Second, the definition of Er-hua
The suffix "Er" is an independent syllable. Because it is in a light reading position in spoken language, it has been linked with the previous syllable fluently for a long time, resulting in a sound change. "Er" has lost its independence, "Hua" to the previous syllable, leaving only one tongue rolling action, which makes the two syllables merge into one syllable, and the vowels in the previous syllable have occurred or more. This phenomenon is called "Erhua".
Erhua is the result of vowel sound change, which is accompanied by falling off, adding sound, replacing and assimilating. The phonetic change is mainly manifested in the rhyme ending, followed by the rhyme belly, and has no effect on the initial consonant of the rhyme.
3. The morpheme identity of "er"
3.1. "er" is the smallest combination of sound and meaning. The phonetic form of "er" is a tongue rolling action with less than one syllable, which can add additional meanings such as "small", "favorite" and "casual" in combination with the attached language components, so it can be seen that "er" is a combination of sound and meaning; Moreover, "er" is inseparable, which obviously meets the two conditions of morpheme-the combination of sound and meaning and indivisibility, and "er" should be regarded as a morpheme.
Chinese morphemes are mainly monosyllables, so most morphemes in Chinese correspond to syllables, that is, a morpheme is a syllable. Chinese morphemes also have the phenomenon of not corresponding to syllables, which has two situations. In one case, a morpheme corresponds to more than one syllable, which is divided into two categories: linked words and transliterated loanwords. Lianmian words include disyllabic, rhyming, non-disyllabic and reduplicative words, such as "as if", "clever", "wandering", "wandering", "chic", "hesitant", "grandma" and "wife". Transliterate loanwords such as "Interna Xiongnai", "Olympics", "Turpan" and "Clone". Several syllables together represent a morpheme, and when they are divided, each syllable is meaningless. At this time, the phonetic form of morpheme is larger than syllable. Another situation is that a morpheme is less than one syllable, which is the case with morphemes in compound words. Consonant words are formed by merging two adjacent words in the language stream, and the merged words contain two morphemes. For example, "two" is the merging of "two" and "ge". Regardless of stylistic factors, "two" can appear where "two" appears, and vice versa. "Liang" means that two morphemes correspond to one syllable, and the phonetic form of morphemes is less than one syllable. Other consonants include "three", "don't", "good", "la" and "Lou".
3.2. The word "er" is a word-formation element. From the perspective of its function in words, "er" should also be regarded as a morpheme.
3.2.1. Turn a ready-made word into another new word. For example,
(1) Verbs are converted into nouns after retroflex. For example: eat → eat, cover → cover, pad → pad
In Chinese, verbs can be transformed into nouns, which can be directly transformed from the category of behavior or process to the category of things or entities, or by two other methods: one is to combine with another root morpheme to form compound words, such as "bedding" and "dressing up"; The other is to combine with suffix morphemes to form derivatives, such as "Gai" and "Gai". As can be seen from the above examples, "Er" has the same function as "Zi" and "Head".
(2) adjectives are converted into nouns after retroflex. For example, "gan → gan' er", "short → short" er, "bend → bend" er
It is relatively rare that a noun is transformed into another noun by retroflex. It is more common that a polysemous word is retroflex, and one sense is derived from another. Although there is a connection in origin between different senses, the concepts expressed are different. Broadly speaking, this is equivalent to the transformation from one word. For example: Dao ~ Dao 'er, Dan ~ Dan 'er, Di ~ Di 'er, Li ~ Li 'er, Men ~ Men 'er
(3) The noun is transformed into another noun after retroflex. Such as: beans → Doo, ginkgo → ginkgo
(4) Quantifiers are converted into nouns after retroflex. Such as: ge → ge er, kuai → kuai er, Bao er → Bao er
(5) Verbs and nouns are converted into quantifiers after retroflex. Such as: dial → dial, Guo → Guo, Chuan → Chuan
(6) Noun phrases are converted into nouns after retroflex. Such as: white powder → white powder, small shoes → small children
(7) Verbs are converted into another verb after retroflex. For example: Dian → Dian Er
In addition to the above-mentioned types, there are other situations, such as "eat and drink ~ eat and drink, and can't pull down ~ can't pull down" is a verb phrase converted into a noun, "Bei ~ Bei Er" is a quantifier converted into an adverb, and "8% ~ 8% Er" is a quantitative phrase. The inflected elements can also be used as word-formation elements to form another word or phrase. For example, the inflected noun "ci" can be combined with other morphemes to form new words such as "ci-erhua" and "ci-erhou". The adjective "gan" can be combined with "Bai" and "gua" to form nouns "Bai gan er, gua gan er" and so on.
