Guizhou is located in the eastern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southwestern region, which has been beyond the reach of the central government since ancient times. From the Han Dynasty onwards, the central government began to incorporate Yunnan and Guizhou into its territory and tie up the area. During the Wei, Jin and Nan Dynasties, the big clans in the area of Yunnan and Guizhou emerged and gradually became the spokesmen of the local power. After the unification of Sui and Tang dynasties, they also recognized the power of these big clans in the local area and appointed them as governors, assassins and other official positions, allowing their descendants to inherit. During this period, four major clans gradually formed in Guizhou, namely the ShuiXi Luo Clan, the Shuitong Song Clan, the SiZhou Tian Clan, and the BaoZhou Yang Clan, which later evolved into the four major Tusi during the Song and Yuan dynasties. Among them, the Shuitong Song Clan was located in the middle of Guizhou, at the geographical center of Guizhou, which was the transportation hub of Yunnan, Chu, Guangdong and Shu. Therefore, the economy and culture of the Shuitong Song Clan were more developed, and it occupied an important position in the development history of Guizhou. Formation of the Shuitong Song Clan During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, after incorporating Yelang and other places into the map, the Shekou County and Gandan County were set up in the area. In order to strengthen the control of the region, Emperor Wu of Han "collected the powerful people to field the southwest barbarians", and migrated many of the Central Plains magnates to Qianzhong. These magnates had strong family power, and after they arrived in the area of Qianzhong, their power remained very strong, and some of them even gradually became the leading figures of the local ethnic groups. Seals such as "Fan Wanwan", "Zhao Wanwan" and "Xie Buai" have been unearthed in Han tombs in Qingzhen and Pingba, Guizhou, and it is very likely that these were the great surnames that migrated from the Central Plains to Qianzhong. These are most likely the great surnames that migrated to Qianzhong from the Central Plains. Among them, the Xie clan was the most powerful clan in Qianzhong during the Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties, and was the governor of the place name. The Song Clan, on the other hand, was also one of the big surnames. Three-legged copper water note of the Eastern Han Dynasty: unearthed in Pingba, Guizhou Province During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the central government set up a large number of tie-up prefectures in Qianzhong and appointed local big surnames as assassins, which were allowed to be hereditary, and opened up the precedent of the system of local officials. According to historical records, Song Ding was the assassin of Barbarian Prefecture (present-day Kaiyang) at the beginning of Tang Dynasty, and he had entered the dynasty twice. During the Five Dynasties period, Song Dynasty became the assassin of eight counties in Qingzhou (present-day Qingzhen). Whether the ancestors of the Shuidong Song Clan originated from the Central Plains is still controversial. However, the Shuidong Song Clan is very much a part of the Buyi ethnic group. Wudang and Kaiyang, where the Shuidong Song Clan lived, were known as the "Twelve Horse Heads", which formally embodied the Buyi horse head system. In today's Kaiyang County, the place where the Shuitong Song Clan lived is still called ""Matou Zhai"", and there are some other Buyi villages in this neighborhood. This at least proves that there existed a cultural fusion between the Shuidong Song Clan and the Buyi. Diagram of the Qianzhong Road The genealogy of the Shuitong Song Clan records that the Song Clan came to Guizhou in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and their founder was Song Jingyang. According to the records, Song Jingyang was a native of Zhending, Hebei Province, and was a descendant of Song Wentong (Li Maozhen), the King of Qin at the end of the Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, the Great Ancestor of the Song Dynasty, dispatched Song Jingyang to lead his seven sons and one daughter on a southward expedition, promising, "You, father and son, may stay for a long time after the southern border is pacified, and your son will inherit his father's position, and his lineage will be unchanged." Later Song Jingyang pacified the rebellion in the Barbarian State, and Su, Lan, Gao, Zhao, Zhou, Cai, and Rong raised their clans to attach themselves to it, and became the local chiefs. However, this matter was only recorded in the family tree and did not leave a record in any official history. Therefore, I believe that this is a false lineage created by the Shuidong Song clan to attach themselves to the big names in the Central Plains and to show the fame of their family. In ancient China, examples of remodeling families to attach themselves to big surnames abound, such as the Li Clan of the Tang Dynasty, which was originally a descendant of the Xianbei Clan, but attached itself to the Guanlong Li Clan; and Zhu Yuanzhang, the great-grandfather of Ming Dynasty, who claimed to be a descendant of Zhu Xi. Shuitong Song residence Certainly, the Song family records indicate that the Song clan established political ties with the Song Dynasty in the early Northern Song Dynasty. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, it basically united the ten divided states, and the great surnames around Qianzhong also expressed their submission to the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty inherited the tie-up policy of the Tang Dynasty in this area, and appointed and enfeoffed these big surnames as the assassins and governors of the local prefectures and states. Among them, Song Jingyang was appointed as "Ningyuan Army Minister" and "Barbarian Prefecture Governor", and Song Jingyang's seven sons and one son-in-law were also granted the corresponding titles, collectively known as "Seven Sectors and Eight Seals ". Thus, Song officially became one of the major Tujia in Qianzhong. Ruins of Song's Tuji General Administration Office Second, the formation of Guizhou and the demise of Shuidong Tuji In the history of Guizhou, independent administrative divisions appeared very early, such as the Sheep County in the Han Dynasty, and the Qianzhong Road was set up after the middle of the Tang Dynasty. The original place name of Sheep County became a tie-up prefectural jurisdiction of Qianzhong Dao in Tang Dynasty, which was called "Qiannan" and its seat was in Jizhu (now Guiyang). Before the Northern Song Dynasty, the Sheep place name Xie Clan was the strongest clan in Qianzhong. During the Five Dynasties and the early Northern Song Dynasty, the Wu Barbarians of Luodian Country (Bijie area) attacked Jizhizhou and expelled the Xie Clan, which was strong for a while. At the time of Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty, Pugui, the leader of the Wu Barbarians, entered the capital. Due to his dialect, Pugui pronounced the name "Guizhou" as "Moment State", and the name of Guizhou began to appear in historical records. Thus, Emperor Taizu of Song Dynasty appointed Pugui as the Assassin of Guizhou to tie up the area of Qiannan. In the following centuries, Guizhou changed hands many times. For example, in 1119, Tian Yukong of Si Zhou became so powerful that he included the whole lower reaches of the Wu River and Qiandongnan and Qiannan into his sphere of influence, which naturally included Guizhou (Jiao Zhou), and was therefore appointed by the imperial court as the defense historian of Guizhou. The situation in Guizhou during the Song Dynasty The Song clan of the Barbarian State was originally a single area of Barbarian State, with a radius of only 50 kilometers. The reason why the Song Clan was able to become strong was related to the mineral dansha produced in its area. In the western part of present-day Kaiyang County, it was once the world's largest producer of dansha. Both Song Ding, the assassin of Barbarian State, and Song Chaohua, the assassin of Qing State, used to pay tribute of 500 taels of dansha to the imperial court. Occupying this important dansha production area also gave Song a strong economic power, providing a foundation for later expansion. After centuries of development, by the time of Song Yonggao at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song Clan went strong, occupying many areas east of the Wujiang River, hence the name "Shuidong Song Clan". After Song Yonggao occupied the city of Guizhou in the middle of the country, he moved to this area. 1209, the Song Dynasty appointed Song Yonggao as the Guizhou Secretary and Pacifier, the Governor of Zhennan, and the Chief of JiuXi18Dong. Southern Dynasty Copper Janto unearthed in Pingba The Yuan Dynasty was established, and the four major Tusi in Qianzhong submitted to it. The Yuan Dynasty inherited the system of native officials from the Song Dynasty and popularized it. Among them, the largest organization set up by the Yuan Dynasty in Qianzhong was the Bafan Shunyuan Xuanxuanshi, and Shunyuanfu was set up in the city of Guizhou to govern the southern part of the country. The area under its jurisdiction was roughly comparable to the tie-up range of Momentous Prefecture in Tang Dynasty and the range of Qiannan Prefecture in Song Dynasty, which was roughly as far as Wujiang River in the north and the area of