Introduction of popular hair accessories in Tang Dynasty
Shuanghuan bread
This bun divides the hair into two parts, and each side of the head is coiled into a drooping ring. It was the most popular in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Generally, unmarried women or maids, maids and child servants comb this bun. It can be seen that Ye Fan's modeling in the play is very consistent with the characteristics of the literati in the Tang Dynasty. With gold-plated gold and silver hairpins, jewelry made of gold and silver became popular in the Tang Dynasty. In Wu Meiniang legend, Wu Ruyi wore a flower-shaped gold hairpin, which was called a flower hairpin. Each pair of gold and silver hair clips is in duplicate, with the same structure but opposite patterns, and can be inserted symmetrically left and right. This kind of gold and silver hairpin is most commonly engraved with patterns.
Shuang Huan Wang Ji Xian
This bun divides the hair into two strands, tied in a circle with black wool or black belt, and towering above the head. Because of the feeling of pursuit and longing, it is called double-ring fairy bun, which prevailed in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Bun, temples and lips. Wu Cairen wears a bun and hairpin flowers. Hairpin ornaments are made of gold and kingfisher feathers. In the Tang Dynasty, there were few Cui Cui leaves, mainly gold, which were not worn on the bun. In Qing Dynasty, it was more common in Cui Cui headdress and was widely used. And inserted in the hair, a string of beads hanging on the sideburns is called sideburns and lips. The swaying beads make Wu Cairen beautiful and moving, and people can't put it down.
curly hair
It means that the hair is gathered at the top, then rolled up, and then wrapped around the top of the head, and the top is flat. The comb is inserted in front of the bun, and the bun is decorated with gold hairpin and step shake, which makes Wu dignified and elegant and conscientious. The second hairstyle is a double-ring fairy bun or a scary bun. Paired with combs, it became popular in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Put some combs in the bun. More exquisite combs are made of gold, silver, rhinoceros, jade, teeth and other materials, exposing the half-moon comb back, which plays a very good decorative role. Hair accessories also include stepping, hairpin, cuiqiao and so on. Walking is a kind of hairpin, and the general forms are mostly phoenix and butterfly. , or decorated with tassels or beads. When women walk, gold ornaments will swing and be lifelike, so they are very popular in the Tang Dynasty.
Gaoji
Refers to the hair towering above the head, which is convenient for wearing ornaments such as dragon crowns. In her later years, Wu Zetian wore a high bun, pearls and jewels carved on her head, and a golden dragon and golden hairpin on her head. The color of jewelry is not as bright as when she was young, but more calm and solemn. Wu Zetian in the stills looks dignified, and her eyes are vicissitudes and sad. The magnificent life of the only female emperor in history is written on this weather-beaten face.
Women in the Tang Dynasty were really happy. There are so many patterns on a hair, not to mention the ornaments on it. Compared with modern women, it is much simpler. Most women go out with the same hairstyle, and their hair accessories are not so gorgeous.
Prosperity of nobles in Tang Dynasty
Before Sui and Tang Dynasties, China society advocated gate valve. The reason is that after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the state implemented the door-to-door system, and the court paid attention to selecting officials from rich and powerful families. These families and the royal family jointly held political power and had a very high status and prestige. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, although the Southern and Northern Dynasties changed frequently, the gentry still had a market and remained the dominant force in society.
Not to mention the Southern Dynasty, a direct descendant of Chinese culture, was the Northern Dynasty ruled by the Hu people, and it was also to learn the concept of family and reuse the Han gentry. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty admired Chinese culture, actively promoted a large-scale sinicization movement, made Xianbei people speak Chinese and write Chinese characters, and changed Xianbei nobles (including the royal family) into Han surnames Yuan, Sun, Yuwen, Yu and Lu. After the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and other Hu or Han regimes, how many Han gentry were there? Ivy. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties unified China, these? Ivy. The nobles are still highly respected.
