The customs of the Spring Festival
The first day of the first lunar month is the biggest traditional festival in China. The customs in Zhejiang are the same as those in the whole country, and the Spring Festival is especially grand and lively. Celebrations are colorful, with auspiciousness as the core. There are mainly auspicious customs such as setting off firecrackers, paying New Year greetings and eating rice cakes.
1, you must speak auspicious words on the first day:
"Journey to the West Lake" records that during the Spring Festival in Hangzhou and other places in the Ming Dynasty, every household inserted cypress branches on persimmons in the hall, and held big oranges below, saying "Everything will be fine"; Because cypress, persimmon and orange are homophonic.
2, the custom of the eve:
Suzhou and Hangzhou take the third day of the first month as the custom of "New Year's Eve". On this day, you can't sweep the floor, beg for fire, or draw water for the New Year. On this day, every household will meet the kitchen god, and there is a well house next to every household. In the morning, incense is prepared and vegetarian food is provided to the well site. The new red paper seal posted on the well site on New Year's Eve is removed, which is called "well opening".
On the fifth day of the new year, ordinary residents in Hangzhou buy "golden chaff" for their ancestors and seek "golden chaff" luck.
the Lantern Festival
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the custom of watching lanterns on the Lantern Festival was very popular in Zhejiang. Bai Juyi, a great poet in Tang Dynasty, recorded the grand occasion of Hangzhou Lantern Festival and compared it with Kyoto Lantern Festival.
"Every city is brightly lit, and Xiao Sheng's buildings are everywhere. I think Dili is ok, and I don't like Hangzhou either. "
In the Song Dynasty, the Lantern Festival, which lasted for three days, was extended to five days, indicating "a bumper harvest of grains". According to the record of numerous victories of the old people in the West Lake, "there is Longshan in the south and Beixinqiao in the north, with 40 miles of lights." Hanging lanterns from Guanxiangkou to Zhong 'an Bridge is called "Lantern Market". At that time, Zhu Zeng, a famous poetess who lived in Nanbaokang Lane, the mouth of Hangzhou Chengguan Lane, wrote the word "gardening and smelting" and said, "The flower market is like a lamp day." When a big colored lantern is tied in front of a government office, it is called a "mountain shed". The lampstand is ever-changing and dazzling. Among them, the lamps made in Suzhou and Fuzhou are magnificent "pearl lamps" made of five-color pearls, finely carved five-color dyed "leather lamps", five-color wax paper paste, flying "lanterns" and striking new boneless lamps. This lamp is made in a special way. An old story in Wulin says: the method uses silk bags to store millet as a fetus, so it is burned and decorated, and the millet is removed, such as glass balls. The scenery is fantastic.
On the night of Lantern Festival, residents came out of the city and went to the streets to watch the lights. About two drums, the magistrate patrolled the street by the bridge, set up a stage in the East West Square, sat on the stage and watched. Become the climax of watching lights.
In the palace, in order to show the joy with the people, temple counties such as retro, fake happiness, Qingyan and Minghua lit up their lights, and the atmosphere was warm. At the same time, five tall lantern buildings, called glass lantern mountain, were set up at Li's main entrance. Strange and exquisite lanterns. In the middle, the four characters "Long live the emperor" are matched with a positive color Yumen lamp. At the time of the second drum, music was everywhere, candlelight and colorful flags were everywhere, and the emperor rode a chariot all the way to watch the tour, and went straight to the gate house in front of Li Zheng's door to entertain the civil and military officials, which formed the climax of palace sightseeing. Lu You, a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, watched the Lantern Festival in Hangzhou twice, once at the age of 19, and once after 60 years, he went to the DPRK to study historical records. He sighed and wrote a poem:
"When Ji Cheng entered the imperial city, he turned on the lights all night. I'd rather know that after more than 60 years, my old eyes will see peace. "
Lantern Festival flourished in the Southern Song Dynasty, followed by the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Until the Republic of China, the Hangzhou Lantern Festival was still very prosperous. Lantern Festival usually begins on 12 and ends on 18. /kloc-on 0/2, the newly-made dragon lantern was transported to the Dragon Palace in Huangcheng. After the offering, it is called "opening the light" or "dragon lantern going up the mountain".
