The first place we are going to is Frejborg. Frejborg, located in the southwest corner of Germany, is a small border town, with French in the west and Swiss in the south.
Frejborg means freedom castle in German. It has a long history and exquisite architecture. There are many historical sites in this city, such as Munster Cathedral, City Hall and so on. Frejborg is a real forest city, surrounded by black forests. The forest inside and outside the city is continuous, covering the sky. In addition, there are hot springs and well-equipped health resorts nearby, which attract a large number of tourists every year. However, what we are going to say about Frejborg now is not because of its beautiful scenery, but because Frejborg is not only a tourist city, but also a famous university town with the world-famous University of Freiburg.
The University of Freiburg was founded by Austrian Archduke Albert in15th century, with about 2 students. It has many famous departments, such as economics, law and medicine. There is a Frejborg School in modern economics, whose theory provides an important theoretical basis for the rapid development of German economy after World War II.
The University of Freiburg is most famous for its philosophy department, which has a great influence on modern western philosophy. There are two masters of modern western philosophy-Husserl and Heidegger, who once taught here. They founded two schools of western philosophy-phenomenology and existentialism respectively. For a long time, the philosophy department of Freiburg University has been the center of these two universities and the center of world philosophy.
Munich is the third largest city in Germany. After Berlin and Hamburg, it is also known as the "secret capital". Its importance in German history can be seen. Munich is located in the southeast of Germany, nearly 50 kilometers south of the Alps. It is the capital of Bavaria. Now the population of Munich is about 6.5438+0.3 million, and the urban area is more than 300 square kilometers.
Munich also has a nickname called "Super Village", which is the biggest feature of its city appearance. If you go to Munich, you will find that the image of Munich is very different from that of other international metropolises. One of the most obvious signs is that in Munich, you can't see the skyscrapers piled with reinforced concrete, and you can't see the modern style buildings surrounded by glass curtain walls. Munich's law clearly stipulates that the height of buildings in the city should not exceed 36 meters. Therefore, when you arrive in Munich, it seems that you are not in one of the largest cities in Germany, but in a densely populated country. However, I can see a lot of grasslands and Woods everywhere, and there are countless parks. There is a big forest not far from the city. Because of this, Munich won the title of "Super Village".
Ni Hei Tomb is important not only because of its developed economy, but also because it is the capital of culture. It has always been called the hometown of music and drama in Germany, especially with the great Wagner. Most of his works premiered here. In this city with a population of over one million, there are more than 10 universities, two opera houses, 42 theaters, 45 museums and 136 public libraries, and the number is increasing.
The urban area of Munich is divided into new city and old city. The new city is on the east bank of the Isar River, mainly residential and commercial areas, and the old city is on the west bank, where most of the places of interest in Nihei are located. The center of the old city is Mary Square, and there is an old city hall next to the square, which is a typical Gothic building. There is a huge mechanical puppet clock in the towering spire in the middle. Puppets are as big as real people, and they ring the clock at 1 1 every morning. On the other side of the square is Notre Dame Cathedral. It is the symbol of Munich. It was built in15th century. There are two circular spires at the top of the tower, and the height of the north tower is 100 meters. Their round roofs are quite different from ordinary Gothic buildings and are unique to Bavaria. On an island in the middle of the Isar River, there is a German museum, which was built in the early 20th century. It is divided into 30 museums to display the achievements of natural science and industrial technology in different periods, with an exhibition area of 40,000 square meters, making it the largest science and technology museum in the world.
The best season to travel to Munich is June 5438+ 10 every year. At this time, Oktoberfest will be held, which is known as the largest folk festival in the world. Millions of tourists from all corners of the country are singing and dancing while drinking the best German beer in the world.
There are more than 70 satellite cities with their own characteristics in the suburbs of Munich, and one of them we have to go to is Dachau. There is a "scenic spot" that should be visited, and that is Dachau concentration camp. It is said that this is the first concentration camp established by the Nazis. Compared with the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, which slaughtered millions of Jews, Dachau's scale is dwarfed, but we can also see the brutality of the Nazis.
The reason why Cheney occupied an important position in modern German history was also related to the Nazis. In the 1920s, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party (hereinafter referred to as the Nazi Party) in Munich and became its leader. 1923, 165438+ 10. In October, he and his associates launched a rebellion against the Bavarian authorities here, that is, the "beer hall coup". After the defeat, Hitler was put in prison, where he wrote Mein Kampf. 1938 On September 30th, it was also in Nihei Tomb that Britain, France, Germany and Italy signed the sinful Nihei Tomb Agreement. Close ties with the Nazis can also be called one of Munich's "characteristics", and it was also punished for this characteristic: in the last two years of World War II, the city was bombed 66 times by the allied forces, and half of the city was completely destroyed and turned into a pile of rubble.