According to "Zi Tongzhi Jian? Ji Tang Xi records that in the spring of the twelfth year of Zhenguan, Gao Shilian, the official minister, Wei Ting, the assistant minister of Huangmen, Cen Wenben, the assistant minister of Zhongshu, and Linghu Defen, the assistant minister of Libu, were ordered to compile genealogy. Gao Shilian and others are working actively with a pragmatic attitude. Throughout the world, all criticize historical records, test their authenticity and distinguish their authenticity. First, praise those who are loyal and righteous, and relegate those who are rebellious, which are divided into nine grades. ? Finally, Cui Mingan, assistant minister of Huangmen from Boling, ranked first in the world. Cui, Lu, Li, Zheng and Wang? The five sects are among the best. After reading the first draft, Emperor Taizong was quite confused and angry, and lost his temper with Gao Shilian and others. Cui Shi has long since fallen. Why should we rank first? Am I not as good as Cui Shi as Li Guigui? I really don't know why the four surnames of Baishan Dongsi are so proud, but why are they so important in the world? ! ? In order to safeguard the honor of the royal family, Emperor Taizong intervened with political power and ordered a heavy order. Headed by the royal family, followed by consorts (eldest grandson), Cui Mingan third. ?
Indeed, in the eyes of the literati at that time, Cui, Lu, Zheng and Wang? The four famous families are quite noble, even surpassing the royal family. For example, Fang,, and so on, when choosing a spouse for their children, they all give priority to proposing marriage to the above four famous families. It is more glorious to marry a noble lady than a princess as a husband. So, was it popular at that time? Cui ugly girl don't worry about marriage, princess royal worry about marriage? Said.
Now, it seems incredible that Gao Shilian and others did not list the royal family as the first family in the world. After all, China people have always worshipped power, and they are used to acting according to the face of power. From a secular point of view, the imperial power is supreme in the imperial era, and the royal family naturally ranks first in the world. The Tang dynasty was the Li dynasty, and Li should be at the top of the list; Of course, the Song Dynasty was the Zhao Dynasty? Qiansun Zhao Li? Sorting; The Ming Dynasty was the Zhu Dynasty, and Zhu's surname must be the best in the world. This analogy is only based on the logic of power worship. However, Tang people are Tang people after all. They have their own principles and self-esteem, not blindly worship and please power.
In fact, Gao Shilian has something to do with Emperor Taizong. He is the uncle of his eldest grandson, and he raised Sun Chang and his eldest grandson Wuji. Gao Shilian led the compilation of Genealogy. If he blindly worships power and considers the relationship with the royal family, I am afraid that other colleagues will believe that * * * will put the royal family first. But Gao Shilian didn't do that. Naturally, he had his own ideas, which basically represented the mainstream consciousness of the society at that time, paid attention to the background and lineage, and thought that the royal family in Li Tang was not the noblest.
Of course, Lee (Longxi Lee, Zhao Jun Lee) was also a noble family at that time. But as far as the royal family of Li Tang is concerned, its pedigree is not pure. This is impure, mainly from the mother side. Tang Taizong's grandmother Gu and his mother Dou He are all Xianbei people, that is, conference semifinals, not Han people. At that time, China people didn't worship foreign things, but called people outside the Han nationality Hu and regarded them as foreigners. Although the Hu people at that time were powerful, the Han people had a high degree of civilization and looked down on them in their bones. In addition, the Li Tang royal family claimed to be the descendants of the famous family in Longxi, but according to the textual research of Mr. Chen Yinque, there were also some improper sources. So the noblest family in the eyes of the Tang people is not necessarily the royal family.
