Carassius auratus (carp family)

[Local name]? Carassius auratus (Carassius auratus), Perch, Carassius auratus (Carassius auratus), Pilot fish, Knife fish, Carassius auratus (Carassius auratus).

[Morphological characteristics]? General body length of 15 to 20 centimeters. The body is laterally flattened and high, the body is thicker, and the abdomen is rounded. Head short, snout blunt. No whiskers. Gill rakers long, gill filaments slender. Hypopharyngeal teeth in one row, flattened. Scales large. Lateral line slightly curved. Dorsal fin long, outer edge relatively straight. Dorsal and anal fins 3rd stiff spine strong, posterior margin serrated. Pectoral fins end up to the beginning of the ventral fin. Caudal fin y forked. The body is generally grayish-black on the dorsal surface, silvery-gray on the ventral surface, and grayish-white on all fins. Body coloration varies depending on the water where it grows.

[Place and season of origin]? Carp are produced all year round in waters all over the country, with the fattest carp in the months of February to April and August to December.

[Economic value]? One of the important edible fish in China. Tender meat, sweet meat flavor, high nutritional value, per 100 grams of meat containing 13 grams of protein, 11 grams of fat, and contains a large number of calcium, phosphorus, iron and other minerals. The most important thing to remember is the fact that you can't get rid of a lot of people who have been in the same boat for a long time. The first thing that you need to do is to get your hands on some of the most popular products in the world, and then you can get your hands on some of the best ones.

Crucian carp is an export variety, its English name Crucian. export area: Hong Kong, Macao. Export ports: Guangdong, Hubei, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangxi.

Medicine believes that crucian carp is sweet and warm in nature. It can promote water retention and reduce swelling, benefit the qi and spleen, detoxify, and lower breast milk. It is suitable for weak spleen and stomach, little food and fatigue, vomiting or diarrhea; spleen deficiency edema, urination; weak qi and blood, lactation; blood in stool, hemorrhoidal bleeding, bloating, ulcers and so on.

"Compendium of Materia Medica": "combined with small beans boiled juice service, edema: scorching oil coating, the main women's noma sores, kill insects and pain; brewing five times the seeds calcined research, the treatment of blood; brewing Ming leaves simmering service, the treatment of thirst; brewing garlic simmering research drink, the treatment of diaphragmatic gas." Fish carp

In the cold winds, cold winter, crucian carp meat fat seeds, taste especially delicious, so the folk have "winter crucian carp summer catfish" said. Our ancient medical books "Materia Medica" also has a very high evaluation of crucian carp: "the fish only this can be eaten often."

Carp is rich in nutrients, such as regular food, the benefits of body tonic. It contains protein, fat, sugar, inorganic salts, vitamin A, B vitamins, niacin and so on. It is determined that every hundred grams of black carp, containing protein up to 20 grams, second only to shrimp; containing fat up to 7 grams.

According to connoisseurs, crucian carp before the pot, people often forget to scrape the scales and gills, disemboweled and dirty, but rarely remove its throat teeth (located in the throat after the gills of the teeth), so that the crucian carp, especially stewed, braised, the soup flavor is not good, and some of the mud taste heavier. Therefore, it is best to remove the teeth of the throat of crucian carp before the pot. Cold day eating carp method

Carp nutritional value

Nutritional analysis

1. Carp protein contained in the quality of excellent, complete, easy to digest and absorb, is the liver and kidney disease, cardiovascular and cerebral vascular disease patients with a good source of protein, eating can enhance the ability to resist disease, hepatitis, nephritis, hypertension, heart disease, chronic bronchitis and other diseases can be eaten regularly;

Related People

General population can eat

1. suitable for chronic nephritis edema, cirrhosis of the liver ascites, malnutrition edema people to eat; suitable for pregnant women postpartum milk lack of people to eat; suitable for the spleen and stomach weakness, the diet does not smell people to eat; suitable for the early stages of measles, or measles through the fast food; suitable for hemorrhoid bleeding, chronic dysentery people to eat;

2. p>

2. It is not suitable to eat more during the period of cold and fever.

Food Compatibility

Carp should not be eaten together with garlic, sugar, mustard, salvia, honey, liver, chicken, pheasant, venison, and Chinese medicine maitake, Houpu. Avoid drinking tea before and after eating fish.

