Compiling history books and genealogy is an act of respecting the day and the fruit of enriching the country and the people. They are the pillars of historical buildings in China, among which genealogy is the basis of historical records. Zhong Jianqun thinks in Genealogy: genealogy, genealogy of famous people in Tang Dynasty, genealogy of famous people in Song Dynasty, family trip, later called genealogy, genealogy, genealogy and so on. The definition of genealogy in Ci Hai is: "A list compiled according to the category or system of things is compiled into a spectrum." Genealogy has been widely circulated in China during the Western Zhou Dynasty. The historical masterpiece Historical Records, which is known as "the historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme", is written by absorbing excellent cultural heritage including genealogy. "Historical Records of the Three Generations" said: "I have read the genealogy, and it has been years since the Yellow Emperor ... since the Yin Dynasty, the princes have no genealogy." The preface to Historical Records says: "The three dynasties of Wei (Xia, Shang and Zhou) are still (long) years old, and their years cannot be tested. The old genealogy that was covered was originally derived from this, so it was slightly pushed and made one of the three generations. "
Historians believe that genealogy, local chronicles and official history can make up for the lack of historical records, but often the historical records are not detailed or recorded incorrectly, which is exactly what is recorded in genealogy. Zhang Xuecheng, a historian of Qing Dynasty praised by Liang Qichao as "local chronicles", said: "If there is a genealogy, the county chronicles should take it; If there is a sign in the county annals, take the national history "; Mr. Lu Xun called national history "genealogy". The value of genealogy is not only recognized by scholars, but also valued by politicians. 1957 said at the Chengdu conference: "If we study genealogy and genealogy, we can know the law of species development and provide valuable information for human geography and settlement geography." The author also learned from the records of the consultants in Hutang Town that there are more historical facts about the industrial development of Hutang Old Street since the early Qing Dynasty than Xiao Heyang's Piling Genealogy. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shangdian ancient town has worshipped and respected the sun far more than Yun's family and Zhang's genealogy. In the process of consulting and using genealogy, the author has many questions about the expression of chronology and the conversion between lunar calendar and solar calendar. I checked the relevant information, studied and combed, and got a little understanding. If it's an eye hole, I have the right to throw bricks.
First, the origin of calendar years
Ji, in Shuowen Department, said: "Ji, don't make silk." Duan Yucai (Gong Zizhen's grandfather, an exegetist in the Qing Dynasty) notes: "If you don't forget, you must start. Don't be a subject. " In "Mandarin Zhou Yu Shang", he said: "Ji Nong thanked him for his work." "The History of the Three Kingdoms" notes: "Discipline means comprehensive management." In China, it is stated that the objective forms of material existence are space and time, in which time describes the persistence of object movement and the sequence of occurrence, and time is also generally called age. Therefore, the chronology of almanac is a measure of the length and order of historical process, and it is the link between history and the key to space. Historical space can be clearly outlined by calendar years. On the other hand, if there is no chronology, or the chronology is wrong, then this historical space and the national history, local chronicles and genealogy as its carriers will be in a mess.
The earliest text of the origin of the chronicle comes from the bamboo slips Chronicle, which is a general chronicle written by historians of Jin State and Wei State in the Spring and Autumn Period. Also known as Jizhongzhi, it was discovered by grave robbers in the fifth year of Xianning in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 279). Because it is a historical book written on bamboo slips, it was named Bamboo Slips Chronicle. At present, China's earliest chronological work is Historical Records, which records the history of more than 3,000 years in ancient China from the era of the Yellow Emperor (about 3000 BC) to the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (10 1 year ago). The earliest chronological date in the history of China is the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty (84 1 year ago). The Chronology of Twelve Governors in Historical Records began this year. Sima Qian consulted a large number of documents and books on chronology when compiling history books, and found that "the writings of five schools are different, and Wei Taichu's Yuan theory", that is, since the Yellow Emperor, many kinds of chronology materials have different opinions, and it is impossible to determine the real historical chronology. Only after the first year, the records are consistent and are not included in accordance with the principle of seeking truth from facts. These precious historical materials gradually disappeared with the evolution of history, so according to the chronology of twelve princes in the earliest historical records, it was determined that 84 BC1year was the beginning of China's history with an exact chronology.