So, why is Boling Cui Shi ranked first in the world? Cui Shi is from the style of Chiang Kai-shek. Jiang Taigong helped Zhou Wuwang destroy the business and enfeoffed it to Qi, becoming the first monarch of Qi. When he arrived in the State of Qi, the eldest son Jiang ascended the throne, but he resigned and gave way to his younger brother Uncle B. After Uncle B succeeded to the throne, he gave (Zhangqiu, Shandong Province) to Kiko as a food city. Since then, his descendants have lived in and later took Cui as their surname. After Cui Shi, he held important positions in Qi from generation to generation and became one of the great families of doctors in Qing Dynasty. No matter how dynasties change, Cui Shi? From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, it became famous and flourished for a while, confronting the same famous figures as Longxi Li, Zhaojun Li, Xingyang Zheng, Fan Yanglu and Taiyuan Wang. ? Anyone who has read The Romance of the Three Kingdoms knows that there is a Cui Zhouping in Boling. In the story of three visits to Mao Lu, Liu Bei met Bolingcui. When Si Mahui recommended the wise men at that time to Liu Bei, he mentioned four close friends of Zhuge Liang, namely Bolingcui, Yingchuan, Runan Menghe (Xu Shu). Boling is famous not because of Cui Zhouping, but because Boling has a famous family that has been passed down for thousands of years-Boling Cui Shi. From the Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, this family produced more than 20 prime ministers, hundreds of officials above assistant ministers, and countless poets, writers and painters. At the same time, Qinghe Cui Shi, Xingyang Zheng, Fanyang Lushi, Longxi Lee, Zhaojun Lee, Taiyuan Wang and other top schools are also full of talents and elites. It is conceivable that these noble families are also outstanding, educated and beautiful; Otherwise, why are all the dignitaries vying to marry them? !
There is no doubt that the above? The five-surname giants are all old-fashioned aristocrats, which have always been gold-lettered signboards in the Tang Dynasty and are favored by the world. Although Emperor Taizong used power for personal gain to rank Li Tang royal family as the best in the world, he did not substantially suppress other established nobles. After all, Emperor Taizong was born in a noble family and acted nobly. He relied on the two big noble camps in governing the country to a great extent. The first is Guanlong aristocratic group, which refers to the military group whose native place is located in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province and Longshan, Gansu Province and originated from Bashu Kingdom in the Western Wei Dynasty. The members of the Eight Pillars State are Yuan Xin, (his great grandfather), Li Bi, Zhao Gui, Yu Jin, Du (the father-in-law of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty) and Hou Chong. They established four dynasties: the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. Bazhu Kingdom and its descendants formed a powerful Guanlong aristocratic group in the early Tang Dynasty. Mr. Chen Yinque pointed out that members of this group have two characteristics:? Those who have the wisdom and strength to rule the Hu people. There is no such thing as separation of civil and military affairs. ? In the early Tang Dynasty, Guan Long nobles were reused, which was called by Chen Yinque? Guanzhong standard policy? . Second, the gentry represented by aristocratic families. Ministers in the early Tang Dynasty were either born in noble families or noble literati. They are smart and noble. Emperor Taizong was a magnanimous and fearless monarch. He led the Wu Wen and big noble Group to effectively govern this country, thus creating political clarity, military strength, economic development and cultural prosperity? Zhenguan rule? , wrote the most magnificent, luxurious and vigorous chapter in the ancient history of China.
In The Spirit of Law, Montesquieu, a French thinker, divided the political system into three types: democracy, monarchy and autocracy, and pointed out the principles or motives of various political systems: * * The country needs morality, the monarch needs honor, and autocracy needs terror. Politics in the period of true wisdom is aristocratic politics under absolute monarchy, and honor is one of its main driving forces. As Montesquieu said: In a monarchy and politically tolerant country, power is limited by its power. I mean, limited by honor, honor is like an emperor, ruling the monarch and the people. ? Cherishing and pursuing honor can make people noble. The reason why Emperor Taizong became a wise monarch and an official who dared to speak and remonstrate, the reason why Fang and Du Ruhui became virtuous ministers who benefited the country and the people, and the reason why Li Jinghe produced ministers who could enter and leave may be largely due to the power of honor.
In the ancient patriarchal society, it was a great honor to show off one's family background. There are only two ways to show off one's family background, one is to improve one's family status through one's own efforts, and the other is to optimize the combination through marriage with a famous family. ? Cui, Lu, Li, Zheng and Wang? Five surnames and seven clans were famous families formed thousands of years later, and it was not until the Tang Dynasty that they were respected by the world, which is also unreasonable.
Decline of nobles in Tang Dynasty
However, nothing in the world is eternal. With the changes of current events, both the Guanlong aristocratic group in its heyday and the famous old aristocrats are doomed to decline.