The official name of this Frankfurt is "Frankfurt", referred to as Frankfurt for short. In addition, there is a Frankfurt on the Oder River, which is an unknown town with a population of only over 80,000. Frankfurt is roughly located in the geographical center of Germany, and the Main River and the Rhine River meet about 30 kilometers west. Its current urban area is about 250 square kilometers with a population of more than 600,000.
Compared with other cities in Germany, Frankfurt has a remarkable feature: although there are many places of interest, it is mainly no longer an ancient capital, nor is it attractive because of historical sites. Its important position in Germany, Europe and the world depends on its modern charm. When we arrived in Frankfurt, we were still on the plane. From the air, we can see the towering skyscrapers in the city, just as we have seen in new york and Shanghai. Most of these tall buildings are the main banks in Frankfurt. There are more than 350 banks in Frankfurt, and all the major banks in the world have branches here. Deutsche Bank, the central bank of Germany, is located in the center of the city, just like a central nervous system, affecting the economy of Germany and even the world.
Perhaps more importantly, this is the location of the future European Central Bank. Now the EU is accelerating the process of integration, especially economic integration. After economic integration, Europe needs a unified economic capital, which is here, so Frankfurt is also known as "Manhattan on the Main River" and is the main financial center in Europe.
Besides being a European financial center, it is also a famous Expo city with a history of 800 years. There are more than ten large-scale international expositions held here every year, such as the International Consumer Goods Exposition held every spring and summer, the biennial international professional exposition of "Sanitation, Heating and Air Conditioning", the international professional exposition of clothing and textiles, the automobile exhibition, the book exhibition and the cooking technology exhibition. During the exhibition season, Frankfurt presents a busy scene, with an average of more than 6,543,800 people attending the Expo every year. The World Expo has become an important window for Germany to understand the world and the world to understand Germany. Frankfurt is also a famous historical and cultural city. There are many places of interest in the city, with a very heavy philosophy and literary tradition, which is mainly reflected in Goethe's former residence. "1749 At noon on August 28th, the clock struck twelve, and I was born in Frankfurt am Main." This is one of Goethe's masterpieces and the first sentence in his autobiography Poetry and Truth, which directly tells his life experience.
If you go to Frankfurt, you will see Goethe instead of the bank. Goethe's shadow is everywhere here, from houses, museums, libraries to universities, many of which are named after Goethe. For example, the official name of Frankfurt University is Goethe University in John Woolf, which is the largest German university. As for souvenirs sold in shops, it is almost Goethe's patent.
Goethe's former residence is located in the city center. This is a mansion built with reddish-brown sandstone unique to the Rhine River. It is divided into four floors: the first floor has a kitchen and a living room, with exquisite copper cookers on display and oil paintings hanging on the walls; There is a piano room and a banquet hall on the second floor; The third floor is the bedroom of Goethe's parents, and the small room where Goethe lived as a child is also here. There is a big clock in the corridor, which can show the profit and loss of the sun and the moon, and it is still ticking, as if proudly telling you that Goethe listened to the same tune; On the fourth floor is Goethe's study, named "Poet's Square", with an old wooden desk and a self-serious look, as if imitating Goethe's creation.
Besides Goethe in literature, Frankfurt is also a famous city in the history of philosophy. For example, from 1833 to 1860, Schopenhauer lived in Frankfurt for 27 years, where an important school of modern western philosophy-Frankfurt School was born, which combined Marxism with Westernization and produced many great philosophers, philosophical thoughts and philosophical works.
Cologne is the fourth largest city in Germany, with an area of nearly 900 square kilometers and a population of about one million. Among all the cities in Germany, Cologne has a unique geographical position: the Rhine River flows into the northern plain of Germany from now on, and ocean-going ships can sail here from the North Sea. It is only tens of kilometers away from Ruhr, Germany's largest industrial center, not far from Belgium and Luxemburg in the west, and the main road from north german plain to the mountainous areas of China and Germany in the south, so the traffic is very convenient.
Cologne is a beautiful city, full of gardens and green spaces. Let's not talk about them, but the world-famous Cologne Cathedral. It's best to go to Cologne by train. There are six or seven railways entering Cologne from all directions. When it is quite far from Cologne, you will see two towering giant minarets standing side by side, imposing. This is Cologne Cathedral, and those minarets are the tallest church minarets in Europe, with a height close to160m. When you approach the cathedral, you will appreciate its magnificence even more-how humble and insignificant people feel before it or God!