Carp urinary system

Carp urinary organs are kidneys, kidneys are 1 long purplish-red strips located in the back of the abdominal cavity, belonging to the middle kidneys, in the excretion of waste, the main function of the middle kidneys is to form urine. The metabolites, water and nutrients dissolved in the blood, etc., are filtered through the glomeruli in the kidneys, in which most of the water and nutrients (e.g., glucose, amino acids, as well as ions such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorine) are returned to the bloodstream, and the rest of the filtrate and the excess of the harmful substances are formed into urine, which is eliminated from the body by the ureters.

Cyprinus carpio (family Carpidae)

[Local name]? Carp crutch, carp, ren fish, vermilion carp, Chaozai, hairy fish, flower fish.

[Morphological characteristics]? The body is long, slightly laterally compressed, and the back is slightly elevated in front of the dorsal fin. The mouth is inferior or subinferior, horseshoe-shaped. There is a pair of muzzle whiskers, which are shorter; a pair of jaw whiskers, which are twice as long as the muzzle whiskers. Gill rakers short. Hypopharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Abdomen rounded. Scales large and rounded. Lateral line conspicuous, slightly curved, lateral line scales 36. Dorsal fin long, its beginning closer to the tip of the muzzle than to the base of the caudal fin. Anal fin short. Dorsal and anal fin 3rd spines are stout, serrated spines. The caudal fin is y forked. The body of the ruffed carp is wide. Red carp red in color.

[Origin and season]? It is highly adaptable and can live in all kinds of waters, and is a widespread fish. It is the main object of aquaculture and is produced throughout the year, with higher yields in spring and fall.

[Economic value]? is one of the major freshwater economic fish in China, and also one of the highest total production of freshwater fish. Its appearance is beautiful, nutritious, per 100 grams of meat containing 17.3 grams of protein, 5.1 grams of fat, and contains a variety of vitamins. Whole, cut pieces of cooking are good, salted, air-dried also has a special flavor. Carp medicinal value is also high. Its taste, dry, flat, with heat detoxification, stomach, cough, diuretic swelling, the efficacy of fetal ventilation. The medicinal use of the general do soup light food or with some Chinese medicine with the service.

Carp is an export species, its English name is Common carp, the export area: Hong Kong, Macao. Export ports: Guangdong, Hubei, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Hebei, Henan.

[Habitat]? Carp belongs to the benthic omnivorous fish, meat and vegetarian. The bait spectrum is extensive, the muzzle bone is developed, often arching mud feeding. Carp is a low-level thermophile, body temperature changes with the water temperature changes, without having to rely on the consumption of energy to maintain a constant body temperature, so the total amount of bait intake is not large. At the same time, carp and most freshwater fish belong to the same species of non-gastric fish, and the intestinal tract is short, fast metabolism, so the feeding habits for the less eat hard food. The digestive function of carp is very much related to the water temperature, and the seasonality of feeding is very strong. Winter (especially under the ice) is basically in a semi-dormant state of fasting, the body fat is consumed over the winter, and once spring arrives, it is eager to consume high protein food to supplement. Late fall, winter is approaching, in order to accumulate fat, there will also be a "catch food" peak, but also to high-protein bait. Therefore, in early spring. Late fall carp fishing, to earthworms, river shrimp and other animal bait. After spring, as the temperature rises, the amount of fish feeding becomes larger, the quality of the bait is no longer the main, and the quantity rises to the first place. Therefore, in late spring, throughout the summer and early fall, a fairly long period of time, carp are mainly vegetarian. At this time of fishing, you should use face bait, bad food and so on.