Guanlong aristocratic group, its prosperity is also rich, its decline is also sudden. ? During the period, the Guanlong nobles represented by Wuji opposed Gao's accession to the throne, which led to the jealousy of Wu Zetian. After Wu Zetian came to power, Sun Chang Wuji, Chu Suiliang and other ministers were expelled from the court and exiled to remote areas. ? Since Wu Zhao took charge of the central government, he has gradually destroyed this tradition? Guanzhong standard policy? In order to realize his ambition of starting a business. ? (Chen's Political History of the Tang Dynasty) The Guanlong aristocratic group (including the imperial clan) was rejected and purged by Wu Zetian several times and gradually moved away from the power center. ? By the time of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty, the Guanzhong standard policy was completely destroyed. ? (ditto) The military aristocrats in Guanlong have faded out of the historical stage.
Similarly, the old aristocracy also attracted the repression of the highest authorities. In 659, in the fourth year of Tang Gaozong's reign of emperor xianqing, Li Yifu, the prime minister, held a grudge for his son's refusal to propose to an old nobleman, so he instigated the emperor's imperial edict to restrict the intermarriage of aristocratic families. The descendants of Luxi, Taiyuan, Xingyang, Fanyang, Lv Ziqian, Lu Hun, Cui Zongbo, Cui, Qian Yanboling and Jin Zhaojun of Qinghe. I may not marry myself. ? Nevertheless, it is not forbidden to marry a noble family. What is the point? The family wants time, but it can't be forbidden. Either the woman is smuggled into the husband's family, or the old woman doesn't marry and never marries a different surname. Since then, the world has declined, and everyone despised by Zhao Mu is called? The forbidden marriage family? , benefit from yourself. ? ("Zi Jian? Ji Tang XVI ")
It can be seen that those old nobles did not succumb to the imperial power, but still adhered to independence, reserve and self-esteem. At the same time, their proud self-esteem has also been recognized and envied by the upper class. Therefore, the emperor's marriage ban not only did not reduce the value of aristocratic children, but doubled their value. Just like some modern books are banned, attracting more readers and selling them quietly, Luoyang paper is expensive.
However, the imperial examination system had the greatest impact on the old nobles. The imperial examination system originated in Yang Di in the Sui Dynasty and was adopted as a way of selecting officials in the early Tang Dynasty. After Wu Zetian came to power, she further reformed the imperial examination system and took Jinshi as the main channel for selecting civil servants. As a result, a large number of poor children entered the system through the imperial examination, which greatly changed the birth structure of the official team. ? Wuhou, the choice of the great Chongwenzhang, made an exception in employing people, so the branch of Jinshi became the favorite of enterprising people in the country. At that time, some people in Shandong and Jiangzuo were suppressed because they did not expect the organization in Guanzhong, so they were able to rise to this class when the regime changed, and the old families in the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Yang Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty had to be replaced by this new class. ? (Chen Yinque's On the Political History of the Tang Dynasty)
At first, I was a nobleman with five surnames. I was used to being an official in Meng Meng, but I didn't adapt to or accept the imperial examination, so it was quite? Lose money? . ? An Shi rebellion? Later, the center of the Tang Dynasty was rebuilt. Nobles with five surnames also took the initiative to take part in the imperial examinations. For example, the Zheng family in Xingyang rarely entered the DPRK during the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but since the middle Tang Dynasty, there have been more than 10 prime ministers or ministers. Where is Zheng? Said. For example, in Cui Shi, Qinghe, there was the Tang Dynasty, and * * * had 10 people as prime ministers; ? An Shi rebellion? There used to be only two people, but after the middle Tang Dynasty there were eight. For example, since the middle Tang Dynasty, there have been more than 100 Jinshi in Lushi, john young, which is really surprising, because the imperial examination for Jinshi in the Tang Dynasty is not only the most difficult, but also the number of people admitted is very small. "Tang Yanyan" contains: Tang Sheng has the world, hanging for 200 years, and more than 3,000 people have been admitted to the Jinshi. ? Noble families rose again because they gradually adapted to the imperial examination system. The most important thing is that they have profound cultural background and good family education.