3.2.2. Turn morphemes that are not words into words. Among them, there are many cases in which "er" and nominal morphemes combine to form nouns. Such as: companion → companion, neck → neck, cabinet → cabinet
3.2.3, the rational meaning of language elements remains unchanged after the retroflex, and the additional meaning is added or changed. In other words, it changes the meaning of "small", "love" and "kindness" or changes the style color. Such as: knife → knife, chicken → chicken, word → word
3.2.4. Turn one word into another word, and turn a morpheme or morpheme group that is not a word into a word.
Fourth, the role of Er Hua
4.1. Emotional color that expresses affection or kindness. Such as: flowers, girls, faces < P > 4.2. Describe tiny or slight modality. Such as: a little red-headed rope with a needlepoint popsicle < P > 4.3. Change the part of speech and even the meaning of the word. It mainly means that "er" forms various nouns with verbs, adjectives, quantitative parts of speech and various phrasal roots. Nouns formed with verb roots, some of which indicate the tools by which actions and behaviors depend. Such as: cover, pad, shovel; Some can express nouns equivalent to the root meaning, such as: singing, opening and boring. "Er" has nouns with adjective roots, and some have the characteristics of roots, such as: Yuaner, Huang Er and Ganer; Some have the attributes of root words, such as short, bright and accurate. "Er" and numeral roots constitute a few names that represent children's birth names, such as: San Er and Wu Er. "Er" and the quantifier root form concrete nouns that express things, such as: granule, lump, and child. "Er" and phrasal roots form nouns that express things, often with vivid colors, such as handles, coppers and bibs.
4.4. It does not change the part of speech, but has the function of distinguishing meanings. It is mainly that "er" and noun roots form new words to represent things. Because things are often similar in some way, people associate them and use the er-word composition to represent the names of associated things. Such as: head (head)-head (leader) door (door)-door (door diameter, method) eye (eye)-eye (small hole) white flour (flour)-white flour (drug heroin)
4.5, used to reading the word "Er Hua". Such as: chatting for fun, wondering, allegro
5. Rules for the phonetic change of Er-hua rhyme
5.1. Er-hua phonetic change changes the vowel (main vowel) and the vowel (ending) from back to front, and has no influence on the initial and the vowel i- and ü-.
5.2. Lose the rhyme endings -i, -n, -ng.
5.3. Add tongue rolling action to the main vowels (except when the main vowels are I and ü). Most of these main vowels become central vowels ar and er with rolling tongue color.
5.4, add er[? r ]。 Including five original vowels: I, in, ing, ü, ü n. In addition, the vowel on the tip of the tongue -i[? ] and [? Add an er after], and the actual pronunciation is [? ] replaced the original vowel.
5.5. When the vowel of the post-nasal vowel is voiced, the main vowel is often nasalized except the vowel -ng.
The 39 vowels in Putonghua, except er, which is already the vowel of rolling tongue, can all be retroflex in theory, but the vowels E, ou and eng (after bo, po, mo and fo, O is regarded as the ellipsis of uo. I think "urn" can be retrorsed.) There are no retrorsed words, but actually only 35 vowels can be retrorsed.