In Hangzhou in the Qing Dynasty, according to the poem "Jiangxiang Festival", "On the 13th Lantern Festival, every household kneaded glutinous rice flour into small dough and cooked it for their ancestors, which is called" Lantern Festival ". On the fifteenth night, glutinous rice flour is rolled into a big round, and the stuffing inside is finely cut walnuts, peanuts, sesame seeds, dates, chicken oil, bean paste, etc., which is called "Lantern Round".
The customs of the Dragon Boat Festival
The Dragon Boat Festival, the fifth day of May in the old calendar, is the most important traditional festival in summer in China. In ancient times, "noon" and "five" were homophonic, so the Dragon Boat Festival was also called "Dragon Boat Festival", "worship of martial arts" and "worship of martial arts".
There are different views on the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wu Zixu, Cao E and other celebrities began to be commemorated in Zhejiang. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the dragon boat race in Hangzhou West Lake was particularly prosperous. According to Hangzhuan, there are four or five dragon boats in the West Lake, which are about four or five feet long, with high head and tail, and painted like dragons. On the upper and lower floors of the middle cabin, there are leading princes and swing racks, all dressed up as children, standing still. The swing goes up and down, and eighteen kinds of samurai flags and guns are hung on the door. Five-color umbrella with centipede flag at the end. The lower deck of the middle cabin beat gongs and drums, and sailors paddled beside it. After winning the race, the big ship was moored in the lake and the dragon boat turned around and went hand in hand. Like throwing objects, dragon boat sailors compete. The most difficult thing to rob is money and ducks. Money sinks in water, ducks swim in water, and you fight for it, which is considerable. "According to Kangxi's" Hangzhou Fuzhi ",after the dragon boat sacrificed to the gods and enjoyed the first place, he went to the river to watch the boat race on the lake. There are dozens of dragon boats, and people on the cliff are like ants. Recently, people went to Shuori in Mid-Levels Dragon Boat Race, and the tourists were mixed, not less than the West Lake.
The custom of begging for Qiao Festival
On the night of the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, it is said that the cowherd and the weaver girl in the sky meet once a year. There is a custom of begging for skills among folk women, so it is also called "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughter's Day".
After thousands of years of circulation, the fairy tales of the Weaver Girl have become more and more complete, beautiful and charming. Even now, it is widely spread all over Zhejiang, in Shaoxing and other rural areas. That night, many young girls secretly hid under the lush pumpkin shed. If you can hear the whispers of cowherd knitting together in the dead of night, this girl who is about to get married will definitely get this eternal love in the future. This night, according to the "Jingchu Chronicle", "Women tied colorful buildings.
Seven-hole needle or gold, silver and five stones as needles, Chen Guo begged for wisdom in court. If there is a happy subnet on the melon, there should be a symbol. "These begging activities 1500 years ago still have similar begging customs in various parts of Zhejiang today. For example, in Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou and other places, on this day, all kinds of small objects are made of flour and fried in oil, which is called "Tuoguo". At night, Tuoguo, lotus, white lotus root and Hong Ling are displayed in the yard. A girl puts a needle on the moon to pray for skillful knitting, or catches a spider and puts it in a box. If you open the box the next day, it's called clever weaving. Shaoxing and Hangzhou held a bowl of water in the open air for the night, and put the bowl of water in the sun the next day. If you see a thin layer of clothes on the bowl surface, throw a small needle on it and look at the reflection. If it looks like scissors, rulers and other shapes, women can be very smart. Or have a book shadow, you think reading has a future. If you meet a hat shadow, you think you will marry an official.
