"The Water Margin made it very clear: as there was no opposition to the Emperor of Heaven, as soon as the army arrived, it was enlisted to fight other robbers for the country-robbers who did not" do justice for heaven ". Finally a slave. "
This incisive argument points out the essence of the capitulationist line advocated in Water Margin, and exposes the true face of capitulationists like Song Jiang under the banner of "doing justice for heaven". The Water Margin is only against corrupt officials, not against the emperor. Even the decadent Song Huizong was praised as the "most holy and wise" son of heaven, saying that he was "seeking the virtuous", "loving the people" and "giving alms to the masses". What was bad was just a few "treacherous officials" such as Gao Qiu. A "Water Margin" was crowned with the word "loyalty". Who is loyal to?
Of course, it can only be loyal to the emperor and the court. Before he died, Song Jiang repeatedly confessed: "I have always advocated loyalty and righteousness, and refused to deceive my heart at all. ..... would rather the court negative me, I am loyal to the court! "
Some people disagree that Song Jiang is a capitulator and "finally a slave". In their minds, Song Jiang is a "very outstanding leader" of the peasant uprising, representing the will and desire of the whole peasant class, and even his surrender reflects the historical limitations of the peasant uprising. Is Lu Xun right, or are these people right? Let's take a look at where the character Song Jiang is "outstanding" first.
We judge which class a person represents, not only by his background and occupation, but also by the interests and demands of which class his thoughts and actions represent and what kind of political line he pursues. Before going to Liangshan, Song Jiang told Wu Song, who was going to Erlong Mountain to join in, a private conversation: "Brother, you only care about your future, Wan Li ... If you win the court's favor, you can persuade Lu Zhishen and Yang Zhi to surrender. But in the future, if you go to the side, you will win a wife's shadow with one shot and one knife. After a long time, you will leave a good name in the history of history, and it will not be a lifetime. " These words are the self-exposure of Song Jiang's ugly soul. What he fought for all his life was to "encourage" the peasant rebels to surrender and introduce them into the slaughterhouse of the landlord class; At the same time, he climbed up on the body of the peasant uprising army himself, so as to promote his position and make a fortune and seal his wife and son. That's what he nagged Wu Song to do. Therefore, as soon as he went to Liangshan, he formed a party for selfish ends, excluded dissidents, usurped the leadership of Liangshan Rebel Army, and replaced Classical's line of adhering to the peasant uprising with his capitulationist line. He changed the Juyi Hall of Classical Poetry into the Loyalty Hall, but the word difference reflected the different world views of the two opposing classes, the peasants and the landlords. "Juyi" means uprising and revolution; And "loyalty and righteousness" is to woo and surrender. Doesn't this clearly reflect the opposition between the two routes?
Song Jiang played the banner of "doing good for heaven". The "heaven" in his mind is the emperor and the court; His "Tao" is the Tao of Confucius and Mencius, which is to help the Song Dynasty disintegrate and suppress the peasant uprising in order to consolidate the reactionary rule of the landlord class. He kept saying that he wanted to "protect the country and the people": "protect the country" refers to defending the reactionary regime of the landlord class; "daughter-in-law" means being a slave by yourself and asking others to follow him as slaves. On the day of Liangshan's "great gathering of righteousness", Song Jiang wrote a poem "The Red River" on the spur of the moment, and ordered Le He to sing solo: "Hope that the heavenly king will surrender his edict, make peace early, and be full of heart." As a result, there was an opposition in the water margin cottage. However, this did not shake Song Jiang's counter-revolutionary determination to "advocate harness, turn over a new leaf, and serve the country as a vassal". As soon as he surrendered, he immediately led a great army to fight Fang La, and the robbers who could not "do justice for heaven" went. Is it not clear enough which class's will and desire he represents? Song Jiang is an eagle dog of emperors and generals and the whole landlord class. For such an eagle dog, "Water Margin" tries its best to beautify and praise, touting it as loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness. This kind of praise just proves that it is a negative textbook to promote capitulationism.
In The Change of Rogues, Lu Xun once traced back to the source, pointing out that there is a continuous line from Confucius and Confucianists to The Water Margin, to Shi Gong 'an, Peng Gong 'an and king cat in Qing Dynasty. Lu Xun also said in The Historical Changes of China's Novels that the chivalrous men in such novels as king cat "are very similar to the characters in the Water Margin, so although their facts come from the Dragon Map Case-solving, their origins still come from the Water Margin". In fact, Song Jiangtong, Huang San Taitai, Huang Tianba, Zhan Zhao and others are all the same. To be clear, they are nothing more than the minions, lackeys and bodyguards of the emperor or the so-called "honest officials".
