1. Except for viruses, organisms are made up of cells. 2、Cells are the basic unit of biological structure and function.
3, the biosphere for the survival of organisms to provide the basic conditions: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain
living space. 4, the environmental factors affecting biological life can be divided into two categories: biological and non-biological factors.
5. The biosphere includes the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.
6. The ecosystem consists of a biotic part and an abiotic part, in which the biotic part includes producers, consumers and decomposers
; and the abiotic part such as sunlight, air, water and so on.
7. The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly one of eating and being eaten, which creates a food chain. Food
Chains are interlocked and connected to each other to form a food web. The material and energy in the ecosystem flows along the food chain and food web.
8. The largest ecosystem is the biosphere.
9. Steps in using a microscope: taking and placing the lens, aligning the light, observing, cleaning and closing the lens.
10, the eyepiece sees an inverted image; the magnification of the microscope is the product of the magnification of the objective lens and the eyepiece. 10X30 = 300
11, in the field of view to see the object image is to the lower left, the specimen should be moved towards the lower left image in order to move to the center; the specimen is moved towards the upper right,
in the field of view seen in the image of the object to move towards the lower left.
12, the slide is written 'up and down', the field of view is seen ' '. Method: rotate the piece of paper with 'up and down' written on it left (or right) 1800.
13, onion scale leaf epidermal cell clinical slide production: preparation (wipe clean, drop of water); production (tear off the inner epidermis, spreading; coverslip); staining (drop of iodine solution, absorbent)
14, staining: make the cell structure clearer, but affect the biological activity of living cells, or even make living cells die; observation of living cells and their biological activity should not be stained.
15, human oral epithelial cells clinical fashion production::: preparation (wipe clean, drops of saline); production (scrape a few, smear; coverslip); staining (drops of iodine solution, absorbent)
16, compared with plant cells, animal cells do not have: cell wall, chloroplasts, vesicles.
17, Cells are composed of inorganic (e.g., water, inorganic salts, oxygen, etc.) and organic matter (e.g., sugars, nucleic acids, proteins).
18, The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell; chloroplasts (plants have) and mitochondria (animals and plants have) are energy converters.
19, DNA is the main genetic material; proteins and DNA make up chromosomes; DNA segments with hereditary effects are called genes.
20, cell differentiation to form tissues. Human body structural levels: cells, tissues, organs, systems, body. Plant bodies have no systems.
21, viruses consist of a protein shell and internal genetic material that usually becomes crystallized when it leaves a living cell.
22, green plants can be divided into four main groups: algae, mosses, ferns, seed plants (including angiosperms and gymnosperms).
23, Mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by a structurally altered protein, the prion.
24, Mosses can be used as indicator plants to monitor the level of air pollution.
25, vegetable bean seed is composed of seed coat and embryo (embryonic root,, embryonic axis, germ, cotyledon), the structure of nutrient storage is the cotyledon (two), can develop into a new plant is the embryo. The soybean paste we usually eat is mainly the cotyledons of soybeans. Corn seed is composed of seed coat, embryo (embryonic root, embryonic axis, germ, cotyledon) and endosperm, the structure that stores nutrients is endosperm, cotyledon is a leaf. We usually eat flour components mainly from the endosperm of wheat.
26, the environmental conditions of seed germination have a certain amount of water, sufficient air, suitable temperature.
27, seed germination process, the first to break through the seed coat is the radicle. The radicle develops into a root and the germ develops into a stem and leaves.
28. The fastest growing part of the root is the elongation zone of the root tip. Root growth depends on cell division in the meristematic zone to increase the number of cells on the one hand, and on the other hand, the elongation zone cell volume increases.
29, the main part of the root water absorption is the root tip of the mature area, because the area has a large number of root hairs.
30, in the plant body to transport water and inorganic salts in the channel is the conduit; transport of organic matter in the channel is the sieve tube.
