Anton Semyonovich Makarenko (1888—— 1939) was a famous educational activist and innovative educational theorist in the early Soviet Union. Born into a worker's family in Lopori, Ukraine. /kloc-started to be a primary school teacher at the age of 0/7. After the victory of the October Revolution, makarenko mainly engaged in the education and reform of street children and juvenile offenders. 1920, was ordered to organize "Juvenile Delinquency Engineering Group". Makarenko boldly carried out educational practice, actively explored new educational laws, and made hundreds of criminal children grow into new people through hard work. 1922, the engineering group was renamed as "Gorky Engineering Group". 1927 left the engineering group and organized and led the "dzerzhinsky Children's Labor Commune" of the same nature. He further developed the experience of the engineering group and created an educational form combining teaching with modern industrial production in the collective. In the practice of engineering group education and commune, he transformed more than 3000 misguided teenagers into socialist construction talents and advanced figures with socialist consciousness and certain knowledge and skills, which attracted widespread attention at home and abroad. After 1935, makarenko mainly summarized, studied and publicized educational theories. His main works are Educational Poems, Flags on the Tower, Required Reading for Parents, etc.

Work hard to run a school

Makarenko's name is closely related to Gorky Engineering Group and dzerzhinsky Commune. In the educational practice of these two special schools 15 years, he trained more than 3,000 technicians, Red Army cadres, scholars and experts, many of whom later became national medal winners, advanced workers and heroes of the Great Patriotic War. He formed his own distinctive educational thought, which was recognized and praised by the society. However, people will never forget the difficulty of establishing an engineering corps in Makarenko.

Shortly after the October Revolution in the Soviet Union, the Soviet regime had just been established. As a result of the First World War and foreign imperialist armed intervention, many children in China lost their parents and lived on the streets, and some even became criminals, with the number exceeding 2 million. In order to solve this serious social problem, the Soviet government established the "Children's Life Improvement Committee" led by dzerzhinsky, and set up engineering teams in various places. In this context, makarenko was ordered to establish the "poltava Juvenile Delinquency Engineering Corps", which was later renamed as "Gorky Engineering Corps".

At the beginning of the establishment of the Corps of Engineers, makarenko faced many difficulties. Because the national economy was in a temporary difficult period after the war, teachers and students lived in unimaginable poverty-starvation and freezing. Teachers and students eat millet porridge and wear almost the same rags. Teachers hardly get paid, and even have no money to repair boots. The soles of boots have been worn for a long time, and they haven't clapped yet. There is always a foot cloth that can be drilled out. The school buildings of the engineering group are all dangerous buildings and lack any equipment; There are only four teachers, besides makarenko himself, there is an elderly general manager and two female teachers. However, they are faced with criminals who rob and steal with guns-they are all strong and agile teenagers. These people are arrogant and rude to the teachers, rude and savage, and arbitrarily refuse and destroy all the self-help rules of the engineering group. Makarenko did not advocate corporal punishment, but at first he was driven to despair and madness by his students, and he also hit Zadorov. Later, he calmed down and felt that this was really inappropriate and could only be a relief in the helpless situation.

Under difficult circumstances, makarenko worked 65,438+05-65,438+06 hours a day, and sometimes even went to bed every other night. Through the analysis and study of the actual situation, he gradually formed a firm belief that juvenile offenders can get full education. We should adopt a strict attitude, full of respect and trust, and guide them to a normal and broad life path by organizing them to engage in productive labor. Under the guidance of this idea, he took the lead in sharing weal and woe with the students and led them to cut down trees in the nearby Woods to complete the labor task together. Taking this as a breakthrough, he put forward the requirements for students to abide by discipline, love labor and establish a sound living system. Then, makarenko seized the opportunity to use the manor of the fleeing landlord to organize students to do their own work and cultivate the land. In the first three years, freshmen came in in batches, and the business scope of the engineering team gradually expanded. They organized iron works, carpentry workshops, shoemaking workshops, bakeries, pig farms and pastures. Students' lives are getting richer and richer, and their mental outlook has gradually changed. Labor changed their bad habits of laziness and mercenary.