Let's compare Song Jiang with Gao Qiu, and we can find that these two people have many similarities. They are the same "floating children", they want to be promoted and rich, and they are also sent to exile. In the final analysis, they belong to the same class. Is there any difference? Yes. Gao Qiu's dog was prosperous. Because he played a good ball, he was taken a fancy to by the "Nine Kings", that is, the later Emperor Huizong, so he "made a fortune" early and became an official. And Song Jiang, in his own words, was "a long life" and became a "coach". In fact, these two men, all roads lead to the same goal, Song Jiang was temporarily admitted to the "coach" by the official, and then became an official again by being recruited; And Gao Qiu, suddenly became an official. Song Jiang wrote the so-called "anti-poem" in Xunyang Building. Some people thought that he really wanted to rebel. In fact, he was just complaining under the condition that "his fame failed, his work failed, and he was tattooed on his cheeks". "I have been attacking the history since I was a child, and I have grown up with tactics. Just like a tiger lying on a barren hill, its hidden minions endure. " Isn't this a wonderful self-portrayal of an ambitious schemer's psychology of "not meeting his talents" In Song Jiang's view, when the road is down and out, speculative "rebellion" can be said to be a shortcut. "If you want to be an official, murder and arson will be embraced." Lu Xun said: "This is the conclusion that the people at that time extracted the essence of state affairs." Song Jiang's struggle with Gao Qiu does not belong to the struggle between the reformists and the die-hards, but only the struggle between one faction of the landlord class reactionaries and that faction. However, no matter how they fight with each other, they are all birds of a feather. As far as sabotaging the peasant revolutionary movement and consolidating the reactionary rule of the landlord class is concerned, Song Jiang's role is actually much greater than that of Gao Qiu, and he is more deceptive than that of Gao Qiu.
Isn't Song Jiang known as "timely rain"? What kind of "timely rain" is he? "The Water Margin" praised Song Huizong's era of "the country is rich and the people are safe, and the scholars are happy". In fact, the world was in chaos, the people were in poverty, the fires of peasant uprisings burned everywhere, and the buildings of the Northern Song Dynasty were crumbling. Zhao Ji wrote the names of the "four bandits" on the white screen of his own "Ruisi Temple", which shows that he was worried about it day and night. As a result, Song Jiang, one of the "four great bandits", not only surrendered to the Zhao official, but also helped him suppress the other three peasant insurgents. Isn't this an out-and-out "timely rain" for the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhao Ji? In history, whenever class contradictions become increasingly fierce and the reactionary rule of the exploiting class can no longer be maintained, the reactionary class always needs "timely rain" like Song Jiang to douse the fire of peasant uprisings. This is the reason why the book Water Margin and the image of Song Jiang are particularly appreciated by the landlord bourgeoisie and revisionism.
Jin Shengtan cut the Water Margin for more than twenty times, emphasizing that the "thief chief" like Song Jiang can only be cut off and killed, and will never be allowed to woo. Lu Xun was very dissatisfied with Jin Shengtan, so he wrote an article on Jin Shengtan, criticizing Jin Shengtan: "Just cutting off the second half of Water Margin and dreaming of a' uncle Ji's night' to kill all the Song Jiang people would be foolish." Jin Shengtan's "fatuity" lies in the fact that he doesn't understand that the peasants in the uprising can't be cut and killed. wildfire never quite consumes them and they are tall once more in the spring wind, let alone a "Uncle Ji's Night" and a hundred "Uncle Ji's Nights", are useless. Jin Shengtan's "fatuity" also lies in that he didn't understand the real intention of Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong in writing Water Margin. It was on Jin Shengtan's same class position that they opposed the peasant uprising, which shaped and praised the image of Sung River as a capitulator. They know that the fortress is the easiest to break from the inside. Jin Shengtan does not understand this truth. He didn't see through that people like Song Jiang were not "thieves" at all, but loyal agents of the landlord class. Lu Xun also vividly compared the cut book of Water Margin to a "broken-tailed dragonfly". Sung River surrendered, was embraced and beat Fang La, which was the inevitable result of his capitulationist line. Cut off this half, and Song Jiang's face as a capitulator is not true. Jin Shengtan's chop was welcomed by many people who sang praises for Song Jiang because he cut down many evil acts and ugly performances of Song Jiang.
