[Edit this paragraph] The names are commonly known as: sturgeon, herring sturgeon, giant scorpion, yellow sturgeon, beetle, preserved fruit, Qin Long, herring, sturgeon shark, etc.
Latin scientific name: ACIPENSER sinensis
English name: Chinese sturgeon
China, which looks like the origin of Chinese sturgeon, was found in Xuankou Town, Wenchuan County. Introduction: Chinese sturgeon (Aclpenser Sinensis Grdy) is a large-scale anadromous fish, an ancient and rare fish unique to China. One of the most primitive fish in the world. As early as 1 0,000 BC, the Chinese sturgeon was called the king of tuna. Acipenser sinensis belongs to ACIPENSER. Sturgeon first appeared in the early Triassic 230 million years ago and has continued to this day. It lives in the Yangtze River valley in China and can't be seen anywhere else. It is really a "living fossil".
Acipenser sinensis is a unique fish in China. Its body is spindle-shaped, with five hard scales on its surface, long snout, belly position and crooked tail. This is a marine migratory fish, which goes upstream along the Yangtze River from Haikou to Jinsha River to Pingshan every September-165438+1October. The hatched cubs grow in the river for a period of time, and then return to the Yangtze River estuary for fattening. Every autumn, when ACIPENSER sinensis migrates upstream, a large number of ACIPENSER sinensis can be caught in each river section, so it is known as the "fish king of the Yangtze River". Adult ACIPENSER sinensis is large and heavy, with male weighing 68- 106 kg and female weighing 130-250 kg. It is said that the highest record reached 500 kilograms. Acipenser sinensis also lays many eggs. A female sturgeon can lay one million eggs at a time, but the survival rate is not high. Finally, there are still some fish. Because the Yangtze River is relatively fast, fertilization is carried out in turbulent water waves, and natural fertilization is incomplete, destroying a number of fish eggs. In the process of hatching, fertilized eggs will lose a lot if they encounter enemies such as carnivorous fish or "surf ashore". Even if it hatches into a small fish, "eat small fish the Big Fish", there will be some losses. In this way, although there are many fish eggs, not many can "grow into fish" but carry on the family line. In fact, this is the result of reproductive adaptation during animal evolution. In the process of individual development, many species have lost a large number of offspring; On the contrary, it is even less. This is not the arrangement of "God", but those species with less money and greater losses have been eliminated in the long river of history.
Although the Chinese sturgeon is huge, it feeds on Sven, only plankton and plant debris, and occasionally eats small fish and shrimp. According to statistics, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River can produce 20,000 to 30,000 kilograms of Chinese sturgeon every year. However, in recent years, overfishing, coupled with low reproductive rate and long maturity (about 10 year), its population has been decreasing. In order to prevent the extinction of this "living fossil" which is a special product of our country, the relevant departments have listed the Chinese sturgeon as a protected object. But some specific problems still need to be solved. For example, after the completion of the Gezhouba water control project on the Yangtze River, the reproductive migration channel of Chinese sturgeon from Haikou to Jinsha River was cut off, so that pregnant female sturgeons were blocked under the dam and died. How to solve the problem of fishway in dam area is imminent. Fortunately, it is reported that the artificial propagation and release of Chinese sturgeon have been successfully tested. If Chinese sturgeon can settle in fresh water and breed through concrete practice, it will be more practical.
In China, sturgeon fossils were found in the Late Jurassic strata of Beipiao, Liaoning Province (10.40 billion years ago) and named Beipiao sturgeon. This sturgeon has only one line of lateral line scales on both sides, and the other body surfaces are bare, which is different from that of Chinese sturgeon with five lines of scales.
Chinese sturgeon, also known as mandarin fish, is a national first-class protected animal. This is a kind of chondroscleroderma fish, with a long spindle-shaped body, a plow-shaped nose and mouth, a wide base, a pointed nose and mouth, and a slight upward inclination. Mouth in a row, with short whiskers in front. The eyes are very small, and there is a crescent-shaped spray hole on both sides of the head behind the eyes, and the whole body is covered with five rows of prismatic bone plates. The caudal fin is curved and the upper leaf is particularly developed. Chinese sturgeon is the highest among 27 species of sturgeon in the world. It is huge and powerful, with a length of over 4m and a weight of over1000kg.