Makarenko attaches importance to collective education. He organized a "people's court" to educate Bloom, the chief criminal of the theft group, and let him know about the successive theft incidents of the engineering group. According to the needs of local people, organize students to consciously undertake the task of defending national forests. In the engineering group, in addition to strictly implementing half-day productive labor and half-day classes to learn culture, poetry readings and political learning meetings are held regularly. In this way, the students gradually improved their understanding and consciousness, and enhanced their collective sense of honor and responsibility. The engineering group not only improved the material life, but also had the "sprout of a new collective"

Respect trust

Makarenko respects students' individuality in education. He never regards delinquents as criminals or vagrants, but as people with positive factors and development possibilities. In his view, respecting and trusting people is the premise of educating people; Only by respecting and trusting people can we produce reasonable educational measures and achieve good educational results. Xie Miao Karabalin, who was educated in Makarenko, recalled how Makarenko respected and trusted him when he was studying in Gorky Institute of Technology, and made him embark on a new course.

It was a day shortly after the establishment of Gorky Corps of Engineers. Makarenko went to prison to arrest Karabahrain. When makarenko and the warden went through the formalities of getting Karabahrain out of prison, makarenko kindly asked him to leave the office temporarily. At that time, Karabahrain did not understand this. Ten years later, when Karabahrain was already a people's teacher, makarenko told him, "I let you out of the warden's office at that time, so that you couldn't see the note that guaranteed you to go out. Because of this program, it may insult your personality. " Makarenko noticed my personality, but at that time, I didn't know what personality was. This is his first warm and human contact with me. "When they went to the provincial education department from prison, Karabahrain always walked in front of makarenko to show that he didn't intend to escape, and makarenko always walked side by side with him and talked with him at the same time, which made him very happy. We were all talking about engineers, and said nothing about the prison and his past.

On one occasion, Karabahrain asked makarenko like this; "Please tell me frankly, do you believe me?" Makarenko sincerely replied, "Don't mention the past", "Believe" and "I know you are as honest as me". Makarenko also participated in the operation. He entrusted Karabahrain with the task of taking huge sums of money with guns twice, which deeply touched the student. He walked out of makarenko's office and couldn't help singing:

Behind the mountain,

Fly out of a flock of eagles,

They flew, screaming,

Looking for a better life.

(See Education Poetry, pp. 224-227)

Yes, this crisp and melodious song tells people that makarenko cured Karabahrain's injured wings with the medicine of respect and trust, and made him understand the dignity and value of human beings, so that he could soar confidently in the sky of the motherland. Later, this Karabahrain finally became a reliable successor and right-hand man of his teacher makarenko.

The changing process of Karabahrain shows the power of respect and trust in education. Makarenko used this power to arouse the self-esteem of juvenile offenders and street children, and rescued them from the abyss of self-abuse, self-abandonment, inferiority, disappointment and depravity. Let them ignite their love for life and their pursuit for the future.

Education through entertainment; to educate through entertainment; combine education and entertainment

In the first few years of Gorky Engineering Group, life was hard, work tasks were heavy, and school life seemed a bit monotonous. Makarenko came up with a wonderful way to let the students gather in the dormitory at night, and the teachers and students played a game called "Officials Beat Thieves".

The game is played like this: give everyone who participates in the game a note that says "thief", "informer", "prosecutor", "judge" and "criminal officer". The first is the "informant"

Announced that he was lucky enough to be an informer, and then tried to guess who the thief was with a rope whip in his hand. Everyone reached out to him, and in this pair of hands, he had to beat the thief's hand with a whip. Usually, he always hits the wrong "judge" or "prosecutor", and these honest "citizens" wronged by him will hit the "informer's palm" in accordance with the provisions on punishing the crime of false accusation and frame-up. If the "informer" finally guesses who is the "thief" next time, his pain can end, but the pain of the "thief" will begin. At this time, the "judge" ruled that it was five times, ten times and five times. The "criminal officer" came to execute with a rope whip.