31, the nutrients needed for crop growth include water, inorganic salts, organic matter (photosynthesis synthesized), which need the most is the inorganic salts containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen deficiency leaves yellow, plants short and thin, severe veins light brown; phosphorus deficiency plants especially short, leaves dark green and purple; potassium deficiency stem weak, leaf edge brown.
32, pistil development into fruit and seed formation process, subject to pollination and fertilization of two important processes. The ovary develops into a fruit, the ovary wall develops into a fruit skin, the ovule develops into a seed, and the fertilized egg develops into an embryo.
33, stomata is the plant transpiration water loss "portal" and plant gas exchange "window", is by a pair of defense cells surrounded by the cavity
92, steamed buns fluffy and porous, because of the addition of the yeast and flour, so that the flour fermentation of carbon dioxide, so that the flour is produced.
92, the steamed buns are soft and porous because of the addition of yeast during the mixing process, which causes the carbon dioxide gas produced by the fermentation of the flour to expand when exposed to heat.
94, the old poem often borrowed animals to say the poem "old steed in the stable, ambition in a thousand miles"; the sky is high let the birds fly, the sea is wide by the fish leap.
A Lactobacillus a Bacterial insecticide
B Penicillium b Causes fruit to rot
C Methanobacterium c Makes kimchi
D Yeast d Nitrogen fixation
E Bacillus subtilis e Makes people suffer from tonsillitis
F Bacillus thuringiensis f Purifies sewage
G Streptococcus g Makes steamed buns, bread
H rhizobium h produces penicillin
95. Methods of culturing bacteria and fungi: preparation of medium containing nutrients; autoclaving; inoculation_; incubation.
96. Bacteria: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm (no chloroplasts and a formed nucleus), some with flagella and pods; schizogamous reproduction; mode of nutrition:
Heterotrophic (saprophytic, parasitic, ****ogenic) Fungi: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm (no chloroplasts but with a formed nucleus); sporulation, outgrowth reproduction (yeasts); heterotrophic (saprophytic, Parasitism, ****-biosis)
97, in general, the overall trend of biological evolution, is from aquatic to terrestrial, from simple to complex, from low to high.
98. Biological inheritance and variation is the basis of biological evolution. 99. Drugs are divided into prescription drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.
100. The continuation and development of life in the biosphere, the most basic link is the organisms through _reproduction_ and development . The succession of generations is unending.
Comparison asexual reproduction sexual reproduction
union of reproductive cells of both sexes no yes
generation of new individuals directly from the mother Fertilized egg develops into a new individual
propagation speed fast slow
magnitude of variability small, easy to maintain the parental traits large, with biparental hereditary
the adaptive capacity of the offspring weak strong
101, sexual reproduction: sexual reproductive cells are produced by the parent, and through the union of the reproductive cells of both sexes (sperm and egg cells), a fertilized egg is produced, and the fertilized egg develops into a new individual.
102, a list comparing sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction:
103, the application of asexual reproduction: (1) grafting (rootstock and scion of the formation layer of the scion close together in order to survive, flowering and fruiting with the scion to maintain the same) (2) cuttings (3) crimping Above all need to provide the right conditions. Note: the application of plant tissue culture technology
106, complete metamorphosis development: egg. Larva Pupa. Adult . Mosquitoes, cabbage butterflies, bees; incomplete metamorphosis development egg . Wakame . Adults. Locusts, praying mantis, crickets
107, amphibian reproduction and larval development must be carried out in the water, the larvae have to undergo metamorphosis to live on land (fertilized eggs, tadpoles, young frogs, adult frogs)
108, bird eggs: yolk is the main nutrient, the embryonic disc in the egg can be developed into chicks in the future. The egg cell consists of three parts: yolk, yolk membrane and embryonic disk.