The carp is a demersal fish, but this does not mean that its activity area is unchanged. The seasonal changes, the temperature of the water is warm and cold. Wind wind direction, air pressure high and low, the change of the solstice, water quality, water quality and turbidity, the size of the current, the water level rise and fall, dissolved oxygen in the water body, bait environment, etc., will change the activities of the fish at any time in the region, so that they are often for a larger position to move, if the larger waters, which will be called 'migratory'. Carp compared with other freshwater fish, there are *** the same habits also have special habits. These habits are mainly determined by the need to reproduce, the need for bait, and the need for oxygen survival.

Happy grass habit of a variety of aquatic grass and aquatic plants thrive in the waters, but also a variety of plankton and benthic organisms thrive in the fish can be taken here to the abundant food. This is also an excellent spawning ground for fish, which gather here during the breeding season in the spring of each year.

Top stream habit of a pond is often a stream or canal water injection, it is not only for the pond fish to bring a lot of fresh bait, but also in and out of the water at a high level of dissolved oxygen, is the ideal place for fish to feed on oxygen. The so-called "downwind flag, top water fish", the reason lies here.

Wave habit of the wide waters of the pond, a windy day, the surface of the water tends to set off a large wind and waves, the wind and waves to promote the surface layer of plankton and some other food accumulations in the wind at the mouth of the bait and the waves into the water, the area then became a natural feeding ground for fish. Where the waves are rising, the dissolved oxygen in the water must be high (this is the same reason as the oxygenator in the high-density fish pond). Based on the above two, the fish have developed the habit of following the waves downwind.

To the warm habits in the natural water temperature is low, it is clear that all types of fish like to sunny waters activities for food, rarely to the side of the large shaded slopes and shade water activities, but also will not be a long time in the water temperature of the deeper water to stay still. In early spring and late fall, the shallow, sunny water is warmer in the daytime under

sunlight, and fish love to swim here to feed. The temperature difference between morning and night is large, and the water temperature in the shallow water also drops fast, the drop is large, the fish will usually have to turtle to the relatively warm water to the deep water area. With the rise and fall of the water surface temperature during the day and night, the fish will also be floating day and night sinking. On the contrary, in the summer high temperature season, morning, evening, night shallow water is cool and pleasant, fish like to tend to. During the day, as the temperature of the water rises, the fish will gradually move to deep water. Blazing sun, the heat of summer noon, the fish are generally in the deepest part of the pond hunker down and do not move. If you follow the above rules "to find the fish", the basic will be able to find their traces.

In addition to catfish and blackfish, most fish like to live in groups. The idioms of "fish in a row" and "crucian carp in a river" illustrate this habit. Carp is also the same, this is on the one hand by the same food and living habits of the decision, in addition to the fish group and move, but also out of the prevention of enemy damage to a nature and instincts.

Oxygen tendency, tend to static habits of natural water oxygen content is generally an average of 8-12 milligrams per liter, when it falls to less than 1 milligrams, will cause most of the fish to stop feeding, "floating head", and even death. Carp, catfish, etc. relatively strong ability to tolerate hypoxia, carp is not, generally require more than 5 mg per liter of dissolved oxygen. Oxygen in the water comes from the photosynthesis of aquatic plants, and then from the surface air. Oxygen dissolution is slow in windless weather and good in big waves. Where there is a lack of oxygen, the fish will be very sensitive to the high oxygen content of the water transfer. This is the main reason why fish like grass, like flow, like waves, like shallow. Thunderstorms before the low air pressure, the weather is boring, the fish do not bite; heavy rain just breaks the sky clearing, the fish are "crazy bite"; upwind head of stagnant water area fish do not like to bite, downwind at the wave surge, the fish are very active; fat ponds, such as fresh water from outside the injection of the population, there is a gold fishing belt. ... - All of these phenomena illustrate the truth: dissolved oxygen is high where the fish tend to rush. In addition to this, quietness is also one of the obvious characteristics of fish, and carp are no exception. Fish have a developed sense of hearing and are extremely sensitive to sound, especially sudden, rusty, high-intensity sound, and quickly move away from the sound source when they hear it. Of course, fish avoid sound only in general, they are on some natural sounds - such as waterfalls, wind and waves, running water, rice washing sound, insects fall into the water sound, but not afraid, but very like. If it is a high-density intensive pond, then the sound of throwing granular feed will even make the fish scramble to gather.

