There are 0/0 species of Dictyophora indusiata/kloc-in the world, 6 species in China, and only 3 species are commonly eaten, namely, Ctyopindusiata, Oduplicata and O.rubrovolvota. Their natural distribution is mainly in warm and humid southern bamboo forests, and they often grow in some specific bamboo microenvironment. Dictyophora dictyophora has a long history of eating and is known as the "queen of fungi". Dictyophora indusiata production used to be limited to wild harvesting, and the quantity was extremely limited. It is usually only used as a tribute to the emperor and a royal dish, and its artificial cultivation was successful in the 1980s. According to the forest cultivation in Jiangxi Province, the average yield of dried Dictyophora dictyophora is 225 kg per mu, 85 g/m2 for indoor cultivation of dried Dictyophora dictyophora with long skirt and 59 g/m2 for dried Dictyophora dictyophora with short skirt. However, for a long time, due to the difficulty of cultivation technology, it was limited to a narrow production range. Since 1990s, the research on the development of Dictyophora dictyophora has been deepened in China, and rapid progress has been made in the distribution of wild resources, breeding and seed production procedures, artificial cultivation, processing and utilization.
There are two main production methods of dictyophora indusiata. One is to protect wild resources and artificially promote the reproduction and growth of Dictyophora indusiata, that is, to strengthen the protection of bamboo forest environment in areas where wild Dictyophora indusiata grows frequently, to prevent people and animals from trampling on forest land, and to add bamboo chips and leaves to forest land to promote the reproduction and growth of Dictyophora indusiata when conditions permit. This is a simple and effective production method to obtain high quality dictyophora indusiata. The second is artificial cultivation, including indoor bed cultivation, box cultivation, outdoor bed cultivation, pit cultivation and bamboo pile cultivation. It is very important to select excellent strains for the cultivation of dictyophora indusiata. Dictyophora dictyophora with long skirt has good quality and flavor, and the market price is high, but it is difficult to master artificial cultivation. Dictyophora spinosa has simple cultivation and high yield, but it has poor flavor and low price. Therefore, the selection of excellent strains suitable for local cultivation and their excellent strains should be considered in production. Artificial cultivation methods of dictyophora indusiata mainly include:
(A) pit (bed) cultivation method in the forest
1. Cultivated land selection
To cultivate dictyophora indusiata in the forest, we should choose a place with convenient management, gentle slope, strong north wind, water source, fertile and humid soil and good drainage. The canopy density of Phyllostachys pubescens forest or mixed forest of Phyllostachys pubescens and broad-leaved trees on sandy soil is 0.8-0.9, preferably in a valley with streams.
2. Build a cultivation bed
In the selected forest land, a cultivation pit with a length of 2m, a width of 1m and a depth of 20cm is set according to the horizontal zone, and the well is filled with fertile topsoil with a thickness of about 5cm, and then the treated cultivation materials are laid and inoculated by layers (see inoculation for details). The cultivation bed needs to build a plastic film shed and dig a drainage ditch around it to avoid water accumulation.
3. Treatment of culture materials (preparation)
Dictyophora indusiata culture materials are mainly dried bamboo stalks (processing residues of finished bamboo), bamboo branches, bamboo whips and bamboo leaves, which need to be cut to 3-5cm in length and 1- 15cm in width. Bamboo leaves can be cut into 2-3 cm or crushed, and then mixed according to different treatment methods. Several main treatment methods are introduced.
① The formula of cooking medium is: bamboo chips 78%, bamboo leaves 20%, calcium superphosphate 1%, gypsum powder 1%, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 0.2% and magnesium sulfate 0.2%. Production method: soak dried bamboo slices in clear water for 24 hours and bamboo leaves for 5-6 hours, add sucrose in water according to the weight of 65,438 0%, cook the materials respectively, put bamboo slices in boiling water for 1 hour, put bamboo leaves in boiling water for 30 minutes, then take out and filter out the excess water, and then add the excess 80% of calcium superphosphate, gypsum powder, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and magnesium sulfate into bamboo. After this treatment, the survival rate of the strain can reach 80%.
② Fermentation method
Culture medium formula: bamboo slice 78%, bamboo leaf 20%, 1% calcium superphosphate, 1% gypsum powder, 0.6% urea and 0.5% lime.