Hongshui River in the south. And Shuidong Song became a part under Bafan Shunyuan Xuanxuanshi. By establishing prefectures in Guizhou, the Yuan Dynasty had in effect begun to "convert the land to the people", although this inevitably ran afoul of the rights and interests of the local Tujia.In 1301, Song Longji rose up against the Yuan Dynasty, and soon captured the city of Guizhou in the Shunyuan Prefecture, killing the prefectural governor, Zhang Huaide. Afterwards, the Shui Xi Toji also rose in response. Eventually the longest anti-Yuan war was suppressed by 1304. After that, the Yuan Dynasty appointed Song Longji's nephew, Song Azhong, to be the same governor of Shunyuan, and moved the government office to Barbaric Prefecture. Although this war against Yuan failed, Song's self *** in Qianzhong was greatly improved and he became the governor of Shunyuan Prefecture. Meanwhile, after this war, the two major Tusi, Shuixi and Shuidong, actually formed an alliance, laying down the administrative pattern of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty. Model of Guiyang Ancient City After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent his army into Qianzhong, and the four major Tusi submitted to him. As a result, the Ming Dynasty set up four major consulate generals in Guizhou: the Sinan Consulate General, the Sizhou Consulate General, the Baozhou Consulate General, and the Guizhou Consulate General. Among them, the Guizhou Xuanwu Division also included the two major tribes of Shuidong and Shuixi, and Zhu Yuanzhang appointed the leaders of the Shuixian clan (a surname given by the Ming Dynasty) and the Song clan of Shuidong as the Guizhou Xuanwu Envoys respectively. In addition, the Ming Dynasty also began to carry out "reorganization" in Guizhou, and started to build the Guizhou city wall, set up the Guizhou capital division, and establish a large number of guard posts. In this way, the Ming Dynasty was able to pass through the Guizhou city in order to control the four major Tusi. In 1413, Zhu Di pacified the civil unrest of the Tian clan in Sizhou, abolished the two major missionary consulships of Sizhou and Sinan, and set up eight prefectures. Zhu Di also merged the eight prefectures of Sizhou and Guizhou Xuanwu Si to form Guizhou Buzhengzhi, with the capital of the province located in Guizhou City. From then on, Guizhou Province was established. Since then, the jurisdiction of Guizhou Province continued to expand, and its nearby Duyun Province and Puding Province continued to be incorporated. 1600, the demise of the Yang family in Baozhou, and its land was divided into Zunyi Province and Pingyue Province, with Zunyi Province being transferred to Sichuan and Pingyue Province being incorporated into Guizhou. The map of Guizhou Province in the Ming Dynasty was thus laid down. Guizhou Province in the Ming Dynasty As the Ming Dynasty's power continued to advance and the "land reform" continued to advance, the lands of the Shuidong Song and Shuixian clans continued to diminish. By the late Ming Dynasty, the Shuidong Song clan had completely withdrawn from the city of Guizhou and retreated to the barbarian state headquarters. 1569 saw the establishment of the Guiyang Prefecture, marking the realization of the reclassification of the city of Guizhou. In 1630, the two Song clans rebelled against the government, which was quickly suppressed. Afterwards, the Shuitong Song Clan's Tujia was abolished, and its area underwent ""land reorganization"", changing the Barbarian State to ""Kaiju"". Third, the Historical Contribution of the Shuitong Song Clan In 1630, the more than 1,000-year rule of the Shuitong Song Clan in Qianzhong was officially declared to be over, and Qianzhong entered the era of full integration with the Central Plains. However, it is worth recognizing that the Shuitong Songs made important contributions to the economic development and cultural development of Guizhou during their 1,000 years of operation in Qianzhong. Kailang Dansha Cultural Site: Bao Wang Temple It is difficult to find relevant historical materials about the agricultural and economic development of the Shuitong Song Clan in Qianzhong. However, the Shuitong Song Clan contributed to the development of transportation in Guizhou. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Mrs. Liu Shuzhen of Shuidong and Mrs. Xuxiang of Shuisi jointly constructed the ancient post roads. Xuxiang built the Longchang Nine Stages from Sichuan to reach Qianzhong, and Liu Shuzhen built the "Qianshu Zhou Road" from Kaiyang to Baozhou. This undoubtedly accelerated the economic development of Guizhou. Since then, with Guiyang as the center, Guizhou formed several stage routes to Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi, making Guiyang one of the transportation hubs in the southwest. Painting by Liu Shuzhen The cultural achievements of the Shuitong Song Clan are well documented in historical sources. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Song Bin, the leader of the Shuidong Song Clan, loved Confucian culture and vigorously promoted culture and education in his territory. He supported the establishment of the Guizhou Missionary School, which became the earliest official school in Guizhou. Later, Song Ang also contributed to the expansion of the largest official school in Guizhou at that time, making Guiyang become the center of education in Guizhou. 1398, Song Bin in the east of the water in the West (Kaiyang County, Shuangliu Township), next to the big dragon well founded the Song private school, which is the earliest private school of the Tusi in Chinese history. Song Bin opened private school, not only highly paid Liao Ju and other famous scholar lectures, but also personally strictly supervise the children and grandchildren to learn. Song's Tusi site - Horse Head Walled City Under the cultivation of Song Bin, his children and grandchildren appeared three little-known scholars, respectively, Song Ang, Song Yu, Song Xuan. The brothers Song Ang and Song Yu once co-authored a collection of poems called "Lianfang Class Draft", which was published in Nanjing, the earliest collection of poems in the history of Guizhou. In the preface to the Lianfang Classical Manuscripts, the poet Luo Jie praised Song Ang's poetry as ""to compete with the great ones of the Central Plains""; Zhu Yizun, a famous poet of the early Qing Dynasty, not only included several of Song Ang brothers' poems in the Ming poetry collection Ming Poetry Synthesis edited by him, but also praised their poems as ""graceful and elegant, and I tried to cover the last name and recite it to the south of the country in the form of Ya," but I could not tell whether they were written by anyone. I can't tell if they are from Miren Jiu Li (people from the border)." Axiu Tower: Farewell to Governor Yang by the Autumn River - Song Ang The water of the river is clear and the leaves of the trees are red, and the people of Linqi are sending off the official of Pattai. I've been in the tent for ten years, but once I was in the clouds, I was able to raise my feathers. The wind is clear and the waves are far away from Dongting, and the moon is bright and the tide is cold in the twilight of Yangzi. The scenery of Beijing is good in the day, and the flowers and willows are boundless to see on the horse. Sending Wang Gongzi back to Jiahe - Song Rene The birds on the upper floors of the city go down the women's wall, and the visitors by the side of the city pour pots of goblets. One day of wind and rain in autumn is gloomy, and the road of a thousand miles to the river is remote. The dream of the countryside has gone far away with the clouds, and the feeling of separation has grown longer with the sun. I'm not sure who is going to be the one to do it, but I'm going to be the one to do it. Song Dazzle is the son of Song Ang, wrote a collection of poems "Gui Humble Xuan Draft", "Guizhou Poetry Chronicle" included his title Jiexiu Lou "Fishing Rocky two absolute", his poem said: (a) the water is full of colorful catching the clouds, the Tang Yang flatboat flooding the end of the water. The clouds lock the empty court during the day, and the two rows of returning swallows catch the slanting sun. (b) Smoke and haze are often used as a picture to look at, the end of the day, the head of the island will be wide knot. The first time I saw this, I was so happy to see you, and I'm so happy to see you. At the same time, under the impetus of the Songs, the cultural level of Guiyang continued to develop. From 1425 to 1536 more than a hundred years, Guizhou Xuanwu Division in 9, more than 140 people, while the province's 28 people in the same period, more than 300 people. It can be seen that the education of Guiyang has been dominant in the province. During that period, a number of famous Confucian scholars appeared in Guiyang, such as Wang Xun, Zhan Ying, Yi Gui and Xu Jie, "often the articles and temperament are on a par with the talents of the Central Plains and Jiangnan". 1537, the Ming Dynasty opened a section in Guizhou to take the scholars, which ended the history of Guizhou's scientific and technical examinations being attached to other provinces. The rapid development of Guizhou culture in the Ming Dynasty mainly depended on the policies of the Ming Dynasty, such as large-scale immigration and setting up schools in Guizhou. However, the Guizhou major Tusi vigorously study and support the Han culture, is also an important reason to promote the development of culture and education.