Second, the types and origins of chronology
Starting from the exact chronology, there have been many chronologies in China, mainly including the reign of the emperor, the dynasty year, the heavenly stems and earthly branches, the Gregorian calendar, the title year and so on.
The reign of the emperor (also known as the reign of the prince) began in 84 BC1year. This year, because of the cruelty of western Zhou Liwang, the people of China were awakened. He fled to Bibi (now central Shaanxi) and Zhou Gonghe was in power together (according to legend, Minister Bohe was in power), so it was called "the first year". At that time, other vassal states were "fifteen years in Lu" and "ten years in Qi Huangong". For example, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "In the sixteenth year of Huiwen in Zhao Haoqi, Lian Po was the general." This narrative style continued until the eighth year of Gaohou (Lv Zhi) in the Western Han Dynasty (before 180). After Emperor Wendi (Liu Heng) succeeded to the throne, the first year (not the year number) was recalculated because something was not solved. For the convenience of narration, historians refer to the former yuan and the latter yuan respectively. Later, during the reign of Emperor Jing (Liu Qi), there were Gan Yuan, Zhong Yuan and Hou Yuan. The imperial chronology was implemented until the third year after Emperor Han Jing (14 1 year ago).
The title of the dynasty began in the second year of Liu Che's accession to the throne (BC 140), and the title was "Jianyuan". In the first year of Tai Chu (BC 104), the taichu calendar was formulated, and successive dynasties were held since then. The account is as follows: Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty built Yuan for three years, Zhenguan for five years in the Tang Dynasty, Xianchun for five years in the Song Dynasty, and Kanggan flourished. The titles used by emperors ranged from one to a dozen. For example, there are 65,438+04 books in Tang Gaozong. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, except for Ming Yingzong, all the others were the No.1 emperors, so the descendants were called by titles, such as Emperor and Emperor Qianlong. In addition, the year number is also marked with the main branch.
Heavenly stems and earthly branches (hereinafter referred to as the dry branch) is twelve branches of Nail, B, C, D, E, Ji, Ke, Xin, Ren and Gui, namely Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai (each corresponding to a zodiac). The chronology of the main branches comes from the era of the Yellow Emperor. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Shu quoted an ancient book in Zi Zhi Tong Jian, saying, "(Huangdi) made great efforts to govern ..." Actually, it sprouted in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty and began in the late years of Emperor Han Cheng. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "Tai Sui Ji Nian" in the popular taichu calendar law gradually evolved from astronomical phenomena. According to Zi Jian, in the second year of Emperor Hanyuan (85 years), the taichu calendar was implemented for more than 100 years, and then there was a calendar. He was ordered to edit the calendar, and Li Fan and others comprehensively corrected its appearance and produced the Quarter Calendar. In February, Jiayin will be implemented. "The imperial court ordered the chronology of the main branches to be supplemented as a concrete manifestation of the faction, such as The Story of the Nuclear Ship, The Apocalypse and Autumn Don't Forget, Uncle Yushan just carved it, such as the stone carving of Shangdian Ancient Bridge in the hometown of Yunnan, which was improved day by day after the national implementation. The branch calendar, the zodiac and the twenty-four solar terms have become the traditional features of the lunar calendar, and they are also an important auxiliary of the Gregorian calendar. There is a simple conversion between the solar calendar and the trunk calendar: the number of years in the solar calendar, such as 2022 minus 3 divided by 10, is 2, and 2 corresponds to the second place in the above-mentioned trunk order, which is B (divisible by the last place), and then the number of years in 2022 minus 3 divided by 12 is 8, which corresponds to the eighth branch order, not (?
Gregorian calendar, referred to as "Gregorian calendar", is a common chronological system. Zhong's birth year is the first year of the Gregorian calendar, referred to as "A.D.", which is equivalent to the first year of the reign of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty in China. The starting point of Gregorian calendar is 1, and there is no "0". The history of China in BC is deduced backwards. China actually uses the Gregorian calendar. After Xinhai, it was officially called "Western Calendar". For example, the annual ratio between China and foreign countries in "24 China Diplomatic Yearbook" is called "Western Calendar"; The literary world is also known as the "Western Yuan Dynasty", such as "Selected Works of Huoye in Beixin": "The 16th year of Guangxu, the year of Gengyin, is the first year of the Western Yuan Dynasty"; Commonly known as "solar calendar". The establishment and announcement of the use of the Gregorian calendar was first published in the date column of "1September 30th, 949".
