Xianning dialect has a long history, but it basically exists only through word of mouth. There are few recorded documents in the past dynasties, and even fewer recorded literary works of dialects are difficult for foreigners to learn and master. It is regarded as a "foreign language", which is related to some characteristics of its words.

1. There are many monosyllabic words in Xianning dialect.

There are many monosyllabic verbs and adjectives, and monosyllabic nouns are common phenomena, such as star, grandfather, mother, father, mother, clothes, trousers, shoes, socks, jacket, hat, collar, rice, porridge, noodles, bread, rice, cereal, wheat, lotus root, eggplant, plum, apricot, gold and porridge.

Second, there are few affixes in Xianning dialect.

there are few words such as "a", "zi" and "er", and almost all of them can be exhaustive.

those with "A" are: grandfather, grandmother, sister-in-law, aunt, uncle and uncle.

"Zi" is decorated with buttons, beads, seeds, spears, roes, chestnuts, sand, lotus seeds, yukiko, dutiful son, melon seeds, kidneys, eyes, glandular lumps, stones, lime seeds, lions, lattices, vendors, cooks and actors. Xianning dialect says "bitch" and "bitch" instead of "bitch". )

The "Er" affixes: the cat and the pot (see "Human feelings are as big as debts, and the pot is sold above the head"). There is a word "daughter" in Xianning dialect. Some people say that "er" is the suffix, while others say that "female" modifies "er". )

Third, Xianning dialect generally has no light tone, but there is an accent.

No matter monosyllabic, polysyllabic, prefix or suffix word formation, the pronunciation is real. Generally, it is not said softly that "cat" means "cat-son", "button" means "buckle-son" and "sister-in-law" means "ah-sister-in-law". If we say "the root of the imperial city", it means "the emperor-the city-the root-the son", which is unambiguous.

However, the phenomenon of emphasizing stress obviously exists.

in the format of the address "name+'Bao'" for junior students, we found the phenomenon of relative light tone and stress-

the local sound: Bao. National security-usually called.

softly: bye. National worship-shouting, the stress is on the word "country", and "guarantee" is as soft as "worship".

stress: report. National Day Newspaper-The name "National Day" is mentioned completely, and the stress of "Bao" is like "Bao".

words with the suffix "zi" are all stressed. "zhe+verb" means that the action is continuous, repeated and non-stop, and "zhe" is stressed.

here are a few words with stress-

break (discourage, "break" the stress)

couch mud (lying in bed like mud due to illness, "couch" stress)

below (cooking noodles, "noodle" stress)

count (method, "read" stress in vain). There is no sound at all. )

I don't know the letter (I don't know it at all, the "letter" stress)

I know well (I'm convinced by you, the "recognition" stress)

I can afford the glaze (the "glaze" stress)

Fourth, there are many cases of literary and colloquial pronunciation and transliteration in Xianning dialect.

"literary and colloquial pronunciation" means that a word has two pronunciations, one is similar to or close to Mandarin (literary pronunciation) and the other is local pronunciation (colloquial pronunciation). If you look at the following words first, there will be different pronunciations in literary and vernacular (the direct pronunciation of Xianning dialect is in brackets, and the pronunciation of the text is in front, After the white pronunciation):

car (super, poor), wheat (end, wipe), shooting (society, evil), essence (gold, rape), horn (Guo, foot)

struggle (true, hairpin), sound (deep, three), etc. Nail, ingot, neck, collar, ridge, zero, bright, life, flat, flat, light, green, clear, please, hold, listen, star, wake up, fishy, shadow, firefly, night, metallurgy, grandfather, sister, writing, shed, snake, credit, pull, forehead, etc.

"transliteration with different meanings" refers to the same concept and the same word. The meaning is distinguished by the change of pronunciation (mainly the change of tone), that is, when the meaning changes, the sound also changes. It is equivalent to the phenomenon of polysemy in Mandarin.

This shows the primitive and simple features of Xianning dialect.

please refer to Wang hongjia's study of vocabulary in Xianning dialect, Hubei province on pages 9-94 for details. for details, please refer to appendix 4 "1 cases of words in Xianning dialect" on pages 85-89.

5. Xianning dialect is elegant, practical, concrete and vivid.

This item illustrates the fine and developed features of Xianning dialect.

