1. Cultivation techniques of Auricularia auricula:

1. Material selection: The most suitable wood for auricularia auricula cultivation is broad-leaved trees with loose texture and deciduous leaves in winter, among which tung oil tree is the best, followed by cypress, duck foot tree, Chinese toon tree and Chongyang tree. Any tree with a diameter of more than 5 cm can be used to cultivate auricularia auricula. 15 ~ 20cm is the best.

2. Cut down the road section: it is best to cut down trees from winter to around 10, and also cut down trees on sunny days. Branches can be removed about 7 days after cutting, and the tree is cut into sections of 1 m, and 5% limewater is coated on the sections to prevent the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria. Stacked in a cool and dry place, covered with film or weed branches to prevent sun and rain.

3. Selection of improved varieties: our institute has strong adaptability, easy cultivation, large panicle, fast growth and high yield, and the dry panicle is 3-7 kg per 100 kg of wood. The quality of the strain requires non-infection, and the mycelium is white and thick, with mushroom fragrance. The age of bacteria is 30 ~ 50 days.

4. Timely inoculation: February-April is the best inoculation period. Inoculation too early, low temperature, low colonization rate, high temperature too late, easy to be infected with miscellaneous bacteria, will reduce the yield. Generally, the wood should be fresh when inoculated, and it should be inoculated 10 ~ 30 days after cutting, and it should not be overdried. When the monthly average temperature is above 65438 06℃, the mycelium can easily resume growth and the colonization rate is high. Use 12 mm punch, the depth is about 1.5 cm, the plant spacing is 3.5 inches (10 cm), and the row spacing is 1.5 inches (4 cm), which is "good".

5. Strengthen management: the ear field should be located in a place with relatively flat terrain, close to water sources and sheltered from wind and sun. After inoculation, cover with film for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and neatly stack the auricularia auricula in the shed. About 7 days, turn over the pile and spray water. 10 days later, check the colonization rate. If the colonization rate is low or the strain is found dead, remove the miscellaneous bacteria and replant the strain. Turn the heap every 10 day. When turning over the pile, you must handle it with care, change the position up and down inside and outside, turn over the pile for 6 times, spray water according to the dryness and humidity of the wood, and pay attention to ventilation if there is film covering. Ventilate for 2 hours every day, and uncover the film for ventilation at noon on sunny days. After two months of management, when a large number of ear buds appear, it is necessary to set up management. Before setting up the shelf, the mixed powder and quicklime should be removed from the site and the surrounding area for disinfection. It is advisable to spray water 3 ~ 4 times a day in herringbone or well-shaped arrangement, and the relative humidity of the air should reach 90%.

6. Timely harvesting: once every 8 days, when all the ear pieces are unfolded and the ear limbs become smaller, harvesting can be carried out. When harvesting, you should have big ears and small ears, and it is not advisable to spray water on the day of harvesting. After harvesting in batches, the water will be stopped for 2 days, and a large number of ears will appear after fungus culture, and the harvested black fungus will be exposed to the sun.

7. Pest control: The main diseases are Penicillium, Penicillium, Trichoderma and some fungi, and the main pests are nematodes, slugs, mites and fruit flies. It is mainly controlled by formalin (formaldehyde), limewater, copper sulfate and bromogeramine.

Second, the cultivation techniques of Auricularia auricula substitute:

The production of auricularia auricula is mainly cultivated by logging. Due to the shortage of auricularia auricula forest resources, the output of auricularia auricula is limited. At present, cultivating Auricularia auricula with substitute materials has become the only way to develop Auricularia auricula production. Substitute cultivation is to cultivate auricularia auricula with sawdust, bagasse, crop straw and fruit seed shell as raw materials. Substitution cultivation has the advantages of rich raw material resources, low cost, 3-4 times higher yield than subsection cultivation, short time and high economic benefits.

(1) Types and proportions of substitute materials

The nutrients needed for the growth and development of Auricularia auricula wood are mainly cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin as carbon sources, protein as nitrogen sources, inorganic salts and some vitamins. Therefore, as long as raw materials containing a certain amount of carbon source, nitrogen source, vitamins and inorganic salts can be used to cultivate auricularia auricula. Other substances are also added to supplement some missing ingredients in raw materials, such as sawdust, which is a heartwood part with sufficient carbon content and less nitrogen content. Adding proper rice bran and bran can supplement the deficiency of nitrogen source. There are a lot of cellulose resources in rural areas of our region, such as bean stalks, bagasse and peanut shells. We can mix them in a proper proportion according to their nutritional components. Only by cultivating auricularia auricula in this way can we achieve results.