The calendar year (also known as the calendar year of the country name) is the calendar year after its establishment. 19 1 1 aug/9 (1911year1oct/kloc-0. 19 1 1 year 1 month 13 days (1912 65438+10 month/. The next day, the calendar was released and switched on ("The Story of the City"): "Change the Yang (public) calendar, and take Huangdi 4609 1 1 month 13 (Xinhai) as the first year's New Year's Day." The year number of the emperor was changed to the year number of the country (the specific rules are the same as the Gregorian calendar), which is also called "national calendar" or "new calendar", and the summer calendar is still used today. 19 13 In July, Dayuan Shikai approved the Report on Suggesting to designate the first day of the first lunar month as the Spring Festival (the first day of the first lunar month in the summer calendar was called "New Year's Day", and Meng Lianglu in the Song Dynasty: "The first day of the first lunar month is called the first day of the New Year's Day, commonly known as the first day of the New Year's Day." ), the beginning of the summer calendar (the first day of the first month) is called "Spring Festival" from the following year. From September 30th, 1949,/kloc-0, with the expansion of the region, China gradually abolished the calendar year and changed to Gregorian calendar.
Third, the current calendar situation in China.
As can be seen from the above, China uses the AD calendar, supplemented by the traditional summer calendar. On AD1September 2, 949 1949, China, together with representatives of various parties and people, held a plenary meeting of China in Beiping, and in his opening speech, he proposed that "the year number should be the same as that of most countries in the world." On the afternoon of 27th, Ma Xulun, the representative of the "Program Committee" and the head of the Promotion Association, reported to the conference: "In the past years, most delegates agreed to adopt the Gregorian calendar, which is the most used calendar year in the world." So the second item passed by the resolution is: "AD year". After the resolution was passed, it was announced: "From now on, this year is 1949 according to the Gregorian calendar." Considering the tradition of China calendar, which is supplemented by summer calendar for a long time, and has cultural customs, agricultural guidance and acceptance process, the "summer calendar, branch" is adopted to assist the administrative calendar. 1949 10 1 The calendar date column also shows the words "10th day of August in the ugly year of the summer calendar". In order to distinguish two New Years, the first day of the first month of the summer calendar is called "Spring Festival", and the first day of the first month of the summer calendar is designated as "New Year's Day".
Later, the name "Li Xia" was changed to "Lunar Calendar", which was changed for the first time on New Year's Day in 1968, and has continued to this day (the name is very long, I have read the almanac of 1963 Lunar Calendar). In the past hundred years, the lunar calendar has many names: Hankou Daily and Northeast Daily, which are called "Lunar Calendar"; Daily and People's Daily (northern Shaanxi) are called "old calendars"; Song advocated taking the year of the Yellow Emperor's accession to the throne as the first year and taking 1904 as the year of the Yellow Emperor's 4602. People's Daily, the organ newspaper of the League, adopted this period, so it was called "Yellow Calendar". According to this calculation, 2022 is the 47 1 1 calendar year of the Yellow Emperor.
The Gregorian calendar takes period of revolution, where the earth revolves around the sun, as the year (its scientific understanding should be after Heliocentrism, which is roughly equivalent to the Tropic of Cancer), so it is also called "solar calendar" and "solar calendar". Since the anniversary is 365 days, 48 minutes and 46 seconds, February in a normal year is 28 days (365 days in that year), and the remainder is put on one day in the fourth year (once in a hundred years, extra leap), so February in a leap year is 29 days (366 days in that year). Therefore, years divisible by 4 in the Gregorian calendar are called "Gregorian leap years", such as 20 12 and 2022.