Because the identity of the players in the game has been changing, the person who was a "thief" last time will become a "judge" or a "criminal officer" next time, so the main interest of the whole game lies in taking turns to suffer and retaliate. If a vicious "judge" or cruel "criminal officer" acts as an informer and thief, he will be brutally retaliated by the current "judge" and the current "criminal officer", reminding him of all kinds of judgments and punishments he has given others before.

Makarenko, who is usually serious, plays this game with the children, playing the role of children's companion, and the children experience his cuteness. Therefore, when people meet and play with other teachers, they always feel stiff, and the "criminal officer" always has a gentle attitude when executing the punishment. When playing with makarenko, he is free. When he became a "thief", he was often severely beaten, as if to experience his endurance. At this time, Makarenko had no choice but to bite the bullet and be a hero. And makarenko when the "judge", always let the victim lose self-esteem, shouting:

"makarenko, this can't work!"

On the other hand, however, makarenko also suffered greatly. When you go home often, your left hand is always swollen. Changing hands is considered indecent, so you should leave your right hand to write.

This game not only makes students have fun, harmonizes the relationship between teachers and students, but also cultivates students' perseverance, courage and fearless spirit. For these special students, it has undoubtedly played a role in strengthening the concept of the legal system-"thieves" have been spurned and will be severely punished. (See Educational Poetry, pp. 96-97)

I wish you all the best.

At the beginning of the project, food was particularly scarce. Although makarenko turned to the relevant departments for help many times, he only got a little each time, which could not solve the problem of food and clothing for teachers and students. The first need of life is food and clothing, which leads to the complexity of students' moral education reform. Some students began to steal things, but they were repeatedly banned; A student Taranets and several students came up with an idea. They found some fishing nets themselves and fished in the nearby river, only to satisfy the appetite of people in their own small circle. After some time, Taranet boldly decided to absorb Makarenko into this small circle. One day, he brought a pot of fried fish to makarenko's room. "This fish is for you." "Oh, is it for me? But I can't accept it. " "Why?" Because it's wrong, we should share this fish with all the students. "Why is this?" Taranet blushed with anger. "I got this net, I caught the fish, and I was covered in water in the river; But the fish should be distributed to everyone? "

"Then take your fish. I didn't do anything, and I didn't get soaked. " "This is for you ..." "No, I can't accept it. I don't like this. This is not right. " "What's the matter?" "Because you didn't buy a fishing net. Is the network from the government? " "This is a gift." "Who is it for? Is it for you or for the whole reformatory? " "Why is it for the whole reformatory? It's for me ... ""I thought it was for me and everyone. Whose pan do you fry fish in? Is it yours? It belongs to everyone. Whose sunflower oil did you ask the chef for? It belongs to everyone. Burning wood, stove and bucket? what do you have to say? As long as I confiscate your fishing net, it's over. Most importantly, this is not your attitude towards comrades. Your net.-What's the big deal? You should think of everyone. Fishing is everyone's business. "

"Well," Taranet said, "I'll do as you say. But please take this fish. "

Makarenko still accepted the fish sent by the children. Since then, the work of fishing has been undertaken by everyone in turn, and the products have been sent to the kitchen. (Educational Poetry, pp. 33-34)

"special students"

Makarenko has such a famous saying: "We should be good at speaking like this: let children feel our will, our cultivation and our personality in our words". At this point, he has provided us with many excellent examples in educational literary and artistic works such as Educational Poetry and Flag on the Tower. Let me give you an example: the story of his conversation with Apli Schick.