Acipenser sinensis has a special physiological structure, which has the characteristics of both ancient soft-ridged fish and many modern bony fish. Shaped like a shark, the scales are like large bone plates; The fish head is sharp and the mouth is under the jaw. Some traces of biological evolution can be seen from it, so it is called a living fossil in aquatic organisms and has high scientific research value. It is a treasure in the Yangtze River!
Acipenser sinensis is a rare fish among the 27 species of sturgeon existing in the world. It is the southernmost sturgeon species in the world and the oldest vertebrate on the earth. It has a history of10.40 billion years and is known as a "living fossil".
Due to the world-famous Gezhouba project on the Yangtze River, the spawning migration route of Chinese sturgeon was blocked. In order not to make the production and construction of human beings affect the survival of fish, 1982, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council adopted the advice of fish experts, and designated relevant state departments to examine and approve the establishment of a professional institution for rescuing Chinese sturgeon-Gezhouba Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute. The Institute releases more than 300,000 juvenile Chinese sturgeon to the Yangtze River every year. Since the first artificial breeding in 1984, 4.44 million juvenile Chinese sturgeon of various specifications have been released into the Yangtze River, and 6,500 large mullet have been released.
Gezhouba Chinese sturgeon research institute, with the primary purpose of protecting Chinese sturgeon, has diversified its operations within the scope permitted by national laws and policies, and officially established and opened the Chinese sturgeon garden on 1993. The Chinese sturgeon Garden is located on Jiangxin Island, Jinji Road, Xiaoxita, Yichang County, Hubei Province, covering an area of 189 mu. Sturgeon Garden is strategically located, and the airport, railway station and port are close at hand. [Edit this paragraph] Acipenser sinensis Gray belongs to the order Ostracoda, Actinidia, Chondroscleroderma, Acipenser and Acipenser.
The body is spindle-shaped, with a long tip and four whiskers in front of the mouth. The mouth is located on the ventral side, which is elastic and can be stretched into a tube. The body is covered with five large and hard bone scales, one on the back and two on the side and abdomen. Sturgeon is a rare ancient fish left over from Mesozoic10.5 billion years ago. Between cartilage and hard bone, the degree of ossification of bone generally decreases. The central axis is an elastic notochord without ossification of vertebral body, and most of the cartilaginous shells along the skull are not ossified. The caudal fin is curved, the base of the lateral fin is broad, and the dorsal fin is opposite to the gluteal fin. The ventral fin is located in front of the dorsal fin, with spiny scales at the base of the fin and caudal fin, spiral valves in the intestine, anus and drainage holes close to the base of the ventral fin, and the opening of fallopian tube far from the ovary.
Acipenser sinensis is a large individual with a long life span of up to 40 years. But its sexual maturity is late.
According to the research, in the spawning population, males are generally 9 ~ 22 years old and weigh 40 ~125 kg; Female fish 16 to 29 years old, weighing 172 to 300 kg. According to the literature, it weighs 560 kilograms and is a huge fish. Because they are the largest fish in the Yangtze River, they are also called the "Yangtze River Fish King". It is observed that the average annual growth rate of Chinese sturgeon is 5-8kg for males and 8- 13kg for females. But it takes 8 to 14 years from young fish to large adult fish.
It is generally believed that Chinese sturgeon is a freshwater fish, and they are typical upstream migratory fish.
They usually live in the sea to get food and grow. Mature individuals entered the river from the sea in July and August, and after living in fresh water for one year, the gonads gradually developed. By the autumn of the following year, the breeding groups gathered in the spawning ground to breed. After laying eggs, the female parent fish will soon start to go into the river. Eggs attach to rocks or gravel at the bottom of the river. Under the condition of water temperature 17- 18℃, fertilized eggs hatch about 5-6 days and nights. The newly hatched larvae have huge yolk sacs, which are like tadpoles and drift along the river. After about 12- 14 days, they begin to feed. In the spring of the following year, the young sturgeon gradually descended into the river and appeared in Chongming Island in the Yangtze River estuary from May to August. After September, young sturgeons with a body length of 30 cm left the shallow tidal flat of the Yangtze River estuary one after another and fattened up in the sea.