[Breeding]

I. Parent selection and feeding

1. Selection criteria: good size, strong activity without injury, the ratio of body length to body height is 3:1, with typical species characteristics. Female fish at least 2 winter age, weight 1.5kg, male fish 2 winter age 1kg or more is good, the first sexual maturity and aging period of the carp, the amount of eggs and the quality of the eggs are poor, so it is not suitable for parental fish.

2. Sex identification

Non-reproductive season: female fish has a wide body, high back, small head, large and soft abdomen, small and wide pectoral and abdominal fins, flat or slightly protruding cloaca, and radial folds; male fish has a long and narrow body, a large head, a small and hard abdomen, large and long pectoral and abdominal fins, a slightly inward concave anus, and no parallel folds.

Reproductive season: the female has a soft abdomen in the shape of a garden sac, with a large, slightly reddish and prominent anus and genital pore; the male has a smaller abdomen, with gill covers, pectoral and abdominal fins with obvious parasympathetic signs "chasing the star", and the anus and genital pore are concave, not reddish and swollen, and there is a milky-white semen outflow from the gently pressed abdomen.

3, feeding management

(1) feeding: parental fish cultivation pond 1-2 acres, water depth of about 1.2 meters, sheltered from the wind to the sun, injection and drainage is convenient, per mu put 150-200kg. artificial reproduction, in order to prevent their own mating and spawning should be separated from male and female. Before putting with raw lime or bleach for sterilization.

(2) management: strengthen the parental cultivation, can be fed soybean cake, silkworm pupae, fish meal and other high-protein feed. In recent years, some manufacturers have developed pro-fish feed, the material is rich in ve and other vitamins, can promote the development and improve the ability to resist stress, the effect is good. At the same time, in the feeding process should pay attention to the regulation of water quality, often add fresh water, keep micro-flow water to stimulate gonadal development.

Two, catalyzing and hatching

1, catalyzing the timing: when the water temperature rises and stabilizes above 16 ℃ can be catalyzed. Usually during the period from Qingming to Guyu, after the cold wave, the temperature rises and stabilizes, you can catalyze the birth.

2, spawning methods

(1) natural spawning type because of its investment and scale are small, is a very common way.

a spawning pool: area of 0.5-1 acres, water depth of 1.2 meters, injection and drainage can be convenient pond. Sterilize with quicklime for a week before releasing the fish.

b Artificial fish nest: used to adhere to the eggs. Choose a soft texture, good toughness, non-toxic, non-perishable material production, such as pine branches, palm flakes, polyethylene sheets (woven bags), poplar roots, etc., before use, cleaning, tie the handle, disinfection (0.3 ‰ formaldehyde or malachite green). Straw is not suitable for fish nests because it is perishable.

c Hatchery pond: can also be used as a fish fry cultivation pond, the area should be small (1-2 acres), less silt, water depth of 1 m by disinfection of the pond. Inlet and outlet are required to encrypt the eye mesh filtration, to prevent impurities into the pond and fry escape.

d and pond spawning: according to the ratio of male and female for 1:1-1.5 35-30 groups of good maturity of the pro-carp and pond, slowly adding new water. At the same time on the surface of the water to pull a fine wire 1-8, wire hanging artificial fish nest (or with a bamboo broken into two will be sandwiched in the middle of the water). Usually each group of parent fish should be equipped with 4-6 fish nests.

e Management: generally in 22:00-9:00 spawning, the continuation of 2-3 days, so should be every afternoon to check and clean the nests, will be stuck with the eggs of the nests into the hatchery, while replenishing the new nests. If the spawning is not good after the pool is merged, the water level can be lowered to let the sun shine, and more ve can be added to the feed or stimulated by micro-flow water. In order to ensure the neatness of the fry, the eggs of the same day should be hatched together, which can also prevent the number of blind eggs from increasing due to the bonding of eggs into blocks.