Since ancient times, the Chinese lunar calendar has taken the full moon of the moon as the month and the rotation of the earth as the day. In ancient times, the moon was called the lunar calendar, so it was called the "lunar calendar". The movement cycle of the earth around the sun was regarded as one year. It should be called calendar in essence (branches and solar terms are part of its solar calendar). The moon revolves around the earth for 29.53 days. In order to coordinate the difference of the number of days between the tropic year and the tropic year, the ancients adopted "19 7 leap", that is, in the 19 lunar calendar, seven years plus a leap month, the years with leap months are also called leap years, and the rest are called flat years. So there are 383 ~ 385 days in leap year and only 353 ~ 355 days in normal year. For example, the Chinese and Japanese Lunar Year of the Horse (leap in September) begins at 65438+3 1 in Gregorian calendar in 2022 and ends at February 18 in 2022, counting 384 days; Lunar Year of the Sheep (Ping) starts from February 19, 2022 and ends on February 7, 2022, with a total of 354 days.
Because our country uses both the solar calendar and the lunar calendar, the 365, 366 days of the solar calendar and the 353, 354, 355, 383, 384, 385 days of the lunar calendar form a cross relationship (occasionally related). Logically, it is called "the extension of the two concepts is only partially the same", so it is very important to clarify the logical relationship between them in order to ensure the accuracy of comparison and conversion between the two calendar years.
Fourth, the annual relationship between the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar.
Before its establishment (19 12), the emperor's reign calendar and dynasty calendar were used, supplemented by the lunar calendar method of cadre year and cadre year. After the introduction of Gregorian calendar, especially the chronology of birth and death of important or historical celebrities, there are problems in the calculation of ancient and modern comparison and the expression of modern chronology, especially the months and days before and after the end of a year. Now, both the annual calendar and the monthly calendar are marked with the year of dry support, such as Wu Jianian in 2022 and the year of B in 2022. Reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary, as well as some recent genealogies, are also accompanied by similar chronological comparison tables (for example, more than 20 of the nearly 300 new genealogies in Wujin Library have comparison tables). However, the above comparison table can only reflect the overlap of politics and agriculture for two years, and it will be "mistaken" in 1 month, which makes people confused. Specifically, there are the following situations.
Usually, the Gregorian calendar year marks the end of the previous lunar calendar for more than one month and the end of the previous lunar calendar for more than ten months. For example, in 2022 AD, the lunar calendar is the last year of B. In fact, it takes 49 days from New Year's Day to1February, and from Wu Jianian's1month1day to1February. 19 February is the first day of the first month of the year B. 12 February is the year B.1/month 2 1 day, and the next 38 days will be the year of Bingshen in 2022. For example, Yue Fei was killed in "the 11th year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong, had a heart on December 29th". According to the chronology, the year of Shaoxing's heart is 1 14 1, so some data mistakenly note the year of Yue Fei's birth and death as11031465438+. Some of them are written as "29th of the twelfth lunar month in the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1 14 1)" and so on. In fact, "Shaoxing has a heart on December 29th" has already crossed 1 14 1 year and lasted until the beginning of the Gregorian calendar, so the date of Yue Fei's murder in the lunar calendar corresponds to "AD 65438".
Sometimes the Gregorian calendar spans three lunar years. For example, AD 18, 65438+ 10/year, is December 25th of Tianfeng four years, and the five days from 65438+1 0/5 are Ding Chou years. 65438+10.6 is the first day of the first month of Wuyin in the fifth year of Tianfeng; From February 27, 65438, it was another six years, and the first year was from February 27, 65438 to February 30, 365438. That is to say, in 18, in addition to the whole year of Wuyin in the lunar calendar, Ding Chou and Ji Mao also gave five days before and after Wuyin.
There is also the first day of the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar, such as 13 1, which is the first day of the first month in the fifth year of Wang Mang's founding. If the lunar calendar is in a normal year, the beginning of the next year will appear at the end of the Gregorian calendar; In case of leap year, the end of the lunar calendar will be postponed to the beginning of the solar calendar.
In the above three cases, in the leap year of the lunar calendar, there are two identical lunar months in a calendar year; If there is a Gregorian calendar in a normal year, there will be 9- 12 lunar calendar days. For example: 1893 65438+ 10/0/,which is November 14th in Renchen, Guangxu, and February 1 in the same year is November 24th, Guangxu 19th, with a period of November 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st and 19th. Compared with the Gregorian calendar, it was 1 1 month 19 at the end of the year, so Mao's birthday was determined to be Gregorian calendar1893 65438+February 26th, so he said humorously, "Oh, my bowl of noodles is not Chinese1/kloc-. Later, the public didn't know the exact birthday.