Generally speaking, aristocratic families always dominated in the Tang Dynasty, which was respected by the world and had a large number of fans. Xue was the prime minister of the marquis of Wu. He once lamented that the biggest regret in his life was that he was not married? Five surnames, a woman is a wife. In fact, the Xue family is already very famous? Guanzhong four surnames? One of them (Wei, Pei, Liu, Xue) is a senior aristocrat, but he still admires him? In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Tang Wenzong proposed to the Prime Minister, hoping that he could marry his granddaughter to the Crown Prince, but declined politely, and actually betrothed her granddaughter to Cui, who was only an official at that time. Tang Wenzong touched a soft nail and was deeply touched: civil marriage, regardless of official status and reading. My 200-year-old son of heaven is not as good as Cui and Luye!
After the middle and late Tang dynasty, local military envoys (buffer towns) supported their troops and respected themselves, forming a warlord separatist pattern. Warlords rebelled and Huang Chao rebelled, which led to the demise of the Tang Dynasty. Since then, China has entered the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and wars are frequent. This is an extremely dark age. The gun is the grass king? Soldiers and hooligans take turns to sit in the village. The whole society has completely collapsed, and the civilized building has collapsed. Everything is the law of the jungle, and killing people is like cutting vegetables and melons. War destroyed life, and aristocratic families were not spared. Have you been famous for a thousand years? The aristocrats with five surnames suffered a heavy blow, which not only caused a large number of casualties, but also destroyed their homes and industries, and their proud genealogy was lost or destroyed. In this era of sweeping the floor, are all aristocratic families? Can't help it? , and the subaltern, died in troubled times. Since then, there has been no proudly independent aristocratic group in China.
After the Song Dynasty, the main channel for the country to choose officials was the imperial examination system. Undoubtedly, the imperial examination system is a great pioneering work, which recruits talents and talents for the whole society, regardless of birth and only on rank. It embodies openness, justice and fairness, and is conducive to promoting social mobility and harmony. Divided into two parts, the imperial examination system is not perfect, and its biggest drawback is that it is limited to educating and imprisoning people's thoughts, and it cannot shape a complete personality, let alone a spiritual aristocrat. The Song Dynasty was not far from the Tang Dynasty, and Song Taizu was the ruler of later generations? As a result, if the minister was not killed, the politics of the Song Dynasty would be more lenient. Although the spirit of the Song Dynasty was not as magnificent as that of the Tang Dynasty, the officials who passed the imperial examinations were quite virtuous. However, the imperial power in the Ming Dynasty was extremely autocratic and was ruled by secret agents. Under such conditions, although the imperial examination system produced some real literati, it was more about cultivating exquisite egoists. Although they are familiar with the necessary books of Confucius and Mencius, once they enter the official career, they will forget the words of the sages and concentrate on pursuing promotion and wealth. So, this exam-oriented education is mostly for? Mi liangmou? It is easy to turn a hypocrite into a real villain. The politics of the Ming Dynasty was extremely uncertain, and there were many emperors. Not like a gentleman? Courtiers also lack the spirit of scholar-officials. Judging from the fact that the Ming emperors were endowed with a series of sacred and great titles, the worship and flattery of the emperors could hardly be added. Not only that, but even the eunuchs favored by the emperor were buttered up by many ministers? Yan Quan? Ministers were everywhere in the Ming Dynasty. Wei Zhongxian was in power for a period of time, and the ministers of the DPRK and the ruling and opposition parties courted him, praised him and established shrines. Wherever Wei Zhongxian passed, the literati bowed down all the way and cheered for the age of nine; Many courtiers rushed to worship him as michel platini, even when? Yan Quan? The son is proud. Bow and scrape, shameless, to such an extent, it is simply a shame for all literati in the world. This situation was unimaginable in the Tang Dynasty.
The decline of China nobles from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties is, in the final analysis, a historical tragedy. With the dissipation of aristocratic families, the aristocratic spirit was cut off and lost forever. After the establishment of the Manchu dynasty, although it also appeared? Eight banners? Noble, but not the same as the aristocratic family before the Tang Dynasty. ? Eight banners? Aristocratic people were born in nomadic tribes and lacked aristocratic cultural background, so most of their children became playboys. With the passage of time, these dude gradually lost the heroic spirit of their ancestors, replaced by the habit of having fun, keen on playing with snuff bottles and fighting.