1. Putonghua is a concept of "tui", and Xianning dialect uses "yi" and "?" The three words "Chao" respectively represent three specific situations of "pushing": overturning, moving forward and getting up.

The concept of "wrestling" in Putonghua, Xianning dialect, or "a servant prone", "a handful prone", or "a fork leaning", or "a squat", or "getting off the horse and kneeling", makes the wrestling situation and the landing site very clear and clear.

the same "sleeping" can be said in Xianning dialect as "taking a nap", "sleepy", "leaning over", "leaning over" and "falling down", etc. The situation is specific, and the words are natural, flexible and vivid.

Putonghua says "put your feet underground" and Xianning says "put your feet on the ground". Letting go is an abstract action, while stepping (the fifth sound) is a concrete behavior state. "Underground" is a conceptual space relative to hanging or chairs, beds and other heights, while "above ground" refers to the ground specifically.

2. Compared with the scarves, gloves and crutches in Putonghua, Xianning dialect says "around the neck", "hand cage" and "crutches", the functional parts, shapes and styles are clear at a glance.

there are also rare (rare), untidy and unsanitary (untidy), picking things (deliberately), doing things (useful and capable), taking accounts (capable and agile), but getting (embarrassing), whistle-wiping (agile and fast), and slipping away.

3. The expression effects of the following words are all particularly concrete images:

Jingui, straight, floating lightly, boiling hot, cold, ice red, ice light, dull, stiff, thin, rough, permeable, wet, wet, dark, paint smeared, paint smeared black, red, green, etc.

4. The connection is concrete, and a large number of vivid images are used to make metaphors. Such as:

stupid pig (as stupid as a pig), like a pig (fat), like a monkey (fine), dog bone (not afraid of beating), mean dog (as mean as a dog), cow force (as strong as an ox), deer head and deer brain (look around, be alert and ready to attack), and like a stubborn dog. Like a turtle (shrinking head), chestnut face (thick face), onion face (peeling off one layer after another), mung bean eye (small and slippery), mouse eye (rat eye) and so on.

6. The catchphrases and idioms in Xianning dialect are vulgar.

There are many kinds of vulgar phrases and idioms, such as words with only the word "stamp". There are more than 6 active ones:

poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking naked, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking, poking. Poke rape and cheat, blind poke, stubborn poke, ox poke, pig poke, dog poke, forced poke, naked poke, ghost poke, not afraid of poke, wrong poke, ox poke, horse poke, east poke, duck poke? Catfish, blind naked pokes, stubborn naked pokes, dog naked pokes, ghost naked pokes, cock pokes, wild naked pokes, dog dick pokes, gong pokes Yan, pokes ghost, not people pokes, naked pokes, rabbits pokes, red hair pokes, and so on.

7. Xianning dialect retains some ancient written languages.

the words "Zhi", "Hu", "Zhe", "Ye", "Ya", "Yi", "Shuo" and "Gen", which have been eliminated from modern Chinese, still live in the spoken language of Xianning people-

The words "Before, After, Even, Cloudy and Foggy, Far from Nothing, Laughing at People"

Almost: Get carried away. This stone is in the way, you have to move it. )

Tear it up: Well, if I scribble again, I'll tear it up. If you doodle again, I'll tear up your book. )

Eat: Well, let's eat all the eggs. Come and eat this egg. )

Yes: There are still thirty dollars left, so I'll use them. There was still thirty yuan left, but no one wanted it, so I used it. )

eat and use: it means not saving, not saving, and eating and using if you have money.

well, handing something to the other person is roughly equivalent to saying, "here, here you are!" " . Classical Chinese words mean that they are not subject to "food that comes from the past", and the word "嗯" is here.

Shuo: the word "Shuo" can be used alone, such as "watermelon is good" and "tree is good", and it is also used with "big" to mean big. "Da" is also used singly, such as "Buffalo" and "Daysun", but "Dashuo" is used more frequently, such as "Dashuo has a room", "Dashuo pig" and "Dashuo wind".

gen: whole and complete. A good relationship between the two people can be said as "the relationship is eternal." The antonym is "zero". For example, "there is no change, only money." There are some strange antonyms in Xianning dialect, such as "Qing" and "Mao", "thick" and "hard", "sharp" and "stupid". (clear: thin; Mao: relative to "Qing". Thick: Compared with "hard", it means "softer". Stupid: The antonym of "sharp" means "dull". )

Some words that have been blurred in modern Chinese still keep their original appearance in Xianning dialect, and they are used as content words-

that is, close to, close to, close to.

being: being.

comparison: juxtaposition.