(2) artificial fertilization: mostly found in fish breeding farms

a Fertilizer injection: 600-1000iu of artificial chorionic villus promoting gonadotropin (hcg) or 30-50 micrograms of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (lrh-a) per kg of females or a mixture of their reduced dosage, and the dose of males is reduced by half. Generally at 6 pm on sunny days according to the predetermined dose at the base of the pectoral fins once injected into the pectoral cavity, then moved to the spawning pool, and filling fresh water for half an hour, the water temperature of 18 ℃ 6-15 hours after the estrus spawning (the higher the temperature of the water, the shorter the effect of time, and vice versa).

bSpawning and fertilization: after spawning, the parent fish can spawn on their own in the pool, the same way (1). If the line of artificial egg collection, you can fish before the climax of the fish estrus, wipe off the fish with a towel, squeeze the eggs into a dry porcelain basin, and quickly squeeze into the semen, stirring with a feather, so that it is fully fertilized, and then the fertilized eggs evenly coated in the nest, put into the hatchery to incubate. Or use talcum powder solution to de-stick and then line running water for hatching. Water temperature 16-22 ℃ when 3-5 days can be out of seedlings.

3 Management:

(1) Natural hatching: 30-50 million fertilized eggs per acre of pond, should be put into the same day of the eggs together to ensure that the specification of the fry neat. Special attention should be paid to the prevention of water mold disease, available 0.3 ‰ formaldehyde or malachite green prior to soaking the nests of the sticky eggs. (2) Sticky hatching: the key is to adjust the water flow rate, to the extent that the eggs do not sink and suspended in the water. At the same time to prevent sand window blockage. Slightly reduce the flow rate when there are fry hatching, to prevent the physical exertion of the rapid water flow on the fry.

Improving the hatching rate is the key to artificial reproduction, the main reasons affecting the hatching rate spawning period of sudden changes in the weather, water quality is bad, dissolved oxygen is low, the eggs are parasitized by molds, etc., and should try to prevent its harm.

Function

Carp fish scale efficacy is introduced:

Carp fish scale ("Food Therapy Materia Medica")

Source for the carp family carp scales, animal form detailed carp fish strips.

Chemical composition of fish scales is the dermis of the skin generated by the bone, its matrix from the collagen, chemically belongs to a kind of hard protein, named fish scale hard protein, but the nature of the not yet fully understood.

Functions and Indications- Carp scale is effective in dispersing blood and stopping bleeding.

Treating hematemesis, epistaxis, hemorrhage, abdominal pain, hemorrhoids.

1) "Food Therapy Materia Medica": burning, smoke, research, wine under the square inch dagger, break maternal stagnation of blood.

② "Compendium": burned ash, the treatment of vomiting blood, collapse, leakage, bandage, hemorrhoidal fistula, fish fish.

3 "will be about the medical mirror": burned ash, the treatment of postpartum blood fans blood dizziness, sepsis more than blood.

Selection ① hemorrhoidal leakage: black carp scales two, three a, to thin cocoon wrapped in jujube-like column.

(Rumon事亲》)) ② treatment of fish bones: carp spine thirty-six scales, roasted, cool water to take.

("Health Miscellaneous Xing") ③ treatment of epistaxis: carp scales fried into ash, research for the end, cold water under one or two money.

(Pu Ji Fang)

Compendium of famous writers: Carp, the ancient formula more than skin, scales burnt ash, into the leakage, hemorrhoidal leakage medicines, the cover to take its line of stagnant blood ear.