On the other hand, although the history of Europe is not as long as that of China, the royal aristocrats in various countries basically continue. There were also many feudal kingdoms in ancient Europe, but the change of kingship in various countries was mainly carried out within the royal family, and few other families changed dynasties. Even if there is a coup or revolution, the foundation of the royal family has not been completely destroyed, especially those nobles who have titles and territories have been passed down from generation to generation, thus forming the aristocratic cultural tradition, the essence of which is aristocratic spirit.
European aristocratic spirit has two main characteristics, one is chivalry, the other is independence and social responsibility. Knight is an honorary title in medieval Europe and a symbol of fighting, loyalty, justice and glory. Chivalry means? Love and respect personal personality; The generous and brave spirit of sacrificing all strength and even life for the oppressed and the forced; The idealized worship of women is that they are the representatives of love and beauty and the glory gods of harmony, peace and comfort. ? In the western cultural tradition, chivalry in the Middle Ages played an extremely important role in shaping the national character of modern Europe, which was later transformed into gentlemanly demeanor, forming the modern Europeans' emphasis on personal identity and honor, as well as manners, etiquette and appearance. Yearning for advocating spiritual ideals and respecting the romantic temperament of women; Abide by the spirit of open competition and fair competition. The spirit of independence is mainly embodied in not being attached to any forces, maintaining an independent personality, having one's own thoughts, having one's own views on right and wrong and values, not following blindly and not giving in to external forces. The sense of social responsibility is to dare to take responsibility and pursue justice and civilization.
It should be noted that the aristocratic spirit not only does not despise or exclude the civilian spirit, but also contains a profound sense of equality. British great philosopher Bacon, great poet Byron, Shelley, French great thinkers Voltaire, Montesquieu, Tocqueville and other elites from noble backgrounds did not think from the standpoint of nobility, nor did they pursue the maximization of aristocratic interests, but devoted themselves to promoting the progress and civilization of human society. Medici family, a famous Italian aristocrat, undoubtedly made an indelible contribution to the Renaissance. In a sense, the success of Britain's glorious revolution benefited from the compromise of nobles, and only a country with gentleman spirit like Britain can take the lead in establishing constitutional civilization.
Although there are great differences between eastern and western cultures, human nature is essentially the same. There are many similarities in spirit between China aristocratic families and European nobles in Tang Dynasty. The most fundamental thing is that they all have independent personalities, strong self-esteem and noble sentiments. The reason why the aristocratic families in the Tang Dynasty did not admire power and dared to look down on the royal family in Li Tang was because they had such noble spiritual character. The existence of aristocratic families undoubtedly set a spiritual benchmark for the Tang society, which made the literati yearn for and pursue aristocratic taste and strive to make themselves and their families more noble. The existence of aristocratic families is also a check and balance of imperial power and a soft constraint on morality and honor. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, although the royal family suppressed the aristocratic families, they never used inferior means. The reason is that the royal family in Li Tang also cherishes the honor of their nobles and doesn't want to be despised by the world by despicable means. Wu Zetian is used to reusing cruel officials and attacking political enemies by means of abuse, so as to establish prestige. Once her power was consolidated, she abandoned the brutal officials and used a gentleman to govern the country.
After the Ming Dynasty, with the deepening of autocratic rule, the aristocratic spirit drifted away and even disappeared. Although elites have always existed, they only have power, not nobles. It is called a powerful person because the society lacks spiritual belief, only worships power, thinks that power is precious, and only has everything when it is seen. ? Everything is inferior, only reading is high. ? What is reading for? Be an official and pursue power. In order to pursue power, they dig their brains and do everything they can, without the principle of being a man and moral bottom line. Yan Song, a powerful man in Ming Dynasty, is such a typical example. The key to his career success lies in his opportunism and meanness. Autocracy poisons people's hearts, and healthy flowers cannot bloom in toxic soil. Lack of independent personality and self-esteem means that people lack calcium, which makes people show servility and obsequiousness. Monarchs will become bad kings and tyrants, officials will become corrupt officials, and people will become fools, mobs and unruly people, not mature citizens. There is a popular saying that China people are of low quality and are not suitable for Western-style democracy. This statement makes sense, because the long-term autocracy has distorted the hearts and personalities of the people of China, who do not know how to correctly exercise their democratic rights.
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