Acipenser sinensis is a kind of benthic fish, which has a very narrow feeding habit and belongs to carnivorous fish. It mainly feeds on some small or slow-moving benthos, mainly marine fish, followed by crustaceans and molluscs. The juvenile Chinese sturgeon in the estuary mainly feeds on benthic fishes, such as Ophiuchus, pupae, krill and Agkistrodon halys, and generally stops feeding during spawning period.
According to research records, because Chinese sturgeon is particularly precious, foreigners also hope to migrate it to their own rivers to breed, but Chinese sturgeon always loves its hometown. Even if some of them emigrate overseas, they have to travel thousands of miles to find their roots and migrate to their hometown rivers to have children. During the migration, they showed amazing hunger tolerance, hard work and the ability to find their way and direction, so people nicknamed them "China". [Edit this paragraph] Species, genera and distribution of sturgeon There are 24 species of sturgeon in 4 genera in the world, including 2 species of sturgeon, 0/7 species of sturgeon/kloc, 3 species of Scooter and Pseudosturgeon. There are 3 genera and 8 species of sturgeon in China, including sturgeon 1 species, 6 species of sturgeon and sturgeon 1 species.
Taxonomically speaking, Acipenseriformes belong to radial fin fish. Because its endoskeleton is mostly cartilage and its body surface is covered with hard scales, it is also classified as cartilaginous fish. Sturgeon is the most primitive fish group on the earth now. Their fossils were first discovered in Mesozoic Triassic strata (about 200 million years ago). Many species died out in the long river of earth evolution, and only a few remain today, mainly distributed in the northern part of the northern hemisphere. At present, there are 25 known species of * * * in the world, 8 of which are distributed in China. Their fossils were also found in the Late Jurassic to Cretaceous strata in China, Liaoning and Hebei provinces.
Due to China's vast territory and rich ecological environment, sturgeons are rich in species and quantity and widely distributed. Their distribution is recorded from Heilongjiang and Irtysh rivers in the north to the Pearl River in the south, as well as most coastal waters in China, but with the decrease of latitude, the species and quantity decrease slightly.
According to 1834, the model origin of ACIPENSER sinensis is China. Although it is not a specialty of China, it is famous for its model origin in China. Later, according to the history of China at that time and the work of later generations, it was speculated that it was Guangzhou. Widely distributed in the coastal areas of Dalian, Lushun, Liaodong Bay and Liaohe in China's Bohai Sea. Islands, the Yellow River in northern Liaoning Province and the Yalu River, the border river between China and Korea; Shandong Shidao, Yellow River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River, Yongjiang River, Oujiang River, Minjiang River, Xiong Ji City, Taiwan Province Province and the Pearl River system. It can reach the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Jinsha River; In the Pearl River system, it can be traced back to Xijiang, Beijiang to Ruyuan, and even to Jiang Xun, Yujiang and Liujiang in Guangxi. It is also produced along the coast of Hainan Province. Abroad, it is found in the mouth of Han River in South Korea, Lijiang and the west side of Kyushu in Japan.
At present, ACIPENSER sinensis is mainly distributed below the Jinsha River in the main stream of the Yangtze River in China to the estuary, and other water systems such as Ganjiang River, Xiangjiang River, Minjiang River, Qiantang River and Pearl River occasionally appear. [Edit this paragraph] The protection status and significance of Chinese sturgeon.
The largest individual weighs 550kg and lived in the eastern coast of China when he was young. After sexual maturity, he moved to the river to breed. The spawning grounds are mainly distributed in the Yangtze River, and there are also a few Chinese sturgeons in the Pearl River. Before the construction of Gezhouba Water Control Project on the Yangtze River, the spawning ground of ACIPENSER sinensis was located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the lower reaches of Jinsha River. Due to the barrier of Gezhouba water control project, the Chinese sturgeon, which can't swim back to the upstream spawning ground, has formed a new spawning ground from Yichang Changhang Shipyard to Wanshouqiao, with an area of about 330 hectares, just next to Gezhouba. In order to make up for the adverse impact of Gezhouba project on Chinese sturgeon, Yichang Institute of Chinese Sturgeon was established to release artificially propagated young sturgeons to the Yangtze River from 1983 every year. However, due to the limitation of culture technology and scale, only about 10000 young sturgeons with a body length of 8-65438 cm and a weight of 3-5g can be cultured every year. Therefore, the population supplement of Chinese sturgeon mainly depends on the young sturgeon naturally propagated in Yichang spawning ground.
