Pepper must be magical, so that people who like it can't stop. After eating spicy peppers, your whole mouth will catch fire, your nose will run around in the nasal cavity, and your tears will turn in your eyes. If it is more serious, it will wander. If you accidentally touch your nose, people or anywhere on your face with your spicy hands (but don't touch your eyes! ), you immediately feel your face burning up, and soon you feel as if your whole head is swollen (if you are a big head like me, you will feel-finished! ) There must be something in pepper at work behind this whole reaction. Yes, this substance is capsaicin. Capsaicin is a spicy ingredient that causes all "pepper reactions". A member of the vanillic acid family, burning and pain are caused by reactions with neurons. There is a protein called subtype 1 vanilloid receptor subtype1(VR1) on the cell membrane of neurons, which is a member of the TPR ion channel superfamily. TRP(Transient Receptor Potential) ion channel was first discovered in the mutant of Drosophila. The photoreceptors of the mutant have only a short-term response to light stimulation instead of the long-term response to light stimulation that wild-type Drosophila should show, so it is called TRP (transient receptor potential) ion channel. Most TRP channels are composed of six transmembrane α helices, and their N and C ends are intracellular. A series of different TRP ion channels can respond to different temperatures. VR 1 is a nonspecific cation channel, which can allow Ca2+ and Mg2+ to enter neurons, cause depolarization of neurons, release some neurotransmitters and active amino acids to the extracellular space, and finally cause pain. Capsaicin can cause a series of reactions of neurons by combining with VR 1, and then make the body feel the pain of overheating or physical injury. Therefore, capsaicin does not really cause chemical burns, but only causes such feelings. If we ingest a large amount of capsaicin from food rich in peppers at one time, it will cause euphoria, which is why the more we eat peppers, the more enjoyable we feel. It is the combination of capsaicin and VR 1 receptor that produces pain, and then these pain can stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete endorphins. Endorphins are opioid receptor activators in the body, equivalent to endogenous opium, which can relieve pain and slow down breathing. Eventually, after the pituitary gland releases enough endorphins, we will have a feeling of runner's high, that is, the excitement of long-distance runners after they forget everything (alas, I have never experienced it …). However, long-term exposure to capsaicin will cause desensitization of neurons, which means that neurons will be insensitive to pain, and if capsaicin is removed, nerves will return to normal. Therefore, the different physiological effects of capsaicin are related to the concentration ingested by the body. It is capsaicin that causes burning pain and then stimulates the body to secrete endorphins to relieve pain. Capsaicin is used to relieve peripheral neuralgia and make ointment or sesame oil. In the hospital, if the pain is serious, the doctor will put on rubber gloves and a mask, anesthetize the patient's painful area first, then apply capsaicin until the patient feels that the painful area is getting hot, and then wipe it off. So the nerve forgot to report the pain to the brain because of the strong burning sensation. Capsaicin is commonly found in over-the-counter ointment and sesame oil bought in pharmacies to relieve pain (such as muscle pain). Well, now that you know why peppers are hot and the pain-relieving effect of capsaicin, (maybe you don't care so much about these) what you still want to know most is how to relieve the burning sensation of your tongue after eating peppers. Studies have shown that the most effective way to relieve the spicy taste is milk (unfortunately, it is not cold beer! ), and yogurt, ice cream, fruit juice, candy and other foods with high sugar content. Of course, we also want to mention the necessary riot equipment for women-pepper (Chili powder) sprayer. You know, spraying a little Chili powder won't kill the abuser, but it will make him miserable to survive. However, it should be mentioned that the sprayer must be aimed at the eyes, nose and mouth. If you are unlucky, that guy is wearing glasses and a mask, you'd better cut him with a knife first, and then spray it on the wound-of course, you can also take off his glasses and mask … and then run away. In places where squirrels are rampant abroad, peppers are added to bird food to feed birds. Birds don't feel spicy, but they can drive away squirrels that steal food. Excessive capsaicin can also kill people, and after excessive inhalation, people will have symptoms such as dyspnea, blue skin and convulsions. In India, some cases of infanticide are to kill babies with Chili peppers ... We combine the functions of capsaicin: helping digestion and enhancing perspiration to cool down, such as reducing fever and anti-infection, promoting the functions of kidneys, lungs, stomach and heart to alleviate chronic pain, migraine, joint pain, sports injury, neuropathic pain, cancer pain and so on to prevent skin cancer in mice. Anti-riot side effects of inhibiting the proliferation of human cancer cells: hypersensitivity: allergy and colitis, abnormal blood coagulation and bowel movement strengthen, causing diarrhea and skin blister reaction, relieving dermatitis and cough, causing kidney liver injury, chronic gastritis, neuropoisoning and infanticide. That is to say, eating Chili has many benefits, which can promote digestion, resist infection, prevent cancer and lose weight. Of course, if you are allergic to Chili, you should be careful (spicy).