The custom of Mid-Autumn festival
July 15 in the summer calendar is the Mid-Yuan Festival. It is said that the Mid-Autumn Festival is a festival for people, and it is also called Ghost Festival in July.
The Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as the Lanpen Festival, is a different festival held by Taoism and Buddhism on the same day. Above Taoism, middle, lower and ternary, heaven and earth are hydrated. Heaven blesses, Underground Palace forgives sins, and Shuigong releases Eritrea. Lanpen (Orchid Club) is a ceremony held by Buddhism in good faith to recommend ancestors. The word "Lanpen" is a transliteration of Sanskrit, which means "saving the upside down" and is related to the story of Buddhism saving the mother. In Zhejiang, the sacrificial ceremony of Mid-Autumn Festival is similar everywhere.
In Hangzhou, on the evening of July 12, every household should have fresh food such as lotus root, lotus root and old ling for their ancestors to eat. It is said that the gate of hell opens in July, and their ancestors go in and out, and every family must go. Two days ago, people who lost their lives recently held white lights and tied white colors in front of their spirits as a good snack. This is called "Mid-Autumn Festival" to worship Buddha and recite scriptures. On July 15, Celosia cristata was dedicated to ancestors. On this day, I want a bowl of vegetarian wonton, wrapped in shepherd's purse and stuffed with dried tofu.
There is also the custom of worshipping ancestors at home in July and a half in various counties in Hangzhou. First, seal the tube with white paper, and fill it with silver ingots and ingots folded with tin foil. After sealing, write the words of a certain generation of ancestors in the first volume, write the word "respect", write the names of several generations of admirers in the next volume, and write the sealed date on the back. Sacrifice is held at night. Or in the atrium, or in the nave, set dishes, flagons, wine lamps and cooked rice on the table, and then light candles and incense. Parents will lead their children to worship and then burn the tubes outside the door. After burning, seal it, take out a little food and wine from each bowl and sprinkle it on the ground, and it's over.
The custom of Mid-Autumn festival
August 15th is the Mid-Autumn Festival or Mid-Autumn Festival.
The moon in Mid-Autumn Festival is the brightest and roundest, so it is regarded as a symbol of reunion, also known as "Reunion Festival". Mid-Autumn Festival is very important in all parts of Zhejiang, and the customs are similar everywhere. Because this season is a good time for Gao Shuang in the south of the Yangtze River, the Mid-Autumn Night is lively, grand and beautiful.
In Hangzhou, every household goes to Yue Bai on this night. The offerings are moon cakes, square persimmons, chestnuts and other seasonal foods. Sacrificing the moon is to set up a stage, put on record and light incense in the yard. If there is an accompaniment instrument, they can rap ancient and modern books, make up seven sentences, and one person plays the string to sing. However, these ceremonies have been lost today. Mid-Autumn Festival is a scenic spot to enjoy the moon, in the "Three Tanyue" of the West Lake. The so-called three ponds are actually three stone towers built in the lake, which are hollow, and each stone tower has five round holes in its wall. For example, on the Mid-Autumn Moon Night, candles are lit, and five holes are sealed with paper, so that there are 15 moons in the lake, and even the moon in the sky has 16 moons in the water. The night view of the West Lake is beautiful and wonderful at this time. Families sit together, drink and enjoy the moon, and try to get together and go home when they go out, commonly known as "Reunion Festival". Every family eats moon cakes, which are a symbol of family reunion.
The custom of Double Ninth Festival
The ninth day of September is the "Double Ninth Festival", because the ninth day is a Yang religion, so harmony is the Double Ninth Festival. This is a traditional program in China.
According to legend, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Huanjing, a native of Runan, learned from Fei Changfang. One day Fei Changfang told him, "On the ninth day of September this year, a great disaster happened in your family. You can go home immediately, make a few colorful bags and put them in, one for each person, hang them on your shoulders, climb high, and drink chrysanthemum wine on the mountain, so you can avoid disaster. " Huan Jing listened and did the same. When I came home the next day, my chicken and dog died. In the future, the "Double Ninth Festival" can be a blessing from disasters and spread among the people, becoming a custom.