Acipenser sinensis is the oldest vertebrate on the earth, and it is the descendant of ancient stickleback, the same ancestor of fish, with a history of10.40 billion years. Living in the same era as dinosaurs. Acipenser sinensis occupies an extremely important position in classification and is an important reference for studying the evolution of fish. It has important scientific value and inestimable ecological, social and economic value in studying the earth changes such as biological evolution, geology, geomorphology, transgression and regression. But for various reasons, this rare animal is on the verge of extinction. Protecting and saving this rare and endangered "living fossil" is of far-reaching significance to the development and rational utilization of wildlife resources and the maintenance of ecological balance. Some traces of biological evolution can be seen from it, so it is called a living fossil in aquatic organisms.
They are born in rivers and grow in the ocean, where they grow and develop, and the maturity takes about 9- 12 years. When it is fully mature, it will move to the shallow sea area of our country and enter the estuary, where it will be fattened and inhabited. In autumn, it goes upstream along the Yangtze River until it lays eggs and breeds in Jinsha River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. After hatching, the young fish follow the expedition of the parent fish and swim to the estuary and the ocean. The life span of Chinese sturgeon is very long, and it can live for one or two hundred years. The fish can be more than 2 meters long, and the female fish weighs about 200 to 300 kilograms. Acipenser sinensis is a precious food, because its meat is very fat and its eggs can be used to make caviar. The swim bladder and notochord can make fish glue, so they were overfished in the past. Many water conservancy projects ignore the ecological balance, which also seriously affects the natural resources of this fish. Now, the Chinese sturgeon is on the verge of extinction and needs strict protection.
Acipenser sinensis is an anadromous fish, which mainly lives in the ocean all its life. It enters the Yangtze River during spawning migration and reaches the upper reaches of the Yangtze River for thousands of kilometers upstream to spawn and reproduce. Its biological characteristics determine that once the Chinese sturgeon resources are destroyed, it is not easy to recover. Water pollution caused by soil erosion, industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater and pesticide residues; Threats from shipping and serious overfishing; In particular, the interception of Gezhouba blocked the migratory passage, and the Three Gorges Project is located in the upper reaches of Gezhouba, so there is no longer the problem of blocking the migratory passage of Chinese sturgeon.
However, the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project in June+10 every year will reduce the discharge amount, which may interfere with the habitat and spawning activities of the Chinese sturgeon downstream of Gezhouba Project. As a result, the number of Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River has dropped sharply, and Chinese sturgeon has become an endangered species. Chinese sturgeon has a long history of more than 100 million years, and there are not many such ancient fish. If we don't take resolute protective measures. Within 50 years, the Chinese sturgeon is likely to be extinct.
The sinister living environment of ACIPENSER sinensis has attracted great attention from the China government and relevant departments. At present, the Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River has been listed as a national protected animal, and has been listed as a first-class protected animal in the national key protected wild animal list of China. In the Red Book of Endangered Animals and Fish in China, it is listed as a vulnerable species. In order to protect the Chinese sturgeon resources, the relevant state departments set up the Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute and the Chinese sturgeon Research Institute of Gezhouba Group in Jingzhou and Yichang, Hubei Province, and carried out a series of hard work. At present, artificial insemination has successfully propagated young sturgeons, and the effect of proliferation and release is remarkable. In order to protect this precious animal, many synchronous measures are being taken.
Several problems to be solved urgently in the protection of Chinese sturgeon
First, the number of Chinese sturgeons born and released after the interception of Gezhouba is very small.
Secondly, the scale and specifications of the release of Chinese sturgeon are too small at present, and the actual effect of the proliferation and release of Chinese sturgeon is not obvious.