The complex cross relationship between the above two calendars determines the inevitable requirement of compiling official history, local chronicles and genealogy in modern times. If the chronology is not strictly expressed, the calendar conversion will be inaccurate and the historical materials will lose their meaning.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) the expression of related contents of calendar year
The expression of chronology is mainly time, and time is reflected by numbers. Since the Gregorian calendar was introduced into China, there have been many expressions, such as "Gregorian calendar 1924" (China Diplomatic Yearbook). In order to unify the use of numbers, seven organizations, including the Language and Literature Work Association, issued the Regulations on the Use of Numbers in Publications on 1995 12 13. According to its requirements: use the Gregorian calendar century, year, month, Japanese and Chinese numbers, such as: 84 BC1,80' s, April 2022 12, etc. Non-Gregorian years are numbered in Chinese characters, such as November 26th, 26th year of Qing Qianlong, and October 6th, 3rd year. In a vertical arrangement (such as genealogy, etc.) ), the Gregorian calendar can be expressed in Chinese characters, but it should be clearly defined.
At present, the larger chronology unit is the century. The calendar year 100 is called a century. Because there is no 0 year, it is usually called a century from 1 year to the end of 100, and the next century begins with the year that can be divisible by 100. For example, 200 1 year is century 2 1 (or 1 year). Next to the century, 10 is counted as "year", 200 1-2022 is called 2 1 the beginning of the century, 2022 is called the 1920s, and so on. Next to age is year, month, day and hour, commonly known as year, month and day. Historically, 1840 was called "ancient" before the war, then "modern", until the establishment of 19 19 and 1949, and then "modern".
The Gregorian calendar is simple and clear with numbers, such as April 2022 12 ("day" is commonly known as "number"). The lunar calendar is usually represented by Chinese characters (and branches). The twelve months of each year (the extra month in leap year plus the previous month) are divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Each quarter is divided into three points: Bangladesh, China and Kyrgyzstan; Every month, the upper, middle and lower days are divided into three days; From the first day to the tenth day, eleven to twenty in the middle (or twenty or thirty in Lu Xun's poem: "living in Shanghai for thirty years"); Later, from 2 1(20 capitals are all "years", such as "four days in a year" in People's Daily) to 30 (or 30, such as "36 years" in People's Daily); Twelve hours a day in the name of earthly branches. After the middle of Ming Dynasty, western clocks and watches began to enter China as gifts and commodities. The world calls clocks and watches hours and hours, but today's names of hours and hours have faded. The first hour of an hour day is equivalent to 1 today to the next day, 1 clown day to 3: 00, and so on. The time is later than Earth Time 1 hour, and there is a difference between the month and year at the end of the month.
The lunar year lasts about half a month and is divided into 24 solar terms: beginning of spring, rain, fright, vernal equinox, Qingming, Grain Rain, Long Summer, Xiaoman, Mangzhong, Summer, Slight Summer, Great Summer, beginning of autumn, Early Summer, Bailu, Autumn Equinox, Cold Dew, Early Frost, beginning of winter, Light Snow, Winter, Slight Cold and Severe Cold. The Linde Calendar compiled by Li Zaishi stipulates that the month before leap month is neutral month. It continues to this day, for example, in September of the lunar calendar in 2022, the next month has only beginning of winter solar terms and no light snow, so it is designated as leap September. Solar terms basically correspond to a certain day in the solar calendar, and astronomical phenomena guide farming. This is the reason why the lunar calendar follows the past dynasties and prospers, and it is also the name of the lunar calendar. Among them, according to legend, the solar term in beginning of spring was originally the beginning of a year.