Apli Hicko refused to go to the engineering team from the temporary shelter for street children, so makarenko had to go out to meet him personally. This "special" figure lies on the bed and greets makarenko contemptuously;

"Fuck you, I'm not going anywhere!"

Makarenko heard about his "brave" character from others, so then makarenko said, "Sir, I hate to bother you, but I must do my duty. I beg you to get in the carriage prepared for you. "

Apli Hicko was surprised by makarenko's "extremely attentive attitude" at first, and even sat up in bed. After a while, his moody old temper prevailed again, and he buried his head on the pillow again.

"I have already said don't go! ..... Stop nagging! "

"In that case, dear sir, I am very sorry, so I have to use force against you."

Apli Hicko raised his head full of curly hair from the pillow and looked at Makarenko in undisguised surprise.

"Oh, where did you get such a guy? You think it's so easy to stop me by force! "

"Please pay attention ..." makarenko emphasized the tone of deterrence and added an ironic tone: "... dear apli Sike ..."

Then, makarenko suddenly loudly drink a way to him:

"Hey, tidy up, still lying down! Tell you to stand up! " Aplisick jumped out of bed and ran to the window: "Really, I'm going to jump out of the window!" " "

Makarenko said contemptuously to him; Either jump out of the window or get on the bus. I have no time to pester you.

They were on the third floor, so apli Sike smiled happily and said bluntly, "You are really troublesome! ..... What can I do? Are you a director of Gorky Engineering Group? " "Exactly." Wow, you should have said that earlier! I told you, we could have left long ago. "They are ready to go on the road in high spirits. (Educational Poetry, pp. 178 to 179)

This incident shows that teachers need to choose the right place, time, environment and tone for any conversation, that is, teachers should have certain "performance skills" in the conversation.

"silent education"

Once, a boy insulted a girl. When makarenko learned of this, he didn't come to talk to him immediately, but wrote him a note: "Comrade Yevsky Gnev, please come at eleven o'clock this evening." Put it in an envelope and give it to the reporter.

The correspondent knows all the details, but he just doesn't show it. He went to the canteen with a note. He found Yevsky Gniev and said, "Your letter." "What is it?" "Teacher makarenko is looking for you." "Why?" "I will tell you. Remember? Which one did you insult yesterday? "

At 0: 30 am 10, the correspondent came to Yevsky Gurnev again:

"Are you ready?" "Are you ready?"

"He is waiting for you."

At that time, Yevsky Gurnev was fed up. Arrive in makarenko before eleven o'clock in the evening and three o'clock in the afternoon.

"Miss makarenko, do you want to see me?"

"No, not now. It's eleven o'clock in the evening." In makarenko's view, the conversation after the activity needs to be held later in the evening, so that the conversation will not be interrupted.

When the student returned to the team, everyone present asked, "What's the matter? Punished? "

"punished."

"For what?"

Then everyone knew the students' mistakes and severely reprimanded Ievski Gneyev. At eleven o'clock in the evening, he came to makarenko again. Because of the stimulation during the day, he was a little uneasy, pale and anxious. Makarenko saw him and knew what was going on, so he asked him:

"Do you understand?"

"I see."

"Go ahead!"

That's all. There is no need to say anything more.

Adopting this method is one of many educational methods in makarenko. In his view, just saying it won't help. When you find it unnecessary to talk ... don't say anything more. This way of education, which is mainly based on silent persuasion, has played a role in touching students' thoughts, convincing them and achieving educational goals, and seems to better reflect teachers' respect for students who have made educational mistakes.

Extraordinary observation

Gorky once pointed out: makarenko knows each of his students, and he can explain the characteristics of each student in a few words, as if he was photographed with a fast camera. This is a true portrayal of makarenko's extraordinary observation ability. He only needs to talk to you for a few words and make contact with you once to gain insight into people's hearts. Here is an interesting story that reflects his ability in this field.