109, . Heredity: similarity between parents and children; . Variation: differences between parents and children or between children
110, traits: heritable morphological and structural characteristics of organisms, physiological characteristics and behavior; relative traits: different manifestations of the same trait. 111, the essence of the inheritance of traits: the parent passes genes to the offspring through the process of reproduction; genes control the traits of organisms
112, the chromosomes of the germ cells of human beings (sperm and egg) are the chromosomes of the spermatids. and egg) have chromosomes that exist singly and are only half of the chromosomes in somatic cells, e.g., human sperm have 23 chromosomes, while human somatic cells have pairs of chromosomes that exist in pairs, 23 pairs.
113.Genes are transmitted through sperm and egg cells.
114.Scientific studies have shown that the birth of a boy is determined by the _male_.
115. . Chromosome: DNA + protein (where DNA is the main genetic material and genes are located on DNA)
116... There are dominant and recessive traits in the inheritance of relative traits
117.In the inheritance of relative traits, there is only one type of gene composition, aa, for those that exhibit recessive traits; and there are two types of dominant traits, i.e., AA and Aa
118. . The gene composition is Dd, although the recessive trait controlled by d is not expressed, d is still inherited
119, . Dominant genes are genes that control dominant traits 15 Recessive genes are genes that control recessive traits
120, Sex differences in people are determined by the sex chromosomes; . The chances of having a boy and a girl are equal
121, the phenotype is the result of the genotype and environmental influences*** acting together
1220 heritable variation: caused by a change in the genetic material (e.g., space peppers); . Inheritable variation: the genetic material does not change, only by the direct action of the external environment caused by variation (such as differences in light caused by differences in the color of the leaves of the same crop)
123, the phenomenon of the parent to the offspring of the phenomenon known as heredity, the phenomenon of differences in the performance of the traits between the parent and the offspring of the phenomenon known as mutation;
124, genes controlling the traits generally exist in pairs, the genes controlling the dominant trait is called a dominant trait, the genes controlling the dominant trait is called a dominant trait. The genes that control dominant traits are called dominant genes, and the genes that control recessive traits are called recessive genes;
125, a couple with straight hair had a child with curly hair, then the straight hair is controlled by dominant genes, and the curly hair is controlled by recessive genes, and the probability that they will have another child with curly hair is ?
6, chromosomes involved in sex determination are called sex chromosomes, and chromosomes not involved in sex determination are called sex chromosomes, and chromosomes not involved in sex determination are called sex chromosomes, and chromosomes not involved in sex determination are called sex chromosomes. The chromosomes that are not related to sex determination are called autosomes
7. Human cells **** have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes;
8. The sex chromosomes in male body cells are composed of X and Y chromosomes, and the sex chromosomes in female body cells are composed of X chromosomes
9. Traits are controlled by genotypes and the environment ****. The genotypes and the environment **** together;
10, the paired genes in the somatic cells are located in the paired chromosomes, with the combination of sperm and egg cells, one from the father, one
from the mother
11, each chromosome is usually only a molecule of DNA, and a molecule of DNA contains more than one gene.
5. White wool color in sheep is dominant (denoted by B) and black is recessive (denoted by b). A white ram mates with a black ewe and gives birth to all white lambs. The genetic make-up of the ram is BB and that of the ewe is bb.
6. Heredity and variation are the basis of biological evolution.
7. The sex of a human being is mainly determined by the sex chromosomes, XY for male and XX for female. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human body cell, which can be written as 44+XY or 44+XX, and the chromosomes in the sperm can be written as 22+X or 22+Y.
8. Ornamental plant Tibetan primrose, in the temperature of 20 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ conditions, red (A) on the white (a) is dominant, the gene combination of AA and Aa for the red flowers, the gene combination of aa for the white flowers, if the red-flowered Tibetan primrose moved to 30 ℃ of the environment, the gene combination for the AA, Aa, also for the white flowers, the fact that:
(1) the organisms show the traits are genotypes and genotypes, then the chromosome can be written 22 + X or 22 + Y . traits are the result of the interaction between genotype and environment.