Production method: Pre-moisten bamboo chips and leaves with clear water and lime water, with the humidity of about 60-65%, add urea and pile them up. The temperature of the middle layer (aerobic fermentation layer) of the pile will rise above 60℃, and when the temperature drops to 30℃, the pile will be turned over for the first time. This stage takes about 7 days, and then gypsum powder is added to adjust the humidity to 65%. After another 6 days, turn over for the third time, add the remaining 50% gypsum powder, and adjust the humidity to 65%. After another five days, the soil was turned over for the third time, calcium superphosphate was added, and 500 times zinc-phosphorus insecticide was sprayed to kill insects. After about 4 days, the humidity was adjusted to 60-65%. Each pile turning should be carried out when the temperature in the center of the pile drops, with the surface dry layer turning to the middle layer and the middle layer turning to the outer layer. After fermentation, the material is brown, with a little ammonia smell, no mildew, and the bamboo chips are fragile and easy to break. In the process of culture, 1% sucrose water was added. This method is suitable for large-scale cultivation of dictyophora indusiata, and the effect is good.
vaccination
In addition to selecting high-quality strains of suitable age, we should also master the planting season. Because mycelium growth requires strict temperature and humidity, the planting time is generally April-May, and 10- 1 1 is the suitable planting and inoculation time. Inoculation should be carried out on cloudy days or when there is no direct sunlight, not on rainy days.
① One week before soil disinfection and inoculation, disinfect the soil with 50% (or 25%) carbendazim solution or 1:700 times zinc-phosphorus solution1000 times (or 2: 1000 times).
(2) Inoculation method: firstly, spread the treated bamboo slices into a pit with a thickness of about 4-5cm, then spread the treated bamboo leaves with a thickness of 2-3cm, and plant plum-blossom Dictyophora cultivation seeds on the bamboo leaves with a horizontal spacing of10cm and a vertical spacing of12cm, then spread a layer of bamboo slices with a thickness of 4-5cm, and then spread them on the bamboo slices. The dosage of seeds is 2-4 bottles per square meter, the dosage of surface seeds is about 70%, and the dosage of bottom seeds is about 30%. It should be noted that the culture materials treated on the same day and the strains pulled out at that time must be treated on the same day, and the boiled raw materials must be cooled below 30℃ before inoculation.
(3) After the mycelium covers the surface of the cultivation material, it should be covered with a layer of fertile fine sunny soil with a thickness of about 2-4 cm, and covered with a layer of bamboo leaves with a thickness of about 2 cm to maintain good ventilation and humidity.
(4) Set up an arched plastic shed with an arch height of about 50 cm and a canopy density of less than 0.8, and set up a shade shed on the plastic shed with a height of 80- 100 cm. Excavate drainage ditch around the bacteria bed to prevent water accumulation after rain.
manage
We should master the management flexibly according to the conditions required by different growth and development stages of dictyophora indusiata. In the mycelium growth stage, it is mainly to keep warm and moisturize. When planting, the thickness of composite soil should be controlled within 4 cm. When the mycelium grows to the soil surface, it should be covered with 1 cm rich in organic matter in time to avoid the mycelium being exposed and dry. When the weather is dry, spray water properly, and avoid direct contact with the soil when spraying water, so as not to cause soil hardening, and the soil water content should be kept at about 20%. When the temperature in the plastic shed exceeds 26℃, the film should be uncovered to cool down. At noon, the four corners of the plastic shed should be opened for ventilation. The optimum temperature for mycelium growth is 24℃. When the temperature is higher than 33℃ or lower than 65438 02℃, the mycelium will stop growing. In the germination stage, it is mainly to avoid direct sunlight, keep warm, prevent insects and diseases. The optimum temperature of solid development stage is 17-25℃. When the temperature is lower than 8℃ or higher than 30℃, dead shavings appear. At 8 o'clock every morning, you must take a breath and collect shavings in time. If the temperature is low, spray water in time in the morning and evening, and the nozzle should be far away from the bed surface, so as not to hurt Xiao Lei.
In order to promote mycelium growth, enhance stress resistance and promote primordium differentiation, 1 robust agent was sprayed on 10 day after inoculation, and 1 robust agent 2-3 times each, with a dosage of about 50 ml per square meter. In addition, 1-2% could be used for bacterial beds with weak mycelium growth.