There are also words such as "intentional", "comfortable", "nothing to do" and "nothing to do" that live in spoken English.

8. Xianning dialect retains some concepts with a long history.

1. Affinity: to form in-laws.

2. Hongye: Matchmaker.

3, wine ou: small wine glasses.

4. Pu Dao: a flat and wide kitchen knife. Some people write "ju Dao" and "webbed Dao".

5. firewood cutting

6. posthumous work: ancient law enforcement officers came and went in a hurry, and a gust of wind came and went, making chickens fly and dogs jump. It is now used to refer to those who have similar characteristics of action.

7. Good luck.

8. Naked company: I don't do things simply and talk long. (The Songs of the South, Jiu Si's illness) "This country is unscrupulous, and the matchmaker is arrogant", and "arrogant" means "disorderly language". Yu pian kou bu says that "Huan" is "multi-lingual", while Guang Yun Yixian is interpreted as "complicated appearance of speech". According to this, it can be said that the original word of "naked connection" and "naked connection room" in Xianning dialect may be "Huan". )

9, sizzle: "sizzle" sound "seven", quietly, secretly. "Bae, Bae, Bae, get up in the middle of the night and burn paper."

1, left: by the way, convenient. Also said "coquettish".

11. Horse flail: It is called "beating horse flail" for adults to let children ride on their shoulders like horses, which is like criminals wearing flail. This should have been a vivid and humorous statement.

12. Square cutting: the square of the building with rectangular cross-section sawed from big tree material.

13. Sisters: sisters, brothers and sisters. Xianning people ask you "how many sisters?" You may ask how many girls there are in your family, or how many brothers and sisters there are. At last, the literature has seen the usage of "sister" referring to brothers and sisters in Yuanqu. It is a special phenomenon in Xianning dialect not to distinguish between sexes to show kindness, so people like dad, uncle, grandfather, uncle, uncle and brother should not think that they are men. In extreme cases, children call their mothers "uncles" to show special intimacy.

14, Wei: sound "plug", gap. "with Wu country to the east of me and Chu to the south" means that Dongting Lake is a big crack in the ground that divides Wu from going abroad. Xianning dialect is still active with words such as "cracks", "wall cracks", "mountain corners" and "mountain corners".

15. Belt drop: incidental.

9. Xianning dialect has outstanding local cultural characteristics.

1. Hairy shadow: rainbow. I feel that "Maoying" is easier to understand than "Rainbow". What is a rainbow? Worms?

2. Hemp drum: stone, which can also be divided into "hemp drum" and "hemp drum baby".

3. Na Manli: outrageous and unreasonable.

4. Have food and clothing: Generally speaking, it means that food is of high quality, such as "one meter really has food and clothing, and one liter of rice cooks four bowls of rice", on the contrary, it means "one meter really has food and clothing, and one liter of rice only cooks four bowls of rice". (a, this. )

5. Baby meat: Something, such as "Yao Baby Meat", is equivalent to "something" and "not a good thing".

6. Opponents: helpers, such as "how many people to be opponents" means "how many people to be helpers".

7. robber's eye: a hole opened by the gate for domestic animals, cats and dogs to enter and exit, and also convenient for thieves to enter and exit. It is convenient for thieves to get in and out. Note that this is a kind of culture-no matter how rich a family is, it is not too good for the poor. Sometimes it is right to turn a blind eye.

8. inserting: mixing, referring to things like sticks. Just like putting up a grape trellis, Xianning will generally say "add beans" and "add loofah" and so on.

9. Hard to rape: thin and slim.

1. Marriage: used when the mood is very excited, indicating that the other party must carry out the order unconditionally. If the child plays truant and annoys the parents, the parents will say, "Well, marriage goes to school!"

11. Luxury: Smiling smugly. Squinting: Smiling smugly (with one's mouth open and eyes closed). Luxurious seams: wooden furniture is cracked by dry water.