According to the nutritional components of several substitute materials, the formulas of several culture materials are introduced as follows:

1, sawdust culture medium: hardwood sawdust 78%, rice bran (or bran) 20%, gypsum powder 1%, sugar 1%.

2. sawdust 78%, rice bran 20%, sugar 1%, calcium carbonate 1%.

3. Corn cob (crushed) 79%, bran 20%, gypsum 1%.

4. Corn cob (crushed) 99%, gypsum powder 1%, vitamin b2 100 tablets.

5. Bagasse 84%, bran (or rice bran) 15%, gypsum 1%.

6. Bean straw (crushed) 88%, bran (or rice bran) 10%, gypsum 1%, bran 1%.

7. Straw 68%, rice bran 30%, gypsum 1%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1%.

8. Corn cob 49%, sawdust 49%, sugar 1%, gypsum 1%.

9. Corn cob 49%, rice straw powder 49%, chaff 1%, gypsum 1%.

Practice has proved that bagasse and sawdust culture materials can produce better wood.

(2) Cultivation techniques

There are many ways to cultivate Auricularia auricula by substituting materials, mainly including plastic bag cultivation, glass bottle cultivation, mushroom brick cultivation and box cultivation, among which bag cultivation has the highest yield.

1. Glass bottle cultivation: Auricularia auricula is cultivated in 500 ml old jars. The method is as follows: according to the formula of the culture medium, add water, mix well, the water content is 60%, and compact after bottling. Each bottle contains 3 taels of material, put it on the shoulder of the bottle, punch a round hole in the middle, then clean the bottle mouth, seal the bottle mouth with cowhide and tie it tightly, then autoclave it with the stirring pressure of 1.5 kg/cm ~ 2, and keep it for 1.5 hours, or at normal pressure. After sterilization, the bottles are cooled, inoculated with Auricularia auricula strains under aseptic operation, and the inoculated bottles are cultured in a culture room at a temperature of 22-25℃. After 30-35 days, hyphae grow all over the bottles, and then the bottle caps are removed, and the bottles are arranged neatly, with the indoor temperature maintained at 20-28℃ and the air relative humidity controlled at about 80-95%. If the humidity is insufficient, spray the indoor floor and space with mist water. When a large number of fruiting bodies appear in the bottle, the indoor humidity can be appropriately increased. In order to promote the formation and growth of fruiting bodies, it is necessary to keep the indoor air fresh and give a lot of astigmatism and quantitative direct light.

2. Plastic bag cultivation: using plastic bags as containers to produce auricularia auricula. The production process is as follows: 40 days for the original seed, 40-50 days for the cultivated seed, 7-/0/0 days for hole planting, 0/5 -20 days for ear bud formation, 0/0 days for mature harvesting, 0/0 days for secondary ear bud formation and 20 days for harvesting.

Select culture materials according to local conditions, add water and mix well according to the above formula, and the water content of the culture materials is 60%. When bagging, you should shake it while loading, and two-thirds of it should be slightly flattened. Put a plastic neck cover on the mouth of the brush bag, plug the cotton plug, and sterilize it under the pressure of 65438 0.5 kg/cm2 for 65438 0.5 hours. After the sterilization bag is cooled, the original seed 5- 10g should be inoculated aseptically, and the strain should be dispersed on the surface of the culture, which can accelerate the growth of bacteria. After inoculation, it was cultured on the bedstead of the scattered light culture room at 25-28℃. After about 1 month, some ear bases appeared, so 2-5 holes were made in the bag wall to let them come out of the ear. During the cultivation process, we should pay attention to adjusting the temperature and humidity, and control the room temperature at 20-25℃. During the fruiting period, the cultivation bed should be covered with plastic film to keep warm, but the plastic film should be opened for ventilation 1-2 times a day. In the stage of fruiting body formation, the water demand increases and the relative temperature should be kept at about 80-90%. It takes 15-25 days for auricularia polytricha from opening the plastic bag to harvesting, and 25-35 days for auricularia polytricha.

Auricularia auricula is easier to cultivate than Auricularia auricula, because Auricularia auricula has strong stress resistance, fast mycelium growth, less chance of contamination by miscellaneous bacteria, worse stress resistance and higher cultivation technology requirements.