Determine the beginning of the year. At the beginning of the dry year, beginning of spring is the first year, and beginning of spring is the beginning of spring in history, so it is also called the Spring Festival. In the leap year of the summer calendar, the beginning and end of the year coincide with the solar terms in beginning of spring, which is the "double-headed spring" chaos mentioned above. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set things right. In the first year of Tai Chu (104), taichu calendar was named "Xia Zheng" and the first month of the summer calendar was established. For more than 2,000 years, both the administration and the customs have recognized that the first day of the first lunar month is the beginning of the New Year, and the year of the main branch is in a subordinate and auxiliary position, and the zodiac corresponding to the animals of the twelve earthly branches has also changed with Xia Zheng, which has been recorded in Yuan Shi, Shi Ming Lu and Qing Shi Lu. Since then, the information has been more informative, historical, ambitious, spectral and dominant. And those fortune-tellers who predicted good or bad luck and avoided evil, as well as the eight-character fortune-tellers who were regarded as "intimidating people" by Sima Qian, still take beginning of spring as their first year. Qin, an expert on ethnic studies in Shuyang, insisted in "Remembering Wan Li" edited by 20 13: "The lunar calendar will not be the beginning of the second year until the Spring Festival. For example, in 2004 ... beginning of spring will be regarded as Shen Jianian. " I think Mr. Qin's viewpoint is acceptable as one of the historical traditional cultures, but it seems quite absurd to make the world "must" change the established secular world that has been in line with development for more than two thousand years.
Abbreviations and ellipsis. The Gregorian calendar has a unique feature, so except for strict public documents, the word "AD" is mostly omitted. When necessary, "year, month and day" can also be omitted, and the numbers are separated by a pause, such as "1946,5,23" in world knowledge; BC can mean "the year before". When the Gregorian calendar is used in conjunction with the lunar calendar, such as April 24, 2022 12 of the lunar calendar, it can be simplified as April 12 of the lunar calendar and February 24. It can be abbreviated as "x years, x years for people, and time for people". Establishment is a milestone in history, and it is frequently used. When deciding the name of a country at a meeting, Huang Yanpei, the representative of the National Construction Association, proposed to use ""as the abbreviation, and Li Da (the representative) proposed to use "China" as the abbreviation, which was rejected by most representatives. As a geographical concept, China is currently used as a abbreviation at home and abroad. It has also been suggested that "before" or "after" should be used instead of "before and after" or "before and after the founding of New China". I think every example should be noted. You can also use the neutral word "Ding Ge" to express the meaning of regime change. For example, in the Epitaph of Yuan Gong, Henan's Political Participation in the Ming Dynasty, it was said: "When Zeng Da's father was buried, Ding Ge was in the middle, and the chaos was not broken on all sides." Development and lag on the eve of modern times: "The bourgeoisie began in Britain in 1640, just as the Dingge War raged in Ming and Qing Dynasties."
Sixth, the scientific expression of the combination of numbers and calendars.
There have been many changes in the Yi calendar in history, such as the Xia calendar with Meng Xiyue (January) as the positive, the Shang calendar with the twelfth month (December) as the positive, the Zhou calendar with the winter month (November) as the positive, the Xia calendar with Jianyang Spring Month (October) as the positive after the unification of China in Qin Dynasty, and the Xia calendar was adopted by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (beginning with the year of Ganzhi) until the end of Qing Dynasty. Change the abandoned year number to the country number, and the order of month and day is the same as that of the western calendar (in fact, it is a different name for the same calendar). Although management is expressed in the new calendar, it is difficult to change the old customs for a period of time. At the same time, the summer calendar is still used to record the month and date, such as "1February 25th". Since then, there have been many forms to express dates. Due to the above three overlapping situations of solar calendar and lunar calendar, contemporary genealogy, especially continuation genealogy, often leads to ambiguity.
In my opinion, there are mainly the following situations worth discussing.
The first is the annual comparison conversion. The calendar year has the same name as the Gregorian calendar year, and 19 1 1 is the exact Gregorian calendar date. At present, the date comparison of the Gregorian calendar only indicates the year. For example, 2022 usually corresponds to the second year of the lunar calendar. In fact, the exact date of 2022 is "Wu Jianian 1 1 month1day in the lunar calendar to the second year of the lunar calendar 1 1 month 2/day", and the second year corresponds to ". Therefore, the author believes that the current version of the comparison table can only be used as a reference.
The second is orderly expression. Usually, contemporary numbers are described, or the Gregorian calendar is attached before the Gregorian calendar and the previous Gregorian calendar is attached after it. For example, the genealogy of Lu family in Zhang Cun, Jinling recorded "1June 25th, 952 (the fourth day of May in Renchen leap), and October 12th of the first year (1909 65438+).
