1. Why do people in China need to be vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1)?
Currently, the momentum of the global influenza A (H1N1) epidemic is not decreasing. At present, the northern hemisphere into the fall, the epidemic is rapidly rising trend.
From the mainland of China, some new changes have also occurred in the recent epidemic situation, with the epidemic spreading from the coast to the whole country, from urban to rural areas, from imported to localized, and from disseminated cases to aggregated epidemics. At present, outbreaks have been detected in 31 provinces in the Mainland, with the number of daily reported cases on the rise and the recent emergence of severe cases one after another. With the further expansion of the epidemic, the emergence of more severe cases and even some fatal cases will be inevitable. Vaccination is one of the effective means of preventing influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. According to the World Health Organization, everyone should be vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1).
2. How safe and effective is the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine developed in China?
The domestic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine is made by inoculating chicken embryos with the influenza A (H1N1) virus strain recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) (vaccine-producing strain), and is made by virus culture, harvesting virus liquid, inactivating virus, concentration, purification, and cleavage. 10 vaccine manufacturers have carried out the vaccination in 7 provinces, and more than 13,000 volunteers have been vaccinated.
Based on the serologic results of 21 days after the first dose of vaccination, the serologic effect and safety of the vaccine met the WHO and EU standards. Positive conversion and protection rates were more than 85% with the 15µg/0.5mL adjuvant-free vaccine.
The common adverse reactions are mainly local pain, redness and swelling, and systemic adverse reactions are mild fever, headache, etc., which are basically the same as seasonal influenza vaccine, and no rare adverse reactions have been found.
Comprehensively analyzing various factors, 15µg/0.5mL cracked adjuvant-free vaccine was selected for one dose of vaccination.
3, China's influenza A (H1N1) vaccine how to vaccinate?
After vaccination against influenza A (H1N1) vaccine, the body can be stimulated to produce antibodies against influenza A (H1N1) virus, used for immunoprophylaxis of influenza epidemics caused by this type of virus.
Vaccination dose/dose: 15μg/0.5ml, 1 dose. Inoculation site: lateral deltoid muscle of upper arm. Vaccination route: intramuscular injection. Influenza A (H1N1) vaccine is required to be stored and transported at 2～8℃, protected from light and prevented from freezing.
Vaccination against influenza A (H1N1) has no preventive effect on other influenza. Seasonal influenza vaccination also has no preventive effect on H1N1 influenza.
The Ministry of Health requires that the vaccination work be carried out in a positive, steady and orderly manner under the premise of ensuring safety and in accordance with the principle of informed consent and voluntary free vaccination. Before vaccination, the vaccination personnel should carefully check the children's vaccination certificate, card, check the name of the vaccinee, gender, date of birth and vaccination records, to confirm whether the vaccination object, vaccination varieties, such as found in the original records of the name of the vaccinee, the date of birth of the error, should be corrected in a timely manner; does not belong to the current vaccinee, should be to the child's parents or their guardian to do a good job to persuade and explain the work. At the same time should also inform the vaccinee or his guardian of the vaccine varieties, role, contraindications, adverse reactions and precautions, ask the vaccinee's health status and whether there are contraindications to vaccination and other circumstances, and truthfully record the information and inquiries.
Disease prevention and control agencies at all levels are responsible for organizing the implementation of vaccination, vaccination units should be in strict accordance with the requirements of the "vaccine storage and transport management norms" in the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine storage, transport, use of all aspects of the cold chain storage and transportation, and do a good job of temperature monitoring.
4, influenza A (H1N1) vaccine and seasonal influenza vaccine can be vaccinated at the same time?
WHO and the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization (ACIP) believe that the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine and seasonal influenza vaccine can be vaccinated at the same time, the vaccination should be in different parts. However, because there is no clinical trial data at home and abroad after the two vaccines were given at the same time, experts suggest that if you need to get the two vaccines, they should be spaced at least 14 days apart.
5, where can I get vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1)?
Influenza A (H1N1) vaccination is administered on a localized basis, so please consult your local health administration and disease prevention and control agencies, and pay close attention to the key populations and locations of influenza A (H1N1) vaccination issued by your local health administration.
