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How to appreciate horses and jade
Ma He Jasper, also known as Tianshan Jasper, is one of the "three famous jade" in China, which can be divided into turquoise, dark green, dark green and dark green. Its jade materials and handicrafts are favored by domestic and foreign merchants, especially tons of horses and jasper, which have been carved by special personnel and are of great value.

Hetian jade, horse and jasper belong to the same category, and the main component is tremolite, but the origin is different.

Hetian jade can be divided into hetian jade, hetian jade, hetian blue white jade, hetian jade, hetian jade and hetian jade. Hetian jade, hetian jade, hetian jade blue and white, etc. This year, the value of Hetian jade blue and white has been fired, and it is very high. A good-looking Hetian jade blue-and-white seed bracelet is as high as 6000 -8000 yuan. Horses and jasper are just jade.

Hetian jade, Ma and Jasper have the problem of distinguishing seed material from mountain material (seed material and mountain material have great differences in density, hardness, wettability and price); On the other hand, the hardness of horse and jasper is not as good as that of Hetian jade.

Judging from the jade material (1), it should be moist, not rough and translucent; (2) hardness. Today, the hardness requirement of jade is 6.5, such as Hetian jade. Because the tools used to make jade articles in different periods are different, the hardness of jade articles is also different, because jade articles also have a popular definition-"stones that cannot be carved". Therefore, it can be said that according to this definition, the word "jade carving" is inaccurate. What can be "carved" is stone, and it should be called "cutting jade" and "grinding jade" accurately. The hardness of ancient jade is 4.5-6. For example, serpentine distributed all over the country (for example, the hardness of xiuyan jade in Liaoning Province is around 4.5) once existed as jade material for a long time in primitive times and bronze age. With the birth of iron in the Han Dynasty, the requirement for the hardness of jade was improved. At this time, varieties with hardness above 6 are needed to make jade materials, and Hetian jade has therefore become an enduring jade species for more than 2,000 years. (3) The specific gravity needs to reach 3-3.5, and there is a feeling of falling hands. (4) As jade, there can only be five colors, namely white, blue, yellow, blue and ink. The purer the color, the better. Those transparent, blue, red and so on can't be called jade, even if the specific gravity is large enough and the hardness is high enough, they are not jade. (5) Jade material must be natural ore. Since the Warring States Period, glass has been used as jade. Nowadays, it is often passed off as low-priced foreign similar Hetian jade materials (Russia, South Korea, Canada, etc. ) or synthetic materials. Second, identify (1) the color of jade itself (the five colors mentioned above) from the color of jade. (2) Due to geological movement, jade rolled from the mountain into the river, and its skin color was soaked for thousands or even tens of thousands of years. Hetian jade has the best quality after rolling, not only because of the moistening effect of Kunlun Mountain on jade, but also because of the long-term immersion of river water. When dry, I like to use jade with preserved skin color to make small utensils (mountain jade is often used to make large utensils). In addition to the Qianlong period, in history, the Han Dynasty deliberately chose to keep a part of the skin color to prove that it was jade. Later dynasties such as Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan all chose to keep part of the skin color of jade articles, so it can be judged that if the jade articles of other dynasties keep the skin color, they may be imitations. (3) Four or five hundred years ago, jade articles generally had the color of erosion, which was called "Qin color". Take Hetian jade as an example, natural streaks (there are impurity cracks in the middle of jade, which belong to material defects) and parts that have been bad when carving jade (or damaged in use) are easy to change color in the tomb. (4) Color caused by human factors. There are two situations. One is the ritual of burning individual tombs in primitive society (there are also natural fires), such as jade articles of Liangzhu culture. The other is to artificially remove the dark color of antique jade by steaming, frying, boiling, baking and pickling. According to the literature, there are even cases where new jade is stuffed into the stomach of sheep, buried underground for several years, and then taken out with blood for a long time to imitate "blood jade". Today, some people imitate it, coating it with glue and slowly baking it in the microwave oven at low temperature. Man-made old things can be distinguished, and the color is generally thick and easy to fade. For example, jade cooked with water, alkali, sulfuric acid, etc. Small pits are often left, and unnatural cracks will appear when cooking. Third, judging from the traces of craftsmanship, people often use tools such as metal and emery (also known as jade sand) to punch and carve jade articles. In ancient times, they also used tools such as beef tendon. The holes and lines in jade often leave traces of historical production. For example, before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, because the hole-turning tools were soft, they were often imported bellmouth with big belly and small body, and the earlier the age, the more obvious the bellmouth was. At this point, the trace (effect) of modern imitation is different from the original process. Jade articles after the Warring States Period generally only see vertical holes with the same diameter. As for the lines, the lines on Liangzhu jade are often scraped with hard objects, which are relatively thin and have paths at the bottom of the ditch; The grain of Hongshan jade is probably ground with beef tendon and sand, and the grain is relatively thick; Since the Xia dynasty, people have used metal weights to grind. The groove bottom of the line is smooth and radian, with thin and shallow ends and thick and deep middle. Observing with a magnifying glass, we can find that the long lines are not straight, and there are traces of heavy objects in the middle. This is also the key point of identification. Dating through the modeling of jade, each dynasty has its own style of the times, and often we can judge the age of an object from its modeling characteristics. Whether it is bronze, porcelain, wood or jade. , is the same. Dating jade articles through their ornamentation, the differences of animal ornamentation, plant ornamentation and figure ornamentation can reflect the characteristics of different times, especially the figure ornamentation is the most complicated, involving many details such as the face, hairstyle, clothing and posture of the figure. It is very difficult to identify "plain" jade articles (such as bracelets). If porcelain without money can be analyzed by kiln site, tire soil and glaze color, it is more difficult to identify plain jade, and its age can only be preliminarily judged by erosion depth and material. Fourth, according to the comprehensive data, in addition to the above five requirements, we also need to combine historical documents, archaeological materials and other knowledge to supplement our understanding of jade identification, which requires long-term accumulation and precipitation, not overnight. Just like the strategy of "the countryside surrounds the city", we move closer to the center bit by bit and finally get the truth. The final appraisal of a jade article can only be established after the five key points of material, color, technology, modeling and decoration are unified, provided that comprehensive theory and knowledge are mastered.