There is a strict difference between a robber who does justice for heaven and a robber who doesn't. Lu Xun clearly pointed out that the former is an out-and-out capitulator, while the latter is an uprising peasant who opposes exploitation, oppression and slavery. Distinctive, not to be confused. In fact, even within the Liangshan Rebel Army, it is split in two. Most of the insurgents are bankrupt farmers and craftsmen, and many of them are children of the landlord class, soldiers and officers of the reactionary army. Because Song Jiang carried out the capitulationist line politically, recruited and rebelled organizationally, and brought in a large number of senior generals of the Song Dynasty, the class composition of this rebel leadership group changed. Among the 108 generals, likui jy, Wu Yong, Ruan Xiaoer, Ruan Xiaowu and Ruan Xiaoqi are good, and they are unwilling to surrender. Wu Yong and Ruan Shi were the first brothers to rebel with Classical. Likui jy was the bravest and most determined soldier in the Liangshan Uprising. As soon as he heard Le He singing the song "Red over the River" written by Song Jiang, he opened his eyes wide and shouted, "Woo woo! What a bird! " Kick the table with one foot and smash it. He doesn't care about Emperor Dasong at all. Sung River doesn't oppose it. He wants to oppose it. Chen Zongshan, the Taiwei, entered the stronghold and issued the imperial court's edict for harness. likui jy not only grabbed the imperial edict and tore it to pieces, but also split his chest and seized Chen Taiwei, dragging his fist and hitting him. Until the end of the novel, when likui jy heard that the court sent medicinal liquor, he shouted, "It's the opposite!" Therefore, what Song Jiang is most worried about is this "black whirlwind". He must be killed before he closes his eyes. His intentions are really vicious. The struggle between Song Jiang and likui jy for capitulation and anti-capitulation is a struggle between the landlord class and the peasant class, and between the capitulationist line and the line of persisting in the uprising.
Defenders of Song Jiang also carried out a word "righteousness" as a shield, as if all the people in Song Jiangtong were as righteous as a mountain and as close as brothers. "Within the four seas, all men are brothers". What classes, routes, capitulationists and revolutionaries are there? Lu Xun debunked the hypocrisy of this slogan circulating in the Water Margin in one sentence: "People in the mountains don't treat all people as brothers." That's exactly what happened. Don't say that within the four seas, even within the water margin, it is by no means a brotherly relationship, but a class relationship. The struggle between the landlord class and the peasant class is bound to be reflected in the Liangshan Rebel Army. Song Jiang opened his mouth with a "loyalty" and closed his mouth with a "righteousness". He was very loyal to the top, so he treated all people as brothers to the bottom! Back to the eighty-third "Chen Qiaoyi tearfully beheaded a pawn", it fully exposed the hypocrisy of Song Jiang's "righteousness". When the ugly drama of Zhao 'an had just ended, a military academy in the uprising army was excited by indignation and killed a cabinet officer who abused the uprising army. This can scare Song Jiang, who is about to cut off the head of the military school and go to the court to confess his sins. But still have to take care of "friendship", so Song Jiang used his usual cat-and-mouse crying skills to "cry" and told the military academy to "drink and get drunk" and hang himself, and then cut off his head to order the public. The head is also cut off, and the "righteousness" is exhausted. The content of "righteousness" should be analyzed by class. Classical "gathering righteousness" is to unite to create a rebellion against the reactionary rule of the landlord class; When Song Jiang talks about "righteousness", he wants to use "righteousness" to cover up the class opposition, reconcile the class struggle and the line struggle, and make the oppressed class obedient to the reactionary ruling class as slaves. Is this kind of "righteousness" more in line with the needs of the reactionary ruling class than Song Jiang? Likui jy's tragedy is that he suffered from this kind of "friendship" and was blinded by this kind of "friendship". He only recognized "brother" and did not recognize the route, and he could not break the reactionary face of Song Jiang. Finally, he became a victim of Song Jiang's capitulationist route. What a painful lesson!
As a fighting Marxist, Lu Xun hated Song Jiang, a capitulator who was engaged in counter-revolutionary activities as a revolutionary. Especially when he experienced the "April 12th" counter-revolutionary coup in 1927, he not only saw the perseverance of the real revolutionaries, but also saw through the ghosts of all kinds of capitulators. "As soon as the army arrived, it was embraced", and it was a kind of help for the reactionaries to slaughter the revolutionary people immediately; It's another way to always wear the cloak of a revolutionary, but it's another way to surround the real revolutionaries. Didn't Lu Xun write the article "The Change of Rogues" to ask the people to be alert to the capitulators like Song Jiang?