with more water, and cotton lint with short lint should be added with less water.
It is advisable to see water drops without dripping. When bagging, materials should be mixed and turned over at any time to prevent uneven dryness and wetness.
Affect the growth of mycelium.
10, how to prevent the formation of fruiting body primordia in plastic bags?
(1) can't talk too late. (2) Because the two ends of the material surface are dry, the humidity of the fungus blocks in the bag is good, which is suitable for fruiting. The growth of primordia in the bag will consume nutrition and affect the yield, and it is impossible to form normal fruiting bodies. Therefore, the diaphragm can be used to crush the primordia in the bag, so that the nutrition can be concentrated at both ends to produce mushrooms.
1 1, how to supplement the nutrition of Pleurotus ostreatus?
General Pleurotus ostreatus has insufficient nutrition in the culture material after two crops of mushrooms. In order to promote more mushrooms, water spraying can be combined to give supplementary nutrition. Generally, 0. 1% urea or 0.3% sugar water or boiled water from mushroom feet can be sprayed, which has a certain effect.
12. When is it more suitable to bag and inoculate Pleurotus ostreatus?
Bagging and inoculation are best carried out in the morning and morning or after cloudy and rainy days, not in windy weather, in order to prevent the bacteria from dehydration and aging and air pollution.
13. What are the precautions for Pleurotus ostreatus in different seasons?
Ventilation at noon in winter; Moisturizing is the main method in spring, and ventilation is carried out in the morning and evening when the air humidity is high; Summer and autumn
When the temperature is high in season, cooling and ventilation are the main methods, and water spray ventilation is used to cool down, moisturize and ventilate, and ventilation is conducted before dawn when the temperature is low.
The wind is dominant.
14. What are the advantages of Pleurotus ostreatus clinker cultivation?
Pleurotus ostreatus is a wood rot fungus with strong adaptability, so it is easy to be cultivated successfully. Generally, it is cultivated with raw materials. In order to make full use of land and space, develop into three-dimensional, improve the utilization rate of solar greenhouse and increase its benefits; In order to reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria and improve the yield and quality; In order to adapt to the annual production of Pleurotus ostreatus, clinker cultivation was adopted. Weigh the culture material according to the proportion, control the water content at about 65%, stir it evenly and then bag it. Choose high-density low-pressure polyethylene plastic bags, 20×42cm.
Plastic bags. Immediately after bagging, put it in the oven for sterilization at normal pressure, keep it at 100℃ 10~ 15 hours, autoclave it at 1.5 kg ∕ cm2, keep it at 1.5~2 hours, and cool the bag to 30℃. After inoculation, the high temperature is kept at 24-28℃ to develop bacteria. During the spawning period, it is required to avoid light, dry and pay attention to ventilation in the spawning room. After 20~30 days, the mycelium can grow full of culture materials, loosen the bag mouth, let oxygen penetrate into the bag, accelerate the physiological maturity of the mycelium, and then transfer it to a sterilized mushroom house or a field shade shed to grow mushrooms.
15. What are the advantages and precautions of Pleurotus ostreatus stacking fermentation cultivation?
Stacking fermentation of Pleurotus ostreatus culture material can improve its physical properties, improve its nutritional level and eliminate some miscellaneous bacteria and pests. Pay attention to the method of adding water during mixing and stacking fermentation to prevent water from losing from the material so as not to lose nutrition. When adjusting the water content and pH value, pay attention to eliminate the ammonia smell in the material. If there is ammonia smell, it means that the stacking material is too tight, the ammonia smell is not eliminated, and the stacking time is not enough. Finally, the water content and pH value of the culture material are tested, and the water content is adjusted to about 60%, and the pH value is about 8. It takes about 5~6 days to compost in warm season in spring and autumn, and 6~8 days when the temperature is low.
The yield of Pleurotus ostreatus fermented in one place is low all the year round, so it is necessary to adopt rotation system, and it is better to cultivate every other year to achieve high yield.
16, Pleurotus ostreatus mulching can increase yield?
