The Cold Food Festival has another name, "150", because it is from winter to the future 105. A poem by Su Zhe in Song Dynasty, "New Fire": "Yesterday at 150, many old people ate cold food." In Song Dynasty, Mei Yao Chen wrote "Yi Yun's Cold Food Sense and Li Sheren's Journey": "After 150 days of wind and rain, the clothes in the spring suburbs are wet." [5] The Cold Food Festival can't move the stove fire for at most one month, and the royal family will assign special personnel to supervise it. During cold food, you can only eat "cold utensils", that is, prickly heat, doughnuts (close to inby) and cakes (close to sugar ears). Cold food is too harmful to the body, and then compressed into 1 day to 3 days.
Cold food and no fire put out the fire preserved in winter. When it comes to Qingming, it is necessary to drill wood for fire again. Wei Zhuang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote: "A cold food can make thousands of trees and snow, and a clear fire can make thousands of cigarettes."
The origin of cold food is following the old habit of changing fire in ancient times, that is, what Zhou Li called "it is forbidden to use muduo to make up fire in the middle of spring in middle schools". By the time of the Tang Dynasty, a national statutory festival had been formed, and then it merged with Tomb-Sweeping Day, the earliest traditional festival in China. The Cold Food Festival was 2640 years ago. There were five days, one hundred and five days, one month, three days and two days, five days and seven days, and finally it became one day. From Jiexiu and Taiyuan County to all parts of the country and even overseas (for example, Gao Changguo has designated March 9 as the Cold Food Festival since the Tang Dynasty).
From respecting the meson to carrying forward the political ambition of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, retiring after success, being honest and clean, and not violating the filial piety of relatives, it has developed into an important festival that unites people's hearts, embodies the Chinese soul and reflects the ancestral culture of the Chinese nation. And form a series of cold foods such as glutinous rice and green rice.
During the Cold Food Festival, there are visits to grave-sweeping, no smoking, ancestor worship, cold food, willow insertion, outing, cuju, tree planting, swinging, flower viewing, chicken fighting, banquet feeding and poetry reading. Many activities, such as banquets, flower viewing, cockfighting, chicken carving, pulling hooks (tug-of-war), drilling wood for fire, flying kites, shooting herbs, throwing pottery toys and so on. , greatly enriched the social life in ancient China.
Festival custom
Cooking is forbidden (on some days)
The Cold Food Festival was also called "No Smoking Festival" in ancient times. Everyone is forbidden to make a fire and eat cold food. However, due to the persistent pursuit of sages by Chinese people, it was repeatedly banned from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it was not until the Tang Dynasty that it was recognized and participated by the royal family. "Try new fire and new tea" in Su Shi's "Looking at Jiangnan Transcendent Taigong" is about the poet's behavior after cold food. The folk custom of forbidding fire and cold food in Shanxi is mostly one day, and only a few places are used to forbidding fire for three days.
Worship ancestors
The Cold Food Festival was regarded as a "wild sacrifice" from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it was included in Volume 87 of "Opening Ethan", which was worshipped by princes (cold food worship) and became one of the auspicious gifts officially recognized and advocated. Later, it evolved into a royal mausoleum; Official sacrifices to Confucius Temple and sages; People go to sweep graves and so on. At that time, a family or a clan went to the ancestral grave to offer sacrifices, add soil and hang paper money, then sprinkled swallows and snakes and rabbits on the top of the grave, rolled them down, put them on with willow branches or needles, and put them high in the room to show their ancestors' virtue.
prescribe a diet
Cold food includes cold porridge, cold noodles, cold paste, green rice and porridge. Cold food offerings include noodles, snakes and rabbits, jujube cakes, refined rye, immortals, etc. There are dozens of drinks, such as spring wine, fresh tea, clear spring and sweet water. Most of them have profound implications, such as offering sacrifices to snakes and rabbits, which means that "snakes and rabbits will be rich", meaning that people are expected to be rich and the country is strong; Zituiyan, take the word "nian" in Jiexiu dialect, and don't forget to introduce and promote honesty.