Two young female college students were very surprised to learn that Gorky Engineering Group did not set up a special institution to study children's psychology according to the viewpoint of "children's studies". So I had a conversation with makarenko: "Do you have a pediatric research room here?" "There is no children's study room." "Then how do you study personality?" "Study the child's character?" Makarenko tried to ask seriously. "Well, yes. Your student's personality. " "Why study personality?" "What do you call' why'? How else can you work? How do you deal with things you don't know? What are the distinctive features of your students? "

Another female college student interrupted her and said softly, "You don't study personality in the engineering group, so it's no use asking him about his distinctive characteristics."

"No, why bother asking for it?" Makarenko said seriously. "I can talk about some outstanding features. The main salient features here are the same as yours ... "

"How do you know who we are?" The first female college student asked stiffly.

"Aren't you sitting in front of me and talking to me now?"

"So what?"

"So I can see through you. You are sitting here like glass men, and I can see the changes in your hearts. "

This case tells us that makarenko is an educator who is good at observing and understanding students' psychology. He clearly knows the age characteristics and personality characteristics of his students. (Educational Poetry, page 3465438 +0 to page 342)

Listening to good advice is as natural as a river flowing downstream-listen/accept/listen to good advice at any time.

Some people think that good teachers don't use punishment. Makarenko has different views on this. Combined with his own work experience, he thinks that this statement of "no punishment" is purely the opinion of an intellectual and an educator. Such logic will make teachers at a loss. In his view, punishment itself is a means of education, but he does not advocate deprivation of food and corporal punishment as punishment. Therefore, in his education, we can often see him take various specific punishment methods, such as confinement, criticism, prohibition of vacation, changing jobs and so on. Moreover, these methods are all adopted by students collectively, but he is often soft-hearted when punishing them, which causes students' dissatisfaction.

This has already happened. Makarenko punished the members of the engineering team by locking them in their own offices. He said that he often only sits for half an hour; Go home. In his opinion, the members will think that he is such a charitable person and let him go after half an hour's punishment. Everyone must like him very much. Anyway, you have to understand that you have a kind heart.

But at the plenary meeting, someone suddenly said; "We have a proposal that makarenko has the right to punish its members, and we support and welcome this right. But we suggest that he has no right to forgive and release. What's it like-makarenko always punishes members, but later he relented and people asked him, and he forgave him. What right does he have to forgive? Sometimes Makarenko waved his hand and said "ten hours in solitary confinement", but later, he was released after an hour. This is not right. Before you announce the punishment, you should think about how many hours you should be punished. Otherwise, you talked for ten hours, and then you forgave. This is totally unacceptable. " Plenary resolution: "The chief has the right to punish, but not to forgive." Regarding this collective resolution, Makarenko said: "Thank you, not because you put forward the correct motion, but because you educated me." He felt that he could forgive casually and could not give orders. This is a manifestation of his unbridled behavior and loose self-determination. He said at the conference: We should learn from students and be strict with ourselves.

This incident embodies the spirit of collective criticism and self-criticism led by makarenko, and also shows that punishment must be inevitable and fair. When teachers use punishment, they should not only have great vigilance and caution, but also have strict standards and cannot abuse punishment.

"parallel influence"

A famous educational method in makarenko is "parallel influence". Its essence is to require teachers to influence people through the collective, and frequently turn from individuals to the collective or from the collective to individuals. One advantage of this method is that when teachers educate students, they should not always feel that they are the object of education, which will produce disgust and even alienate and destroy the normal relationship between teachers and students; It is to let students experience that they are the main body of education, so as to improve their self-esteem and self-confidence. Here are just two examples of makarenko adopting this method to educate students.

Student Wa Xia was so obsessed with playing football that he neglected his homework. As a result, he only got two points. Makarenko didn't talk to Washa himself, but took advantage of a good opportunity to talk to his good friend Shula about some things in the class, and then naturally talked about Washa.

