Changes in blood composition
Thrombosis may be caused by the increase of platelets, the increase of coagulation factors, the decrease of anticoagulant factors and the decrease of fibrinolytic enzymes for any reason.
Common factors leading to changes in blood composition are: the increase of age, thrombin, endotoxin, immune complex, fibrinogen and so on in blood circulation; Congenital increase in coagulation factors or structural abnormalities, such as thrombosis caused by abnormal fibrinogen; Artificial heart, artificial valve, artificial blood vessel and blood coagulation factor are activated during cardiopulmonary bypass, leading to thrombosis; Procoagulant substances enter the blood circulation, such as tissue injury, infection, allergic toxin, tumor cells, immune complex, endotoxemia and inflammation, which can promote the release of tissue factors into the blood circulation and lead to thrombosis.
Blood flow factor
Slow blood flow, blood stasis and blood coagulation are important mechanisms of thrombosis. Heart failure, venous compression and long-term bed rest are easy to cause venous thrombosis of lower limbs. When the blood vessels are narrowed due to atherosclerosis and other factors, bent by compression, bifurcated blood vessels, valves and other reasons lead to blood flow disorder and vortex, blood cells stay in the vortex for a long time, which promotes thrombosis.
Increased blood and plasma viscosity: when the blood temperature drops from 37℃ to 22℃, its viscosity increases by 60%-70%, fibrinogen, globulin and blood lipid in the blood increase, which all increase the blood viscosity and increase the formation of thrombus.
Vascular factors
Hypertension, hyperglycemia, radiation, carbon monoxide poisoning, blood lactic acid increase, catecholamine increase, virus, bacteria, endotoxin, thrombin, tumor necrosis factor, immune complex, complement activation products, interleukin, etc. may all lead to it. Vascular damage is an important cause of thrombosis.
After vascular injury, the tissue under vascular endothelial cells can be exposed, causing platelet adhesion and aggregation, forming platelet thrombosis.
Thrombosis "blocks" blood vessels
Human blood vessels are the channels of life, and the human vascular system is a closed circulatory system connected by arteries and veins. The total length of a single blood vessel in the whole body is about150,000 km, and it can circle the equator four times. The total circulation mileage of whole body blood in 24 hours is about 264,000 kilometers, which is more than 20 times longer than the sum of the lengths of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.
Normal blood has two mutually antagonistic systems, coagulation and anticoagulation, and the two systems maintain dynamic balance, so that the blood always keeps flowing in a liquid state, circulating and flowing endlessly. Through flowing, it continuously delivers nutrients such as fat, protein, sugar and oxygen needed by human body to various tissues and organs in the body. However, once this balance is destroyed for some reason (for example, when some nutrients are in excess, blood stasis will occur in blood vessels), so that the role of coagulation system will be enhanced, blood will coagulate into "thrombus", and a "river dam" will be built in blood vessels, which will make blood vessels "channel" and "obstruction" and thus form thrombus.
"Uninvited guests" are harmful.
Thrombosis, a professional name, seems to have nothing to do with the lives of ordinary people. But when it comes to myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction, no one will say that they don't know.
Thrombosis has a high incidence and is even more harmful. According to statistics, the death caused by thromboembolic diseases has accounted for 5 1% of the total number of deaths in the world, far exceeding the death caused by tumor-borne diseases and respiratory diseases. In China, the number of deaths caused by stroke and myocardial infarction, mainly manifested by thromboembolism, is about 2.6 million every year, with an average death every 12 seconds/person.
Thrombosis is an "uninvited guest" in the blood, which can cut off the flow of the "river" of blood and cause severe ischemia of the corresponding organs at the far end, resulting in a series of disabling consequences and even death.
As a serious peripheral vascular disease, thrombosis is a systemic disease with a wide range of diseases, which can affect upper limbs, lower limbs, visceral vessels and carotid arteries. When thrombus occurs in the heart, myocardial infarction can occur; It can cause cerebral infarction when it occurs in the head; If it occurs in the lower limbs, it can lead to deep venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis of the lower limbs. If you meet an amputee in the street, many people will think it is caused by bone cancer or trauma. In fact, it may be the result of vascular embolism in lower limbs.
Thrombosis has different manifestations.