6. Which groups of people should be prioritized for influenza A (H1N1) vaccination?
Influenza A (H1N1) vaccination should first ensure the maintenance of national security and stability, the normal operation of society, the normal functioning of the public **** service system, and secondly, take into account the various types of key populations, in order to reduce the mortality and morbidity, reduce the hazards of influenza pandemic.
China's focus on the determination of the vaccination of the population, the main comprehensive epidemiological characteristics of the current epidemic, with reference to the WHO and other recommendations for the use of influenza A (H1N1) vaccine, as well as China's influenza A (H1N1) vaccine production and supply capacity, and other factors, as determined by the expert debate. China will adjust the scope of key populations in a timely manner if necessary, according to the progress of the epidemic and the improvement of vaccine supply capacity.
At this stage, China's immunization focus group: key positions of public **** service personnel, students and teachers, chronic disease patients.
7, which groups of people can not be vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1)?
The following groups of people can not be vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1) vaccine: those who are allergic to eggs or any other components of the vaccine (including excipients, formaldehyde, lysate, etc.), especially the ovalbumin; those who suffer from acute diseases, severe chronic diseases, acute onset of chronic diseases, colds and fevers; those who suffer from Guillain-Barre Syndrome; those with uncontrolled epilepsy and those who suffer from other progressive neurological diseases; those who suffer from severe allergies; those who are allergic to sulfate, sulfuric acid and other substances; and those who suffer from other diseases. allergic persons, persons allergic to gentamicin sulfate; persons younger than 3 years of age; other persons deemed unsuitable for vaccination by a physician.
8. Can pregnant and breastfeeding women receive the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine?
Although WHO and the U.S. CDC have listed pregnant women as a high-priority key vaccination population, our country has not yet listed pregnant women as the target of vaccination. The main reason is that there is a lack of clinical trial information on influenza A (H1N1) vaccination for pregnant women, and the risk of influenza A (H1N1) vaccination for pregnant women is uncertain; at the same time, China has always listed pregnant women as a contraindication population for seasonal influenza vaccination. For breastfeeding women, there is no relevant research data on whether this vaccine enters the breast milk after human vaccination, and the decision to use this product should be made after fully weighing the pros and cons.
The Ministry of Health will closely monitor the progress of clinical trials of the vaccine at home and abroad, and will organize expert debates in due course to propose strategies for the use of the vaccine in pregnant women and nursing mothers.
9. Can patients with underlying chronic diseases be vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1)?
On the one hand, patients with obvious underlying diseases, especially individuals with chronic diseases such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, will aggravate the original underlying diseases after suffering from influenza A (H1N1), and the burden of serious illness and death of the disease is heavier, and it should be the target of vaccination for H1N1; on the other hand, for these individuals with underlying diseases such as suffering from serious chronic diseases or in the acute exacerbation of chronic diseases, it is not appropriate to vaccinate them. acute exacerbation of the disease, vaccination is contraindicated. Therefore, for individuals with chronic illnesses, the decision of whether they should be vaccinated should be made after considering the severity of the local influenza epidemic, the severity of the illness, and the risk of vaccination, and after consulting with a local clinician or vaccinator.
10. How to determine the priority areas for vaccination?
Priority will be given to areas where the epidemic is more severe, densely populated, and where there is a high mobility of the population for influenza A (H1N1) vaccination. The severity of the epidemic is mainly based on the results of influenza A (H1N1) surveillance, the number of cases of aggregation and the number of morbidity and other factors to determine a comprehensive. The key areas for vaccination should be determined by experts organized by the provincial health administrative departments in accordance with the above principles.
11, how to effectively prevent the occurrence of serious adverse reactions after vaccination?
Vaccination staff should be strictly in accordance with the operating standards for vaccination. Before vaccination should be informed of the vaccinee's guardian of the vaccine varieties, role, contraindications, adverse reactions and precautions, inquire about the health status of the vaccinee; no contraindications to the object of informed consent before vaccination; vaccination should be strictly implemented when vaccination safety injection, after vaccination on-site observation for 30 minutes.
For influenza A (H1N1) vaccine vaccination abnormal reaction, China in the routine vaccination abnormal reaction vaccination based on, has developed and issued a special monitoring program to strengthen the adverse reaction monitoring system, vaccine adverse reaction event handling mechanism and vaccination work emergency stop mechanism.
12, what are the adverse reactions of influenza A H1N1 vaccine?