6. Pronunciation rules of Erhua rhyme
6.1. When a vowel ending with A, O, Mi, E, U (including O in ao and eao) is treated as Erhua, its pronunciation does not change much, and the tongue-rolling action has little conflict with its own pronunciation, so it is enough to bring the tongue-rolling color directly when Erhua. Among them, the tongue position of E is slightly moved backward, and the tongue position of A is slightly raised. Such as:
a→ar: where n m m: r, handle shǒubàr
ia→iar: leaf bud yièyár, money clip qiánjiár
ua→uar: painting child huàr, spray child lànghuār
o→ou: powder child F. Everyone dàhuǒr
e→er: small box Xi ǐ ohé r, hard shell Yǐ ngké r
UE→ UER: protagonist zhǔjuér, wooden muer Miǐ jué r
IE → IER: stone steps Shyǐ jiǐ r, and the word. Ridiculous child lípǔr
ao→aor: alley child xi m ǔ odà or, purse child hébāor
ou→our: old man l m ǔ otó ur, crossroads child l ǔ k ǔ ur
iao → iao: minor child xi m ǔ odià or, mouth child zu ǐ ji m ǔ or < Dǐngniúr
6.2, and the vowels with I and ü as the main vowels at the end of the vowel are treated as children, because the openings of I and ü are small, the tongue points are in front, and I and ü can't be lost at this time, so it conflicts with the rolling action. The way to deal with this problem is to add a vowel on the tongue surface, center, middle and middle lips, and then roll the tongue on this basis. Such as:
i→ier: Gu not d ǐ r at the bottom of the pot, Liu Si Li ǔ s Ρ r, toy Wá nyǔ r
ü er: IH ditty Xi m ǔ oq ǔ r, donkey máolǘr, funny boy Y ǔ uq ǔ r
. There are some main vowels with tongue position. Due to the influence of tongue rolling, the tongue position moves backward to the center and the Chinese side. Such as:
ai→ar Dapai dàpáir, windowsill chuāngtáir
ei→er: peer tóngbèir, baby B? Obè ir
UAI → UAR: candy tángkuàir, together Y and kǒuwèir
UEI → UER: taste K(. When the main vowel whose tongue is in front moves backward to the center and the Chinese side after retroflex, a vowel with tongue surface, center, middle and non-round lips should be added to roll the tongue on this basis. Such as:
an→ar: top shift child dǐngbānr, leaflet child chuándānr
en→er: loss-making child ku ě b ě NR, fate child mi ē ng ē NR
Ian → IAR: corny child j ī y ī NR, roadside child l ī bi ā NR
. Handprints shǒuyìnr
uan→uar: fun children h ǐ ow á nr, corners gu ǐ iwā nr
uen→ uer: wrinkled children zhòuwénr, spring children kāichūnr
üan→üar: circle children yu m ǐ nquā nr, handkerchief children sh ǐ. The flower skirt huāqúnr
6.5, when the vowel with the ending of-I before the tip of the tongue or-I after the tip of the tongue is used as a retroflex, because the opening of its pronunciation is small, and the tip of the tongue is close to the back of the tooth or the front hard palate, it has hindered the tongue rolling action, so it should be changed into a vowel with tongue surface, center, middle and non-round lips, and then the tongue is rolled on this basis. Such as:
-I→ er: when looking for thorn-child ZH ǔ oc ǔ r, willow-child Li ǔ s ǔ r
-I→ er: branch SHǔ ZH ǔ r, looking for trouble ZH ǔ osh ǔ r
6.6, when the vowel with nag as the final phoneme is treated, nag's pronunciation position is at the back (. When pretending to be a child, the nag sound should be completely lost, and then the tongue should be rolled on the basis of the main vowels. If the main vowel interferes with tongue rolling, add a nasal vowel with tongue surface, center, middle and non-round lips, and then roll the tongue on this basis. Such as:
ang→angr: chaganger chágāngr, prescription yaoofā ngr
iang → iangr: lamb Xi m: oyá ngr, vegetable seedling càiyāngr
uang→uangr: bamboo basket zhúkuāngr, door and window mé nchu ā ngr
eng.