He said to Shula with a very sad mood and tone: "According to Vasha's ability, he can become an excellent student in the class, but he is addicted to playing football and ruined everything." Then he sighed and said, "Is your friend's will too weak to restrain himself? No, never, I believe Vasha can restrain himself. " Then Makarenko talked about other issues.

After the conversation, Shula immediately ran to Vasha to tell the teacher what the conversation was about, and used the teacher's posture and tone to make the conversation more powerful.

From this day on, Vasha can sit down and do her homework. He didn't leave his seat until he was ready for class.

In makarenko's view, the correct application of this method should not only distinguish the "paired influence" of the direct education relationship between teachers and educatees, but also overcome the inflexibility and rigidity of this method. It is particularly important to master educational skills and use them flexibly.

One day, member Peter Lenko was late for work. Makarenko didn't immediately call petrenko, reprimand him or give him appropriate punishment, like some teachers who adopted the method of "twinning influence". Instead, it adopts the method of "parallel educational influence" to influence individuals through the collective. He called the captain of the Petrenko team and said to the captain, "Someone in your team is late for work." "Yes, petrenko is late." The captain replied. "Don't have such a situation in the future." "Yes, it won't happen again."

However, petrenko was late for the second time. Makarenko still didn't call him personally, but called the whole team together and scolded: "Petrenko of your team is late for the second time."

Makarenko blamed the whole team, and the team collectively promised to ensure that it would not happen again. After the meeting, the team immediately educated petrenko and said to him, "You are late for work, which means all our teams are late." Later, the team regarded Peter Lianke as a member of the team, a member of the whole team, and put forward many strict requirements for him. Under the influence of the team, Peter Lianke overcame the phenomenon of being late.

From the above two cases, it can be seen that the application of "parallel education influence" requires teachers to have a deep understanding of students and teachers' wit. At the same time, teachers also need to master certain educational skills and be good at using them under different conditions. If this method is used mechanically; Then it is unimaginable to receive a good educational effect.

Beautify the collective

According to people's psychological feelings about beauty, makarenko considered school buildings from an aesthetic point of view, organized many activity groups related to aesthetic education, and adopted a series of measures such as the principle of militarization to protect beauty, so as to cultivate students' feelings about beauty, pursue beauty and rebuild their hearts. We can reflect this education and result from two aspects.

In summer, a group of newly arrived street children from the railway station were taken to the courtyard in front of the commune bathroom. Makarenko told them that there was a bathroom and a barber shop in the room. Please take a bath, get a haircut and put on new uniforms, shoes and breeches.

The new boy walked into the bathroom naked. Makarenko asked other students to put the worn-out clothes taken off by their new classmates in the car. Just now, everyone was asked to pay extra attention to discipline, which made the new people blush; Now taking away old clothes makes these people even more embarrassed. After washing their hair, they put on new clothes and were led to the square in the middle of the commune flower bed. At this time, their old clothes have been piled up in a lot and are being burned in public with kerosene. After that, a member took a broom and bucket, swept away the fluffy dust, and said sharply to the recent newcomer:

"All your experiences are burned out, and now you have put on new clothes and started a new life."

The members of the engineering team laughed and laughed at the wisdom of this member. And some freshmen look around timidly, and some seem to feel uncomfortable about "wearing new clothes" ...

This series of unique activities to welcome new street children into the commune symbolizes that the old life, old ideas and bad style of these street children have ended forever. This kind of washing, grooming and wearing new clothes is a wonderful edification for freshmen.

After that, through the education and training of these members, makarenko was surprised to find that the new members, like the old members, could consciously implement the provisions of the general meeting on consciously "giving seats to the old, weak, women and children" on the tram. A member was sitting in the tram and didn't see Makarenko. When a person got on the tram, the member gave up his position carefully at once; At the same time, be careful not to let others find out, do good deeds quietly, do not leave a name, and become the epitome of the beauty of member behavior.