Thirdly, once the Three Gorges Dam is cut off, the water level of the spawning ground under Gezhouba Dam will drop, which may pose a fatal threat to Chinese sturgeon.
198 1 Since the closure of Gezhouba, the Ministry of Agriculture has taken decisive measures.
(1) Fishing for scientific research fish is prohibited and restricted in the whole river, and the management of Chinese sturgeon is brought into the legal track. The state has successively invested and supported Hubei Province and Sichuan Province to establish fishery stations along the Yangtze River to help fishermen change their jobs. 1983 completely banned the fishing of Chinese sturgeon and strictly restricted the fish used for scientific research; 1988 wildlife protection law was promulgated, and Chinese sturgeon was listed in the national first-class protection list. Strictly implement the ban on fishing in the whole river, so as to protect the migration of parent sturgeon and juvenile fish and preserve the spawning population to the maximum extent.
(2) Carry out scientific research on Chinese sturgeon and carry out artificial proliferation and release activities. 1983, the artificial breeding cooperative group of Chinese sturgeon, composed of Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Hubei Fisheries Bureau and Yichang Fisheries Research Institute, successfully hatched Chinese sturgeon under Gezhouba, and soon began to proliferate and release Chinese sturgeon seedlings to the Yangtze River. According to statistics, in 1983- 1998, nearly 6 million Chinese sturgeons of various specifications were released. 199965438+February 65438+100000 10 cm above the release of large Chinese sturgeon seedlings, more than 15 years of the total number of Chinese sturgeon seedlings of the same specifications.
(3) Carry out extensive publicity and education activities and concentrate all social forces to protect Chinese sturgeon. With the joint efforts of the people's governments at all levels along the Yangtze River, their fishery administrative departments and the broad masses of the people, the awareness of the whole society to protect Chinese sturgeon is increasing. Fishermen along the Yangtze River can consciously release the Chinese sturgeon after catching it by mistake, and they can report it if they find that criminals have stolen it. The operation and utilization of Chinese sturgeon in the market has disappeared.
Studies in recent years show that the comprehensive protection of Chinese sturgeon has delayed the decline of Chinese sturgeon resources, and the upstream spawning parents have basically been preserved, laying the foundation for the natural reproduction, research, proliferation and release of Chinese sturgeon, and the number of Chinese sturgeon species has begun to increase.
Suggestions on further protection of Chinese sturgeon
First, establish a national sturgeon reserve and strengthen management.
Second, the emission scale should be large and the emission specifications should be improved.
Third, make great efforts in scientific research and strive to achieve full artificial reproduction.
Commercial and Economic Value of Acipenser sinensis and Its Rational Utilization
Acipenser sinensis has a series of primitive characteristics, which shows that it is not only a group between cartilaginous fish (sharks, etc.) ) and teleost, also a primitive group of teleost, have important academic value in the evolutionary history of fish. In addition, because of their large size, their meat and eggs have high nutritional value. Compendium of Materia Medica records: "Its liver is mainly used to treat sores and scabies, and its meat is used to tonify deficiency and replenish qi." Sturgeon and bone marrow have anti-cancer factors, which are known as "shark wings and sturgeon bones, which can prolong life, nourish yin and strengthen yang".
The value of Chinese sturgeon in aquatic products at home and abroad is also extremely high, which has great economic significance. Leather can be tanned; The swim bladder, known as the belly of herring, is rich in colloid and can be used to prepare fine pigments and medicines. Meat tastes delicious; Spine and nasal bones are excellent delicacies, which are known as "shark wings and sturgeon bones, which can prolong life, nourish yin and strengthen yang"; The bone plate formed by hard phosphorus on the body surface is the material for making handicrafts; Fish eggs are the most precious, and caviar made from sturgeon eggs is known as one of the three most delicious foods in the world because of its high fat content. It is also reported that the anticancer factor contained in Chinese sturgeon is 15 to 20 times that of shark, which is the main drug source at present. It can be said that Chinese sturgeon is full of treasures, and it is indeed a rare and unique economic fish. It has been the most important fishery object in the distribution area since ancient times. Therefore, it will be of great significance to actively study and develop the breeding of Chinese sturgeon and rationally develop and utilize it on the basis of a large number of breeding.