The components of the cracked vaccine are non-infectious and will not cause influenza A (H1N1).
In the following adverse reactions: "common": refers to the incidence of 1%-10% (including 1%); "occasional": refers to the incidence of 0.1%-1% (including 0.1%).
Local adverse reactions: common pain; occasional redness, swelling, itching.
Systemic adverse reactions: fever, fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea; occasional sore throat, muscle pain, cough, abdominal pain, joint pain, abnormal activity (decreased/increased activity), dry mouth, loss of appetite, diarrhea, allergy, chest tightness.
The above adverse reactions are mainly mild and occur mainly within 24 hours after vaccination.
There is no information on serious adverse reactions and rare adverse reactions to influenza A (H1N1) vaccination in China and other countries. Experts speculate that serious adverse reactions to influenza A (H1N1) vaccination should be similar to seasonal influenza vaccine.
According to the literature, rare adverse reactions may also occur with seasonal influenza vaccination, such as shock, vasculitis-like transient renal impairment, neurologic disorders such as encephalomyelitis, neuritis, neuralgia, sensory abnormalities, convulsions, transient thrombocytopenia, and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
13. Is there a "stop" mechanism for influenza vaccination in China?
The country has clearly established the "call off" mechanism for influenza A (H1N1) vaccination. When one of the following situations is found, the county-level disease prevention and control agency should report to the health administrative department at the same level, and the health administrative department at the county level should immediately notify the county-level food and drug supervision agency and make a decision to suspend the relevant vaccination, and at the same time, report to the higher-level health administrative department:
--The incidence of suspected abnormal reactions to vaccination was higher than expected or showed a clear aggregated distribution;
--The occurrence of Greenbrier syndrome and its effects on the health and safety of the population was also found. -The occurrence of Guillain-Barre syndrome and other serious neurological disorders;
-The occurrence of serious events such as death and disability;
-The occurrence of mass reactions or events with significant impact on society.
Prefecture and municipal health administrative departments should immediately organize expert groups composed of experts in the fields of epidemiology, immunization planning, adverse drug reaction monitoring, clinical and other areas to investigate and validate the information related to suspected abnormal reactions to vaccination reported by county-level health administrative departments. If vaccine quality problems cannot be ruled out, or the incidence of abnormal reactions is significantly higher than expected, or if no conclusion can be made, a recommendation to call off the vaccination shall be made to the provincial health administrative department and notified to the food and drug regulatory department at the same level. For the determination of vaccination implementation errors and coincidence or psychogenic reactions, the suspension should be withdrawn in a timely manner, and properly dealt with.
Provincial health administrative departments should organize provincial expert groups on the municipal health administrative departments to report the material for investigation and argumentation, and make the decision to call off vaccination or withdrawal of the suspension of vaccination. The results should be promptly reported to the Ministry of Health, while informing the State Food and Drug Administration. The Ministry of Health, as appropriate, will call off the vaccination information to the country, and organize experts to provide technical support to the investigation and handling of local work.
14, in addition to vaccination, there are other influenza prevention and control measures?
China's current preventive and control measures for influenza A (H1N1) are still comprehensive measures. The implementation of the strategy is: "strengthen preventive measures, strict control of community transmission, strengthen the treatment of serious illnesses, reduce the harm of the epidemic". Vaccination is only one important aspect of preventive measures. Strengthening outbreak surveillance, medical treatment and prevention and control in schools and other collective units remain very important measures. For the general public, to reduce or avoid crowded public **** place, in the public **** place with masks, pay attention to indoor ventilation, open windows, wash your hands, pay attention to personal hygiene and other effective measures should still be maintained.
15, what are the types of influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in China?
China is the world's first country to approve the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine on the market. At present, after the State Food and Drug Administration approved and marketed influenza A (H1N1) vaccine for 15 micrograms of adjuvant-free cracked vaccine, injection type. Up to now, the approved and marketed vaccine is produced by the following eight companies: Beijing Kexing Biological Products Co., Ltd, Hualan Bio-Vaccine Co., Ltd, Changchun Changsheng Bio-technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai Research Institute of Biological Products, Beijing Tiantan Biological Products Co., Ltd, Jiangsu Yanshen Bio-technology Co. The domestically produced influenza A (H1N1) vaccine uses the influenza A (H1N1) virus strain recommended by the World Health Organization, and the vaccine's production process is basically the same as that of the seasonal influenza vaccine in previous years, which is made after chicken embryo culture, inactivation of the virus, purification, cracking and other processes.