(2) Under different environmental conditions of life, the same combination of genes expresses different traits .
(III) Biological Evolution
1 Analyze and explain the evolution of wolves by Darwin's doctrine of natural selection:
(1) The existence of different kinds of wolves in the wolf pack, some of which are fast and some of which are slow, suggests that the organisms have the characteristic of _variation_ which is generally heritable, and which provides the original material for the selection of the evolution of organisms
(2) With the environment, the organisms have the same combination of genes and the same environment. p>(2) With the change of the environment, the food is reduced, fast and ferocious wolves can get food to survive, this is the __survival of the fittest__, food, the environment on the wolf played a selective role, and this role is __directed__, it determines the __direction__- of biological evolution.
(3) The process of wolf evolution is realized through natural selection.
2 Cytochrome C is a ubiquitous protein and its amino acid arrangement has been determined as shown in the table below, which shows the number of amino acids in the composition of the same protein (cytochrome C ) that are different in humans and these organisms.
Name of organism Chimpanzee Horse Chicken Drosophila Fruit fly Wheat Yeast Red snail fungus
Number of amino acid differences from man 0 12 13 27 35 44 65
(1) The fact that animals and plants all have cytochrome C can indicate the closeness of the other organisms to man
(2) In the above examples, the closest to man is the chimpanzee, and the furthest away is the red snail fungus. organism is the red snail fungus.
3. The earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago, and primitive life originated in the primitive oceans, and there was no oxygen in the primitive atmosphere
4. Organisms in the natural world survive through an intense struggle for survival, and those who adapt survive and those who don't are eliminated, which is called natural selection.
5, the course of the origin of life: inorganic matter, organic small molecular matter, organic macromolecular systems, biological multi-molecular systems, primitive life
6, the evolutionary order of animals: protozoa, coelenterata, flatworms, Platyhelminthes, Platyhelminthes, annelids, mollusks, arthropods,
Echinoderms, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, Mammals. (Note the order of precedence.)
7. Darwin believed that the long neck of the modern giraffe was the result of natural selection.
(D) Infectious Diseases, Prevention and Immunity
1. The first and second lines of defense are inherent in human life, and they are not directed against a particular class of pathogens,
but rather against a variety of pathogens, and are therefore called non-specific immunity.
2. Organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause infectious diseases are known as beta-pathogens, e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, HIV, which causes AIDS, and Ascaris lumbricoides, which causes ascariasis.
3. Infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases are different, infectious diseases have infectious and epidemic characteristics, infectious diseases can be prevalent in the population, there must be a source of infection at the same time
Transmission and susceptible populations of these three basic links, the lack of any one of these links are not popular.
4. After the pathogen invades the body, it stimulates the lymphocytes, which produce a special protein called antibody to resist the pathogen. The substances that cause the body to produce antibodies (e.g., foreign substances such as pathogens) are called antigens .
8. Both prescription and over-the-counter medicines should be read carefully before use to understand the main ingredients, indications, active ingredients, specifications, precautions, date of manufacture and expiration date of the medicine, etc., so as to ensure the safety of the medicine.
9. The most commonly used method of artificial respiration is mouth-to-mouth breathing.
10. When someone suddenly fainted or drowning, time is of the essence, we must call "120" as soon as possible.
11. If the patient stops breathing at the same time the heart stops beating, then artificial respiration should be done at the same time as artificial chest cardiac compression .
Generally every time you do artificial respiration, you need to do 4-5 times of cardiac compression, and so on repeatedly. When the patient has spontaneous respiration,
carotid artery pulsation, and the face gradually turns red, it proves that the resuscitation is effective.
12. According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as a state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.
14. Lifestyle refers to all kinds of behavioral habits that people follow in their daily life, such as dietary habits, living habits, daily living arrangements, recreation and participation in social activities. People's lifestyles are closely related to health.