The yield of Pleurotus ostreatus can be increased by more than 50% after mulching. Because the soil can not only provide moisture and nutrients, but also play a role in moisturizing and regulating temperature, and stimulate mushroom growth through a large number of beneficial microorganisms. Pleurotus ostreatus is that after the hyphae grow, the primordia begin to differentiate or cover the soil after one or two tidal mushrooms are produced. Usually, after one or two tidal mushrooms are produced, the fungus bags are piled into a fungus wall and plastered with mud or a ditch is plastered on the fungus wall. Before fruiting, the culture material covered with hyphae is called a mushroom stick, and the wall is made of mud, and the mushroom is produced in a three-dimensional wall type. A layer of bacteria sticks is covered with mud, and then a layer of bacteria sticks is placed, so that more than ten layers are built, the top layer is plastered with mud, and a small ditch is plastered in the middle, which is used for irrigation to increase and maintain the humidity of the culture material. This method should pay attention to prevent the soil from splashing on the mushroom body when spraying and watering, so as not to affect eating. Choosing clay loam or sandy loam requires soil with good aggregate structure, many pores, rich humus and good water retention performance. Covering soil is an effective measure to increase production and income. As long as it is properly applied, it can obtain greater benefits without increasing investment.
17, Pleurotus ostreatus is mostly cultivated as raw material, so long as it is properly managed, the yield can be increased?
The key point of Pleurotus ostreatus management can not be separated from the three elements of "temperature, humidity and gas", and it is strictly forbidden to use the word "high" in temperature management; Avoid a word "many" in water management; Keep a word "smooth" in mind in air management. As long as the relationship between temperature, humidity and air is well grasped and applied flexibly, the high yield of Pleurotus ostreatus will be assured.
18, Pleurotus ostreatus in a certain temperature range, the greater the temperature difference between day and night, the more conducive to the formation of fruiting bodies?
According to the different optimum temperatures for the development of fruiting bodies, Pleurotus ostreatus can be divided into low, medium and high temperature types. The optimum temperature for fruiting body development is low-temperature Pleurotus ostreatus below 20℃; The optimum temperature for the development of medium-temperature Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting body is 20℃ ~ 24℃; The optimum temperature for the development of high-temperature Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting body is above 25℃.
19. How to regulate the influence of external environmental factors on the yield of Pleurotus ostreatus?
The growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus has specific requirements for external environmental conditions. Only when the requirements are mastered and met can we obtain a bumper harvest and seize high yield. Temperature is one of the most important and sensitive environmental factors in the growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus. The requirements for temperature in the growth and development stages of mycelium and fruiting body are different, and the temperature difference in different production seasons is obvious because of the significant difference in the temperature of warm-type strains. In production, we must proceed from reality, classify and adopt flexible management measures, especially in the period of fungus growth, to effectively control the material temperature. It is very important to control the optimum range of this variety by temperature during the fruiting period. Water is the source of all life, and the key to the success, high quality and high yield of Pleurotus ostreatus production lies in water. If there is more water in the material, there will be less oxygen, which is not conducive to mycelium growth. Lack of water makes it difficult to decompose nutrients, which is not conducive to mushroom production. Therefore, when the water content of the substrate is 65% in the mushroom production period, 68%~70% in the mushroom production period, and the relative humidity of the air is maintained at 85%~95%, the mushroom will be large and plump, bright in color and good in quality. Air is the "touchstone" to control the mycelium growth rate and the quality of Pleurotus ostreatus. In the period of fungus growth and fruiting, there is enough oxygen in the material, the indoor air is fresh, and the mycelium and fruiting body grow vigorously, with high growth rate, high yield and good quality. At the same time, air can also regulate the differentiation of primordia, and reducing oxygen supply in the material is beneficial to mushroom production in stages and at regular intervals. Appropriate light can not only stimulate primordial differentiation, but also adjust the color and product quality of mushrooms. The pH value is an important factor that affects the metabolism of Pleurotus ostreatus. When the pH value is 7~7.5 during the spawning period, it can not only satisfy the growth of mycelium, but also inhibit the occurrence of miscellaneous bacteria. The suitable pH value at fruiting stage is 5.8~6.2. Therefore, it is very important to comprehensively adjust the role of various environmental factors.
20. What is the yield standard for high-yield cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus?
The yield standard of high-yield cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus is 1000 g of raw materials to 1000 g ~ 1500 g of fresh mushrooms. The so-called 3000 grams of fresh mushrooms in a large area can't be achieved.