16. Can I buy the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine on my own and take it away for vaccination?
No, you cannot.
According to the need to control the influenza A (H1N1) epidemic in China, the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine is purchased by the government and deployed by the state, with priority given to key and critical populations, and individuals are not allowed to purchase it on their own.
The vaccinee should go to the vaccination unit approved by the health administrative department for vaccination. According to the requirements of the Code of Practice on Preventive Vaccination, vaccine recipients should be observed for 30 minutes at the vaccination unit after vaccination. In case of suspected adverse reactions, the vaccinee can be treated quickly and effectively; as the vaccine needs to be stored at 2-8℃, taking away the vaccine after purchasing it on your own for vaccination is likely to cause the effectiveness of the vaccine to be reduced by heat, resulting in ineffective vaccination.
17. Can children under the age of 3 be vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1)?
Not at this time. The influenza A (H1N1) vaccine approved for use by the State Drug Administration is for people over 3 years old. Clinical trials of our influenza A (H1N1) vaccine have only been conducted in people over 3 years of age, and there is no data on the safety and effectiveness of influenza A (H1N1) vaccination in children under 3 years of age.
18. What is the difference between the site and method of influenza A (H1N1) vaccination and seasonal influenza vaccine?
The injection site and method of influenza A (H1N1) vaccination are the same as that of seasonal influenza vaccination, which is intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle on the outer side of the upper arm. For more details, please refer to the instruction manuals of influenza A (H1N1) vaccine and seasonal influenza vaccine of each manufacturer.
19. Where can people going abroad get vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1)?
At this stage, there is no special vaccination point for people going abroad. The key groups of people who are vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1) in China are mainly public ****service workers in key positions, students and teachers, and people with chronic diseases. Foreigners who belong to the above key groups should go to the standardized vaccination units for vaccination according to the arrangement of provincial health administrative departments.
According to the provisions of the International Health Regulations and China's State Border Sanitary and Quarantine Law, people traveling abroad to infected areas of infectious diseases need to be vaccinated or preventive medicine. Currently, Influenza A (H1N1) is circulating globally, but the Influenza A (H1N1) vaccine is not yet part of the vaccines required by the International Health Regulations.
20. Is the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine available for kindergarten children? Is it self-funded or free?
At this stage, the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine is purchased and deployed by the government, and is not accepted for self-funded vaccination for the time being. Whether or not to vaccinate in the kindergarten children, will take into account the epidemic epidemic situation, the supply of vaccine, the age of the children (children over 3 years old can be vaccinated) and many other factors, decided by the provincial health administrative departments.
21. Can state organizations and foreign companies purchase the H1N1 vaccine for group vaccination?
Currently, China's influenza A (H1N1) vaccination strategy is to prioritize the vaccination of key groups such as public ****service workers in key positions, students and teachers, and patients with chronic diseases. No matter what unit or department staff, as long as they belong to the key vaccination population, provincial health departments will be vaccinated in a planned manner according to the needs of epidemic control.
22, nephrotic syndrome patients can be vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1)?
The contraindications for influenza A (H1N1) vaccine are acute illness, severe chronic disease, acute exacerbation of chronic disease, so if patients with nephrotic syndrome are in acute exacerbation or more serious should be prohibited from vaccination. The decision should be made carefully under the guidance of the clinician if the disease is mild.
23. Can I get the H1N1 vaccine if I am allergic to seasonal influenza vaccine?
No. The production process of regular seasonal influenza vaccine and influenza A (H1N1) vaccine is basically the same, so people who are allergic to regular seasonal influenza vaccine cannot receive influenza A (H1N1) vaccine.
Because the process of preparing seasonal influenza vaccine and influenza A (H1N1) vaccine both require chicken embryo culture, inactivation, cracking, purification and other processes, the vaccine will inevitably residual trace amounts of ovalbumin, formaldehyde, cracking agent and other substances, so people who are allergic to any of the components of the vaccine should be prohibited from receiving influenza A (H1N1) vaccine.