According to chief physician Wu Yisheng, an expert in vascular surgery at Tianjin Medical University, people generally pay more attention to the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebral thrombosis, but they lack sufficient understanding of limb thrombosis, especially lower extremity thrombosis.
He said that thrombosis can be divided into venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis. Thrombosis of lower limbs can be divided into venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis of lower limbs, among which deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs (DVT) is the most common.
DVT of lower limbs is a common disease, which mostly occurs in iliac vein and femoral vein, especially sudden swelling of lower limbs.
The possibility of thrombosis of lower limbs should be considered in case of swelling of unilateral limbs or pain in the back of lower limbs.
Thrombosis has different manifestations because it appears in different parts of human body. Cerebral thrombosis refers to the formation of thrombus on the basis of the pathological changes in the intracranial section of cerebral artery, which leads to dizziness, headache, coma and paralysis. The formation of myocardial infarction refers to the narrowing and occlusion of cardiac arteries due to coronary atherosclerosis, which causes severe chest pain, sweating, pallor, shock and even death; After the formation of DVT in lower limbs, there will be severe edema, pain and limb disorders in the legs, which will lead to pulmonary embolism and life-threatening.
Varicose veins, thromboangiitis obliterans and arteritis.
Causes: fatigue, cold (cold water shock), cold, blood vessel blockage, blockage.
Disease development: old rotten legs, bone necrosis, amputation.
Thrombosis-induced myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction refers to ischemic necrosis of myocardium. Most of them are caused by thrombus blocking the coronary artery vessels, resulting in a sharp decrease or interruption of blood flow, which leads to severe and lasting acute ischemia of the corresponding myocardium and eventually leads to ischemic necrosis of the myocardium. Patients with acute myocardial infarction often have persistent severe pain behind the sternum, fever, increased white blood cell count, increased serum myocardial enzymes, and a series of characteristic changes of acute myocardial injury, ischemia and necrosis reflected by electrocardiogram, and may have arrhythmia, shock or heart failure, which directly leads to death if not rescued in time.
Thrombosis-induced stroke
Cerebral infarction includes vascular obstruction caused by thrombus and cerebral embolism, which is often called stroke. "Cerebral thrombosis" refers to the spontaneous formation of thrombus in a certain part of cerebral blood vessels under pathological conditions, resulting in blockage of blood vessels in the brain and poor blood circulation. "Cerebral infarction" refers to blood vessel blockage caused by thrombus shedding after cerebral thrombosis. Both of them will cause blood circulation disorder, cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, brain cell necrosis or cerebral vascular rupture and bleeding, leading to coma, unconsciousness, angular deviation, language impairment, hemiplegia and other diseases.
Thrombosis-induced renal failure
Thrombosis can grow in any blood vessel. At the same time, the thrombus can also fall off and flow with the blood. When thrombus blocks renal blood vessels, it will lead to insufficient blood supply and nutrition of the kidney, and at the same time, the absorption and filtration function of renal tubules will be inhibited, the function of detoxification of the kidney will be weakened, and renal cells will begin to die, which will eventually lead to uremia and renal failure and endanger life.
Thrombosis-induced cataract and glaucoma
Lens opacity is called cataract. Its pathological changes are mainly protein degeneration. Thrombosis can also cause cataracts. This is because the blood vessels in the fundus artery are small, and when the blood is thick and slow, it will easily lead to thrombosis. Moreover, once the blood vessels in the eye are blocked by emboli, it will cause insufficient blood supply and oxygen supply to the eye, aging and local malnutrition of the eye cells, causing degeneration and atrophy of lens cells, leading to cataracts, and some patients will be blind. At the same time, the continuous deterioration of cataract will further cause glaucoma and eventually lead to blindness.
Thrombosis-induced osteoporosis
Thrombosis will not only cause fatal harm to the blood circulation system of the whole body and organs and tissues such as heart, brain, kidney and eyes, but also have an important impact on the growth and metabolism of bones. A layer of periosteum is attached to the surface of the bone, which is covered with tiny blood vessels. When long-term cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia are not cured for a long time, thrombosis is easy to form in blood vessels, which leads to the interruption of blood flow nutrition supply, and a large number of nutrients needed by bones can not be supplied, such as calcium, osteogenic protein, bone matrix protein and other serious deficiencies, which gradually leads to osteoporosis.
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