The efficacy of carp brain is introduced:

Carp brain ("Materia Medica Jing Jiezhi")

Source for the carp family carp brain, animal form detailed carp.

Chemical composition of the main components of water, protein, lipids, etc. In addition, each 100 grams of fresh brain tissue containing vitamin C8.30 mg.

Sex and flavor "Bie Lu": warm.

Functions and Indications-Carp Brain ① "Tang Materia Medica": the main epilepsy.

② "Rihuazi Materia Medica": the treatment of deafness, boiled porridge.

③ "Compendium": carp brain marrow and gall bladder and other points, frequent eye canthus, the treatment of green blindness.

Selection ① deafness: bamboo tube carp brain, cooking rice at the steam, so that the closure, injection ear.

("Thousand Gold Formula") ② deafness with pus, not disease, worms: pounded cinnamon and carp brain, (cotton wrapped) in the ear, but three or four degrees.

(Thousand Golden Formula)

The efficacy of carp blood is introduced:

Carp blood (Tang Materia Medica)

Source for the carp family carp blood, animal form detailed carp article.

Chemical composition of carp blood, depending on the season, nutritional conditions, etc. varies.

Hemoglobin in young carp is lower in winter than in spring.

Coagulation activity is not as good as in mammals, and the conversion of prothrombin elements is often incomplete.

In winter, when starved, serum protein decreases, such as prolonged starvation, can be reduced to 1.98 to 2.0%.

Serum proteins contain serum proteins and α-, β-, and γ-globulins, which have electrophoretic properties similar to those of rabbits; in electrophoresis, there are four distinctions for α-globulins, two for β-globulins, and one for γ-globulins.

At sexual maturity in mid-March, the amount of Na and Cl in the blood was greater in males than in females, while K, Ca and total protein were greater in females than in males.

Functions and Indications-carp blood efficacy of the Tang Materia Medica: (Tu) children Dan swelling and sores.

Selected remedies for distorted eyes and mouth: carp blood, sugar, equal parts, stirred and coated, to the left side of the crooked right, to the right side of the crooked? The left side of the paint.

(Jilin Chinese Herbal Medicine)

Carp eye efficacy is introduced:

Carp eye (Gleanings of the Materia Medica)

Synonym carp eye (Food Therapy Materia Medica).

Originally from the eyes of carp (Cyprinus carpio), family Cyprinidae, animal form details carp article.

Chemical composition of carp eye contains vitamin C 0.44 mg%, generally higher in spring and summer than in fall and winter.

Carp is a freshwater fish, almost only vitamin A2 on the retina (marine fish only A1 and no A2).

Functions and treatments - carp purpose efficacy "Food Therapy Materia Medica": thorns in the flesh, in the wind and water swelling and pain, burn carp eyes as ash, Na sores, the juice out can be.

The efficacy of carp skin is introduced:

Carp skin (Tang Materia Medica)

Source for the carp family of animals carp skin, animal form details of carp.

The chemical composition is mainly protein, fat and so on.

In addition, it also contains lutein and a kind of red pigment similar to Procambarus clarkii; lutein ester, α- and β-cortin ester, astaxanthin have been isolated from the scarlet carp (red carp).

Functions and Indications-Carp Skin "Tang Materia Medica": the main addiction rash.

Selected formula to treat fish fishbone, bone across the throat, six, seven days do not come out: carp scales, skin combined burned as a chip, to take the water.

Not out of the more service, take out for the degree.

(Nutrition must be used)

[Value]

[Nutritional value]

1. carp protein is not only high in content, but also the quality of good, the human body digestion and absorption rate of up to 96%, and can supply the body with essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins A and vitamin D;

2. carp fat is unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce cholesterol very well.

[Ornamental value]? Koi fish for ornamental purposes are farmed all over the world. It is the most advanced in Japan, and is produced by mating beautiful carp of various colors. Although the colors are different, they all belong to the same species.