Many people know a saying: Hakkas are the old people of the Central Plains in Yiguan Nandu, and they are strangers in a foreign land, so they are called "Hakkas". More specifically, the migration of Hakkas can be divided into several stages, all the way to the south: the first was Yongjia Rebellion, the second was Anshi Rebellion, the third was Huang Chao Uprising, and the fourth was Song Shi's southward crossing, followed by the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, the disintegration of the Ming Dynasty and the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and finally some of them went all the way to Southeast Asia. Related questions can be viewed (both are Hakkas, why do Fujian Hakkas go to Nanyang far less than Guangdong Hakkas? The question is, there must be more than one ethnic group of Han people in the south. Everyone comes to the south as a guest. Why are only these people who speak Hakka now becoming "Hakkas"?
18 15 years, there were several fights between natives and tourists in Dongguan and Boluo, Huizhou, Guangdong Province. At the invitation of students, Xu Xu, then the head of Fenghu Academy in Huizhou, dictated an essay on Fenghu Miscellanies, explaining why Hakka people were still called "guests" after living in the area for hundreds of years. He said: "Today's guests, first of all, are the well-dressed old people in the Song Dynasty, and later, they are loyal ...... guests are to the soil. If the customs and languages of the soil and the guest are not the same, then the soil is from the soil and the guest is from the guest. I am afraid that I will be a guest in the soil for thousands of years, and it is still today. " Scholars of later generations generally believe that this is the first document on Hakka, which marks the birth of Hakka ethnic consciousness.
Around 1860, there was an even more tragic tussle between soil and passengers on Guangdong West Road, with millions of casualties. After the incident subsided, the war between Guangfu people and Hakka people extended to the pen. Tongzhi's Xinhui County Records and Guangxu's Xinning County Records called Hakka "bandits" and "thieves". 1905 The textbook "Guangdong Local History" said: "Guangdong ethnic groups are Hakka and Fulao, not Cantonese or Chinese." Hakka literati fought back and wrote articles to prove that they are not only pure Han nationality, but also particularly excellent.
Huang Zunxian and other Hakka intellectuals have played an important role in Hakka identity. The neutral is Huang Zunxian (1848-1905), a poet, diplomat, politician and educator in the late Qing Dynasty.
The Hakka's "guest" has changed from a foreign "guest" in the eyes of local people to a conscious ethnic group "Hakka", forming an obvious community identity, which originated from this contradiction between local people and Hakka. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, in order to oppose the prejudice imposed by local people, Hakka intellectuals began to explore and construct the history of Hakka people, and the "old clan theory in the Central Plains" came into being.
1933, Luo Xianglin, the founder of Hakka studies, said at the beginning of his Introduction to Hakka Studies: "In southern China, there is an extremely active and promising ethnic group with a new atmosphere and special spirit. Generally speaking, they are called' Hakka', and they are also called' Hakka'. They are a systematic and distinct tribe in the Han nationality. " This book is recognized as the pioneering work of Hakka studies. Needless to say, Luo Xianglin's research also has a strong emotional color.
In the process of constructing Hakka culture, the most important thing is to regard Hakka dialect as the central plains accent. Zhang Taiyan believes that after the emergence of the Hakka Movement in the late Qing Dynasty, "Da Lang is a Hakka language, and the Hakka people can also respect themselves". Since then, Hakka people have begun to have a clear sense of ethnic group and pride, and speaking Hakka dialect is no longer a sign of "outsiders".