1, garden preparation
Choose sandy loam and light clay loam to build gardens, with convenient transportation and good irrigation conditions. Dig a planting ditch, preferably in the north-south direction, with a depth and width of 0.8-1m. Separate the raw soil from the cooked soil, mix the cooked soil with soil miscellaneous fertilizer and fill it in the bottom layer, then fill the soil, water it once, and seal the soil after it is completely submerged.
2. Variety selection
Grape varieties that are independent of direct light, well colored by scattered light, moderate growth potential, large panicle, bisexual flowers, high yield, high quality and fresh color should be selected. If the cultivation is extended and postponed, and two crops are harvested a year, varieties with multi-bearing ability should also be selected. At present, there are mainly high-quality varieties with early and middle maturity, including Jingya, Ji Xiang, Nezha, 87. 1, seedless Baijixin, Jingxiu and Jingyu.
3, timely fixed value
In general, the best period is the spring germination period. Firstly, a planting hole with a depth of 0.4m was dug at the center line of the planting ditch according to the Jurassic distance, and a small amount of phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer were applied at the bottom of the hole and mixed with the soil evenly. Fill in the soil after the seedlings are put in. When filling the soil, lift the seedlings a little, then be practical, pour water and seal the mound.
4. Common postures
Rack-type single fence frame, the fence frame surface is vertical to the ground, a column is set every 5-6 meters along the line, the frame height is1.5-2.0 meters, and a horizontal line is set on the column every 40-50 milla (generally, 8# or 10# lead wire is used). Generally, * * * pulls four binding brackets, which is suitable for mechanized cultivation. Because of good ventilation and light transmission, it is easy to obtain high-quality fruits. It is most suitable for dry areas and varieties with weak growth framework. Small shed: Generally, the shed is about 6 meters long, and the shed surface is parallel to the ground to form a shed surface, which is suitable for areas and courtyards that need to be buried in cold winter.
5, reasonable close planting
Take the fan-out cultivation of multi-main vines with single-arm hedge frame as an example, the plant spacing is 1*2, and the density is 333 plants/mu.
6. Plastic surgery management
After the seedlings germinate, two new shoots with vigorous growth are selected and cultured into two main vines through repeated coring and secondary branch treatment. When pruning in winter that year, the length of the main vine was 60~70cm, and the weak main vine left 2~3 buds. When the tree is strong, the 1 preparatory branch and two fruiting mother branches can be retained. In the second year, two main vines were tied horizontally to the first iron wire of the hedge frame, and the directions were opposite. After sprouting in spring, 3-4 new buds are left, and the rest are erased. When the new shoots grow to a certain length, tie a second iron wire, leave 6-7 leaves above the inflorescence for coring, and cultivate the fruiting branches into fruiting mother branches in the next year. After the core is removed from the top branch, two leaves are left at the top of the long secondary branch to repeat the core removal, and one leaf is left in other secondary branches. The method of cultivating main vines and fruiting mother branches in the third year is similar to that in the second year. For the new shoots with vigorous growth, the branches can be bent and knotted to lower the top of the shoots, thus completing the basic tree shape.
prune
7. 1 winter pruning
The general time is from defoliation to bleeding in the second year, and the cutting length is determined according to the growth potential of the fruiting mother branch, and the long, medium and short branches are pruned together. Prune the extended branches with long branches, generally more than 8 buds, prune the generated branches with middle branches, prune 4-7 buds, and prune the updated branches with short branches, generally less than 3 buds. When cutting, it should be cut at the diaphragm at the upper end of the cut bud.
7.2 Summer pruning
From bud germination to defoliation, it includes measures such as bud wiping, core removal, secondary branch treatment, vine removal, and fruit ear tip pinching. Bud wiping is usually to remove the smaller lateral buds on both sides of double buds and triple buds, as well as the thinner and weaker buds. In the whole growth process, coring should be carried out many times. Every time the core is taken from the main tip of the fruiting branch, generally about one week after flowering, 6-8 leaves are taken from the spike, and the core is taken from the non-fruiting branch 10~ 12 leaves. Combined with summer pruning, tendrils should be cut off at any time when tying vines.
8, water and fertilizer management
According to the physiological characteristics of grape plants in each growth and development stage, if there is drought before germination and flowering, irrigation should be done in time, overwintering water should be poured before freezing, and drainage should be paid attention to in July and August to prevent waterlogging. Topdressing is usually twice, once within 10 days from germination to flowering, and once from fruit setting to hard core stage. In the early stage, urea+phosphate fertilizer was mainly used, and in the later stage, urea+potash fertilizer was mainly used, and foliar spraying was carried out.
9, pest control
Grape is easy to be infected with black pox before and after flowering, and 240 times Bordeaux mixture or 500~800 times carbendazim can be sprayed when it comes on. Spraying 3~5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture on trees after defoliation in autumn and before germination can eliminate the disease source. Downy mildew is easy to occur in rainy season, and high temperature makes powdery mildew more serious. Every 7~ 10 day, 50% bactericide and 80% thiram wettable powder of anthrax are alternately sprayed with 600~800 times of liquid. At the same time, grape spider mites, heart-eating pests and penetrating moths should all be pests.