The church is divided into upper and lower parts, with two floors, each of which is very high. The spire on the second floor soars into the sky, even suffocating. The whole church is made of polished stones, which is rare in the west. Because of its huge scale, exquisite architecture and decoration at every step, and many obstacles and stoppages in the middle, the building lasted for a long time: construction began in the13rd century and was not completed until the19th century. At present, the cathedral is more than 40 meters long from east to west and nearly 90 meters wide from north to south, which is equivalent to a big football field, with green grass, birds and flowers, and the beautiful scenery is intoxicating.
Entering the church, the ceiling of the central hall, which is more than 100 meters high, is also extremely high, making people dizzy. There is also the famous crucifix of Christ, a German work of 1 1 century, which is very real and touching. The church has more than 500 steps and is about 30 stories high. If you have the feet, you can climb the steps to reach the special observation deck, overlooking the Lai Jun River like a jade belt around your feet, overlooking the distant mountains, picturesque.
Ruhr is the largest and most famous industrial zone in the world, located in the middle of the northwest of Germany and administratively belonging to North Rhine-westfalen. Ruhr district is not a city, but an urban agglomeration formed by many developed industrial cities. The largest is Duisburg, as well as big cities such as Dü sseldorf, Essen and Dortmund, and there are dozens of small towns. Together, they constitute the whole Ruhr area, with a total area of about 5,000 square kilometers and a population of about 6 million, accounting for about 7% of the total population of Germany, with a population density of more than 3,000 people per square kilometer. Although so many place names have been divided, it is hard to see the distance between these cities when you walk in Ruhr, because they have become an organic whole, making Ruhr a unified region and a huge "urban belt".
Ruhr area has become a huge industrial area for two main reasons: First, the Laijun River, Ruhr River and Ames River run through it, forming a dense water network, providing convenient and cheap shipping means and water for production and life needed by many people; Second, the coal resources here are very rich, which are high-quality hard coal with a reserve of more than 20 billion tons. Coalfield is spread all over the country, which is the best raw material and power for industrial development in Ruhr area.
Coal and steel industries are the leading industries in Ruhr, where there are six super-large steel enterprises with an annual steelmaking capacity of over 4 million tons. Machine building and chemical industry are also big industrial sectors here. Because of the huge industrial electricity consumption, the power industry here is also very developed. In fact, due to the complete industrial departments here, Ruhr District has formed two complete industrial chains. The first one is: coal mining → coking → power generation → ironmaking → steelmaking → steel processing → machine manufacturing; The second type is: coal mining → coking → coal chemical industry. Due to the close distance between factories in each link, various costs can be greatly reduced and benefits can be improved.
Hamburg is Germany's window to the world, the second largest city and the largest port, with a population of over 6.5438+0.6 million. Hamburg is also the largest economic center in Germany, with the per capita gross national product ranking first in the country and the developed level of transportation and trade ranking first in the country. Its port area is about 100 square meter, of which the water surface accounts for about 40 square kilometers and the wharf coastline is about 40 kilometers long. There are dozens of extremely modern advanced ocean berths and various professional docks.
The land transportation in Hamburg is very developed. There is the largest train dispatching yard in Europe in the suburbs, and there is a long dedicated railway in the port area, which is very convenient after connecting with the national railway network. There are two other airports in Hamburg. Falls Beattre Airport in the north is one of the busiest international airports in Europe. Hamburg's underground transportation is also very developed. Its subways extend in all directions, and there are several underground tunnels across the Elbe River. Hamburg's industry is also very developed. It is one of the largest industrial cities in Germany with complete industrial departments. Hamburg also has developed news, culture and education, and is the center of the national news publishing industry. The headquarters of DPA, Germany's largest news agency, is located here: it also has six large museums and more small and medium-sized museums, among which Hamburg Art Museum is one of the largest and most important art galleries in Europe; Hamburg also has a strong musical tradition and is the hometown of Mendelssohn and Brahms.
Hamburg has such a developed economy, but it doesn't look like a fashionable modern metropolis. If you come to Hamburg for the first time, your first impression is that Hamburg is really like Venice, because Hamburg is also a real water city. In the center of Hamburg is a big lake blocked by a dam. The beautiful Lombardy Bridge spans the lake and divides it into two lakes, namely Inner Ulster Lake and Outer Ulster Lake. Hamburg's rivers crisscross and meander, and there are many bridges, especially more than Venice, the water city of Italy. There are also ships like Venice. On a sunny day, you got on the boat and shuttled through the streets. Sometimes modern skyscrapers and sometimes antique old houses come into your eyes. It feels like you are driving time between history and reality.