It is precisely because of these advantages that the Chinese sturgeon has been destroyed by a large number of fishing, resulting in serious damage to the Chinese sturgeon resources. In order to protect and save Chinese sturgeon, the state has to take strict protection measures, especially prohibiting hunting and listing. But it is this that causes the contradiction between the protection and utilization of Chinese sturgeon.
In recent years, in order to save the endangered and rare wild animals in Guangdong Province, with the approval of relevant departments, Shunde, Nanhai, Sanshui, Dongguan and other places have successively established a number of Chinese sturgeon farms such as the southern breeding base of Chinese sturgeon approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. There are millions of Chinese sturgeons under the careful breeding of people. It should be said that it has got rid of the situation of endangered species and entered an era of flourishing fish, with the breeding volume reaching more than 250,000, which quickly reversed the situation that Chinese sturgeon was on the verge of extinction in previous years.
According to the report of Yangcheng Evening News on March 3, 2002, an artificial population of Chinese sturgeon has been formed in Guangdong, with more than 200,000 young fish weighing more than 5 kg. It is unreasonable to label it as "first-class protection" and let people taste plums to quench their thirst. Therefore, the Chinese sturgeon should be allowed to go public. However, the Chinese sturgeon has been banned from killing and circulating because it is a national first-class wild protected animal. Even if it is listed as an artificial breeding group, it must comply with relevant laws and regulations. According to the relevant provisions of the Wildlife Protection Law, the first-class protected animals at the national level must be propagated to the second generation before they can be put on the market. It takes more than 30 years for Chinese sturgeon to grow from fry to second generation. According to the law, its economic value will not be realized until more than 30 years later. The Chinese sturgeon, which has not been sold for many years, has made farmers feel the financial pressure. The breeding industry of Chinese sturgeon has risen due to the progress of science and technology, but it has been hindered by the lag of laws. This is a helpless choice for everyone.
In fact, many species in the world have benefited mankind after coming out of the "desperate situation". Therefore, we don't have to worry about carrying any burdens, suffocating the soul and putting the protection and breeding of Chinese sturgeon in a dilemma. As a management department, it should respect the facts, be sympathetic to the people's feelings, and carry out controlled development, which is of great benefit to both public and private. Sticking to the rules and unchanging views does not meet the requirements of formal development. Therefore, the relevant departments can modify the relevant regulations in a timely manner according to the current situation, relax the protection restrictions on wild animals such as Chinese sturgeon to a limited extent, and allow a small number of Chinese sturgeons to be listed and circulated, so as to make rational use of Chinese sturgeon resources and fully realize the value of Chinese sturgeon.
When the Chinese sturgeon is fully mature, it will migrate to the shallow sea area of China and enter the estuary, where it will fatten and inhabit. In autumn, it goes upstream along the Yangtze River until it lays eggs and breeds in Jinsha River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. After hatching, the young fish follow the expedition of the parent fish and swim to the estuary and the ocean. The life span of Chinese sturgeon is very long, and it can live for one or two hundred years. The fish can be more than 2 meters long, and the female fish weighs about 200 to 300 kilograms. Acipenser sinensis is a precious food, because its meat is very fat and its eggs can be used to make caviar. The swim bladder and notochord can make fish glue, so they were overfished in the past. Many water conservancy projects ignore the ecological balance, which also seriously affects the natural resources of this fish. Now, the Chinese sturgeon is on the verge of extinction and needs strict protection.
The spawning period of ACIPENSER sinensis is from the middle of 10 to the early of10/0. After the Three Gorges Project is completed and put into operation, the reservoir will store a large amount of water at 10, which will increase the water level of the reservoir from 145 m to 175 m, which will significantly reduce the discharge. Before the dam was built, the average monthly discharge of 18980m and 3/ s decreased to 1 1090m and 3/s, which decreased by 4 1%, which will further reduce the spawning area of the small Chinese sturgeon Yichang and further adversely affect its natural reproduction. In the future, we should strengthen the protection of ACIPENSER sinensis, strictly limit the number, place and time of catching parent ACIPENSER sinensis by artificial propagation and scientific experiments, effectively protect the young ACIPENSER sinensis along the Yangtze River and at the estuary, expand the scale of artificial propagation and release of ACIPENSER sinensis, and let this rare species survive and reproduce for a long time.