People in southern Shanxi are used to eating bean jelly, cold noodles and cold cakes. In northern Shanxi, people are used to cooking (that is, steamed cake noodles or white noodles are cut into dice-sized squares, then dried and fried with earth) as food for the Cold Food Festival. In some mountainous areas, the whole family eats fried noodles on this day (that is, stir-fry whole grains, mix various dried fruits and grind them into noodles).
The Cold Food Festival is celebrated by steaming cold swallows. Flour is kneaded into swallows, songbirds, animals, melons and fruits, flowers, etc. The steamed swallows are colored, inserted into the needles of jujube trees, decorated indoors and given as gifts.
Chuanliuzhi
The symbol of the vitamin cold food festival was originally to miss Jie Zhi's pursuit of political clarity. As early as the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was a record in the Chronicle of Jingchu that "every family broke willow during the cold food between Jianghuai and Suzhou", and it is still popular to wear mustard flowers and wheat leaves instead of willow branches in Anhui, Suzhou and other places. According to historical records in various places, there are some sayings, such as "willow branches are inserted into graves", "willow branches are folded into households", "willow branches are inserted into the eaves of sleeping stoves", "wearing a head or a tie", "offering Buddha gods in bottles" and "willow branches are inserted into doors", so there is a saying among the people that "Qingming (cold food) does not wear willow, and the beauty becomes bald".
spring outing
Also known as spring outing, Sheng Xing was born in Tang and Song Dynasties. Song Lizhi's words "What I saw in the East Valley" say: "I swept things, and then I went home happily with my brother, wife, relatives and deeds." In the Ming Dynasty, a brief introduction to the scenery of emperors recorded the scene of walking in Beijing: "During the Qingming Festival, people were walking, and there were thousands of tourists, passengers and pedestrians." Can be said to be extremely prosperous.
sway
Swing was originally a female amusement in the ancient cold food festival. Wang Renyu's "Kaiyuan Tianbao Legacy" in the Five Dynasties recorded that "the Tianbao Palace Mid-solstice Cold Food Festival actually erected a swing, which made the wives and concubines in the palace laugh and thought it was a feast. The emperor called it a semi-fairy play, so the scholars in the capital called it. " Wen Yanbo, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, wrote the poem "Cold Food Day Crossing the Dragon Gate", which is described as "the willow on the bridge hangs on a line and hangs more colorful ropes."
Coarse ball
Popular in the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty's "Literature General Examination" contained: "Cuju, Gai began in the Tang Dynasty. Plant two bamboos, several feet high, and wrap the net on the net to measure the ball for the door. The ball is divided into friends and friends, and the game is divided into corners. " Historical records: Tang Dezong, Xianzong, Mu Zong and Jing Zong all like to play cuju. Yuan Guizai, the state capital, said: "In February of the twelfth year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong, the Imperial Palace East Pavilion, the great ministers and the sons and daughters of Xunqi met the ball and held a banquet for the ministers to be slaughtered." In the Song Dynasty, there was "Taizu Cuju Map".
recite/chant poems
During the Cold Food Festival, literati or homesick relatives, or borrowing scenery, have feelings, feelings, inspirations, poems and chanters. According to the survey, The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty alone contains more than 300 poems by famous people such as Tang Xuanzong, Zhang Shuo, Du Fu, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, as well as more than 100 poems in the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, making it a wonderful work in Chinese poetry art.
Clean intestines
Picking wild vegetables during the cold food festival not only exercises the body, but also meets the needs of the human body, killing two birds with one stone. Finally, I want to talk about psychological adjustment in spring health preservation. Women are injured in spring, and it can prevent mental illness to come out for fun and enjoy a spring outing at the Cold Food Festival. Although men don't hurt spring, when the liver-qi is too strong and they are prone to mental disorders in spring, they cherish the memory of their ancestors and place their grief on them, which has played a role in restraining anger. Conditioning the liver is quite beneficial. After five thousand years of cultural nourishment, cold food and Qingming are integrated into one, and it has become a festival to remember old friends and inspire strangers.