The formula of No.65438 +0 strength agent is: VB 90.5g, VB 140mg, magnesium sulfate 40g, zinc sulfate 20g, boric acid 10g, urea 100g, diluted with water100kg.
The formula of No.2 enhancer is: VB 9 1 g, VB100 mg, magnesium sulfate 50 g, zinc sulfate 50 g, potassium hydrogen phosphate 100 g, diluted with water 100 kg.
After the primordium is formed, spraying nutrient solution once every 10 day, spraying it three times, spraying it 500 ml per square meter, and spraying it again with clean water can greatly improve the yield. The formula of nutrient solution is: potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1g, magnesium sulfate 1g, vitamin b1kloc-0/000 mg, glucose or sucrose 5g, and water 1000ml.
Step 6 collect and dry
Generally, the broken buds and skirts of Dictyophora indusiata must be picked with the opening, or half of the fruiting bodies or mature mushroom eggs must be picked indoors until the skirts are all open. When harvesting, cut off the fungus rope from the bottom of Volvariella volvacea with a knife, gently remove the fungus cover first, then take out Volvariella volvacea, leaving the stalk and the fungus skirt, wipe it clean with wet gauze, or rinse it with clear water, and put it in a basket or bamboo screen filled with white paper, and it is not allowed to be torn or broken. After retrieval, it should be dried in time or in stages. Baking should be carried out at low temperature. Bake at 40℃ first, and turn it once every half hour. Later, you can slowly raise the temperature to 50℃ and turn it every hour. After about 4 hours, the temperature was reduced to 40℃ and baking was continued for about 3 hours. After drying, take it out and let it cool for 20-30 minutes. When the bacteria become soft, they will be packaged in grades. The drying rate of fresh perilla bambusa is generally 26-28%.
7. Packaging and storage
Generally food is packed in plastic bags. Before packaging, plastic bags need to be decontaminated, dried and used, and packaged in grades. Every 25g+ 1g, tie a small bundle with red rope and seal it. Every 10g, a big bag weighs 250+2g, and the product label should be attached inside the big bag, indicating the origin, variety, model, trademark and specification.
Classification standard of dictyophora pubescens;
First-class product: white or yellowish in color, complete, handle length > 12 cm, handle width > 2 cm, moisture content 10- 12%, no odor;
Second-class product: the color is beige, complete, the stalk length is 10- 12 cm, the thickness is 2 15 cm, the moisture content is 10- 12%, and there is no peculiar smell;
Grade III: Huang Lue broken color, stalk length 8-9 cm, thickness 0.7 cm, water content 10- 12%, no peculiar smell; Etc.: The color is dark and incomplete, the stem length is less than 7 cm, the moisture content is 10- 12%, and there is no peculiar smell. Dictyophora dried Dictyophora should be stored at paper temperature, in a dry and ventilated place, and should not be mixed with harmful substances or stressed, and attention should be paid to insect prevention and mildew prevention.
(2) cultivation method of dictyophora indusiata
Use the abandoned bamboo piles left by cutting bamboo in the bamboo forest. As a culture material for culture. Choose 2-3 years old bamboo piles as cultivation points, dig a 20 cm deep planting pit near the edge of bamboo piles, pick the bottom of dead leaves on site, then remove a layer of bacteria and spread a layer of bamboo leaves, so that 2-3 layers can be achieved. The amount of seeds is 0.4-0.5 kg, and rotten bamboo leaves are mixed with soil dug out from the ground and covered on the hole with a thickness of 2-4 cm. This method is simple, bamboo shoot production and bamboo forest production benefit and promote each other, and it is a good method worth popularizing.
(3) Digging and filling cultivation method
This method is to dig a hole in the open space of bamboo forest to cultivate dictyophora indusiata. The depth of the hole is about 25 cm, and the length of the hole depends on the bamboo forest. The bottom of the cave is covered with rotten bamboo leaves, covered with bamboo scraps such as bamboo chips, and sprinkled with a layer of bamboo leaves. After practical use, spread a layer of bacteria evenly, so that the three layers are covered with a layer of soil with a thickness of 3-4 cm. Although this method consumes a lot of materials, manpower and time, it is easy to manage, and the production of Dictyophora dictyophora is concentrated and the output is high. It is a good method to cultivate dictyophora indusiata according to local conditions.