24. Is it possible to receive the H1N1 influenza A vaccine if I have a history of allergy?
Influenza A (H1N1) vaccine is contraindicated in recipients with a history of egg allergy, vaccination allergy, and other severe allergies, and recipients with other allergies should make a careful decision about whether or not to receive influenza A (H1N1) vaccine under the guidance of a clinician. Prior to vaccination, vaccinees should inform the vaccinating physician of their health status and history of allergies, among other things.
25. Is it possible to get vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1) if there is a history of convulsions in the past?
Convulsions are common emergencies in pediatrics and are divided into febrile convulsions and febrile convulsions. If the convulsions are febrile and not in the acute phase of the illness, you can receive influenza A (H1N1) vaccine under the guidance of your clinician. In the case of febrile convulsions, it should be clarified whether they are related to neurologic disease after consultation, and if they are related to neurologic disease, they cannot be vaccinated with influenza A (H1N1) vaccine.
26. Can people in medical waste disposal units be prioritized for influenza A (H1N1) vaccination?
The personnel of medical waste disposal units are not prioritized for influenza A (H1N1) vaccination, and the specific vaccination groups are determined by the provincial health administrative departments.
In addition to vaccination, other protective measures can be taken to prevent influenza A (H1N1). For example, wash your hands frequently with soap and clean water; wear a mask; it is best to rest at home after being infected with the H1N1 virus to avoid spreading it to others; attention should be paid to cover the mouth and nose with tissues when coughing and sniffling, and throw the contaminated tissues into the garbage can, and if you don't have a tissue with you, you should use your arm sleeve to cover it.
27. Can private clinics provide influenza A (H1N1) vaccination?
If a private clinic wishes to carry out influenza A (H1N1) vaccination services, it must obtain approval from the health administrative department at or above the county level.
According to regulations, vaccination should be carried out in preventive vaccination units. Preventive vaccination unit is designated by the health administrative department at or above the county level, should have a medical institution practice license, preventive vaccination personnel are licensed physicians, physician assistants, nurses or rural doctors who have undergone professional training and qualified assessment of preventive vaccination, and have refrigerated facilities and equipment in line with the norms for the management of vaccine storage and transportation.
28, seasonal influenza vaccination for influenza A H1N1 have preventive effect?
There is no literature to prove that seasonal influenza vaccine can prevent influenza A (H1N1).
The influenza A (H1N1) virus that was circulating in 2009 is a completely new virus and the population is generally susceptible. The seasonal influenza vaccine and the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine use different strains of the virus, and no studies have yet demonstrated cross-prevention between the two vaccines. It is recommended that the seasonal influenza vaccine be given in addition to the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine.
29. Does pneumonia vaccination have a preventive effect against influenza A (H1N1)?
Pneumonia vaccination cannot prevent influenza A (H1N1).
The main ingredient of the pneumonia vaccine is purified pneumococcal pod polysaccharide, and the pneumonia vaccine can only prevent infections caused by pneumococcus, and cannot prevent influenza A (H1N1) caused by influenza virus.
But because patients with severe influenza can have combined lung infections, vaccination against pneumonia can reduce the incidence of combined lung infections. Pneumonia vaccination is recommended before the influenza epidemic season.
30. How long should the interval be between influenza A (H1N1) vaccine and rabies vaccine? Is there an order of priority?
After being bitten by dogs, cats and other animals, rabies vaccination should be given immediately.
If influenza A (H1N1) vaccination is needed, it should be given at least 14 days after the full rabies vaccination is completed. If you are bitten by an animal such as a dog or cat after receiving the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine, you should also receive rabies vaccine immediately.
31. If I plan to receive seasonal influenza vaccine, influenza A (H1N1) vaccine and pneumonia vaccine, how should I do it?
The seasonal influenza vaccine, influenza A (H1N1) vaccine and pneumonia vaccine currently on the market are inactivated vaccines that do not interfere with each other's immune response or increase the incidence of side effects, but it is not recommended that the three vaccines be given at the same time. If any two of the vaccines are given at the same time, they should be given at different sites. If two vaccines cannot be given at the same time, they should be given at least 14 days apart.
32. What are the precautions for influenza A (H1N1) vaccination?
Don't take a bath on the day of vaccination, don't exercise strenuously, drink more water, eat more fruits and light diet, and avoid spicy food.