Suitable water temperature for survival of Chinese sturgeon (1).
Acipenser sinensis is a warm-water fish, which adapts to a wide range of water temperatures. Under the condition of artificial culture, the survival water temperature of ACIPENSER sinensis is 0-37℃, the suitable water temperature for growth is 13-25℃, and the optimum water temperature for growth is 20-22℃. The suitable water temperature for parent sturgeon spawning is 17 ~ 24.5℃. The optimum incubation temperature of fish eggs is 65438 07—265438 0℃. After winter, when the water temperature drops to 9 ~ 6℃, the Chinese sturgeon eats less, stagnates and even loses weight. Before and after beginning of spring, the water temperature gradually rose to 10 ~ 13℃, and a small amount of food began to be eaten, and the growth was slow. After Tomb-Sweeping Day, the water temperature rose above 65438 05℃, and the feeding became active and the growth accelerated. When the water temperature reaches 33 ~ 38℃, the Chinese sturgeon cannot move normally.
(2) Oxygen content
The Chinese sturgeon has a high demand for dissolved oxygen, which is generally required to be more than 5 mg in water. If the dissolved oxygen in the water drops to 4 mg /l, the appetite of Chinese sturgeon will decrease. When the dissolved oxygen continuously drops below 3 mg/L, the food intake of ACIPENSER sinensis decreases rapidly, even stops eating, and in severe cases, it causes activity retardation, coma and even suffocation. It is worth pointing out that the fat water with a wide range of dissolved oxygen is not suitable as the water source for the cultivation of Chinese sturgeon larvae and juveniles.
(3) pH value
Acipenser sinensis is suitable for living in weak alkaline water with pH value of 7.0 ~ 8.0. When the pH value drops, it means that the carbon dioxide in the water increases, the acidity increases and the dissolved oxygen decreases, which is not good for the Chinese sturgeon which needs higher dissolved oxygen. When the pH value is too high, it will increase the toxic effect of ammonia nitrogen in water, which is also unfavorable to the culture of Chinese sturgeon.
(4) Salinity
Acipenser sinensis is a kind of euryhaline fish, which has extensive salt tolerance. Under natural conditions, it moves between salt water and fresh water, breeds in fresh water and grows in seawater.
(5) light intensity
In the vertical swimming stage, fry have strong phototaxis. After turning to benthic organisms, phototaxis disappears. Generally, the light intensity has no obvious effect on the breeding of young sturgeon, but to avoid the sharp rise of water temperature caused by direct sunlight in summer, shading facilities should be installed above the breeding pool.
(6) substrate
The larvae and juveniles of ACIPENSER sinensis require high sediment, and the bottom of the pond should be smooth and pollution-free. Adult sturgeons have no strict requirements on sediment, as long as it is sediment.
(7) Transparency
Transparency reflects the amount of plankton, mud and other suspended substances in water. In the breeding stage of larvae and juveniles, the transparency should be controlled at 40 ~ 60 cm, the excreta should be removed in time and the daily management should be strengthened. In the feeding stage of adult sturgeon, the transparency can be controlled at about 30 cm to meet its requirements.
(8) Ammonia nitrogen
Ammonia nitrogen is mainly decomposed from organic matter in aquaculture ponds. Acipenser sinensis will suffer from diseases such as decreased vitality, poor growth, gill rot and even a large number of deaths if it lives in water with high ammonia nitrogen for a long time. The ammonia nitrogen of young sturgeons should not exceed 0.2 mg/L.
(9) Water flow
The larvae and juveniles of ACIPENSER sinensis have no obvious countercurrent habit, and prefer to concentrate on the running water mouth. For aquaculture ponds with an area of 3 ~ 10 m2, the suitable water flow is 10 ~ 20 L/min.
(10) speed
The average spawning velocity of ACIPENSER sinensis is between 65438 0.0-2.0m/s, and the flow pattern is very complicated. Generally, they lay eggs at the bend of the river, with deep pools, eddies and boulders in the flow field.