The third is unified expression. For example, common words or names such as "20, 20, 30, and year" should be unified in the same language, such as "Daoguang 2008 1 1 29th of the month" recorded in Zhang's genealogy of "Thousand Points Dang Piling" and "Xie's genealogy of" Piling "recorded in the 25th century. For example, "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The fourth is accurate expression. The purpose is to avoid ambiguity and mislead future generations. For example, the birthday of the founder of Changzhou Ci School recorded in the Zhang Family Tree by Shientang was originally twenty-six years of Qianlong, but it was changed to sixteen years when the woodcut was unclear, and it was changed to sixteen years when Dinghai was restored. The author has experienced many twists and turns when he examines his lineage. Contemporary new genealogies (including some) are often in Gregorian calendar, such as the genealogy of the Han nationality in Shengzhuang: Fu Jian was born on1August 9571day; The other is to add branches between Gregorian calendar years, such as 19781February 10, Yun Yiqun (an outstanding soldier in China's cultural and press circles) who died of illness in Ning on October 0. If there is no word "you" in the precedent, it will be mistaken for August 1 1 day of the Gregorian calendar; The latter situation is usually considered as the tenth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition, there are many other expressions that are easy to cause ambiguity.
The author believes that there are several ways to avoid ambiguity or mistakes: First, unified expression and interpretation under ordinary circumstances, such as numbers used in the Gregorian calendar, numbers used in the Lunar calendar, and other abbreviations and ellipsis. Secondly, as mentioned above in the genealogy of Lu family in Zhang Cun, Jinling, it is represented by solar calendar and lunar calendar respectively. Again, it is the number of the previous year plus the year of the branch, so there is no need to add snakes to the conversion to include the Gregorian calendar year; Note that the dates after the tenth day of November in the lunar calendar should be enclosed in calendar years. For example, the latter example can be changed to "Yun Yiqun on 19781February 10 (19781month1/kloc-0) Another example is Zhuang Letian (the biological mother of Xu Boxin, the executive vice chairman of Democratic Progressive Party) in Liu Xu's genealogy, "November is the summer calendar when he died on December 27, 31", and the word "benevolence five" should be after the summer calendar; Another example is "1December 19, 904". After comparison, it was changed to "190565438+1October 24th (Chen Jia1February19th)".
Seven. Selection and compilation of reference materials.
The choice of consulting materials is also exquisite, and high-tech tools can get twice the result with half the effort. At present, there are many kinds of almanac in bookstores or libraries. Apart from Qin's above works, there are New Practical Calendar published by Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House in August 2007, New China Folk Calendar edited by Wang Pinghui in August 2009, New Practical Calendar edited by Fan 2022 and China Traditional Calendar. Recommended the 2002 edition of "Perpetual Calendar" by Guo Shibei and Zhang Zhengxiang. It is characterized in that when the Gregorian calendar compares the dates of the ancient calendar, the month and day of the lunar year corresponding to Gregorian calendar 65438+February 3 1 are attached to the main branch table, so that the date when the lunar year extends to the next year can be calculated, for example, 122.
In addition, there are many kinds of electronic calendars on the Internet. The "Han Dian perpetual calendar (choose auspicious old yellow calendar)" often used by the author has the following characteristics: first, it is simple to operate, as long as it is counted in the year and month box to be checked; The second is information tolerance, which can reach any year, month and day in the vertical direction and basically cover relevant content in the horizontal direction; Third, the reality is objective, and its self-evident statements: good luck, bad luck, taboos and so on "have no scientific basis."
Official history, local chronicles and genealogy are accompanied by chronological comparison tables, which are convenient for readers to consult and compare and worth popularizing. It is suggested to add a column after the Gregorian calendar year, such as the perpetual calendar compiled by Guo and Zhang, that is, Gregorian calendar 65438+February 3 1 corresponding lunar calendar (in each case, please explain), so as to avoid misunderstanding caused by the intersection of the two calendars.
Vice President of Changzhou Genealogy and Ancestral Temple Culture Research Association, and Vice President of Changzhou Wujin Genealogy Culture Research Association.
The above is about the practical perpetual calendar query table 2022, and the sharing of calendar days. I saw the clear version of the calendar in 2022. I hope this will help everyone!