The "Double Ninth Festival" in Zhejiang Province is in late autumn. The golden breeze is refreshing, the sky is high and the clouds are light, and it is interesting to climb high and look far. In Hangzhou, this morning, many shops selling snacks and cakes have "Chongyang" for sale. The cake is square and diamond, with chestnuts embedded in it and flags cut with red and green paper. Every family buys this as a holiday breakfast.
On this day, climb mountains, such as Huangcheng, Huang Yu, Baoshi Mountain and Gelingchu Balcony. I feel that after climbing, I am very lucky, everything is going well, and I am rising step by step. This custom has been popular until now.
The custom of winter solstice
The winter solstice is the most important of the 24 festivals in a year, usually on June 22nd and February 20th and 23rd. On this day, the sun passes through the winter solstice, and our province is in the northern hemisphere. Therefore, the days are the shortest and the nights are the longest. People in Zhejiang have a saying that the solstice in winter is as big as every year.
In Hangzhou, the custom of eating rice cakes has not changed since ancient times. Some people eat glutinous rice balls and rice cakes, while others fry rice cakes with leek seedlings and shredded pork. There is also a red "rose oil rice cake" embedded with lard, and a "osmanthus rice cake" with sugar osmanthus stuck on the white is steamed in the pot. There are more rice cakes in breakfast, so you are lucky to bring everything.
Historical customs and habits
With the development of history, economy and natural conditions in Hangzhou, the customs and habits of Hangzhou have been constantly created, enriched and gradually evolved by the broad masses of the people. It has added a unique Jiangnan style to Hangzhou.
The rich cultural relics unearthed from Liangzhu cultural site four or five thousand years ago show that the earliest primitive village of human activities in Hangzhou has the characteristics of Jiangnan. Some of them built semi-cave houses on the mountain, and some erected dry-fenced houses on the ground to adapt to low-lying areas. They use stones to polish stone plows and poles and engage in agricultural production such as rice and sesame. Use bows and arrows and stone knives to engage in hunting activities; Carving canoes, weaving fishing nets and fishing operations have formed a set of customs in primitive agricultural production. They can also improve and decorate their lives by spinning flax with stone wheels, sewing clothes with stone needles, carving exquisite jade articles and firing pottery.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hangzhou belonged to the State of Yue or Wu, and later to the State of Chu. During the Qin and Han dynasties, Hangzhou began to build counties. At that time, Qiantang County was a small county at the foot of Wulin Mountain, and the river was adjacent to the water. "Han Zhi" says: "The monarch of wuyue is Shang Yong, so his surname is good at using swords, and it is easy to break his hair when he is alive, so as to avoid the evil dragon. After several battles with Chu, they merged with each other, so the customs of wuyue are slightly similar to those of Chu. "
The Sui Dynasty established Hangzhou, built the city and dug the Grand Canal in the south of the Yangtze River, which laid the foundation for the urban development of Hangzhou. "Sui Zhi" contains: "Jiangnan customs are rich in fish and rice, not worried about hunger, believing in ghosts and gods, and loving worship." It also reads: "Yuhang, Wu Jun, Kawasawa Woyan, has the compassion of land and sea, where rare things gather and merchants get together. His people are polite and commonplace, so the customs are clear, Taoism is prosperous, and the atmosphere is still good. "
Since the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou has entered the ranks of famous cities in China. The urban area of Hangzhou extends from Jianggan in the south to Wulinmen in the north. The urban population has soared from 6.5438+0.5 million to more than 6.5438+0.5 million. Economic prosperity, but also with Japan, North Korea and other countries to establish trade relations. Hangzhou has become "the city of the southeast, the capital of Wuhan, Jiangsu". With the development of Hangzhou, social customs are gradually urbanized, and folk customs such as production, residence, diet, clothing, weddings, funerals, celebrations and etiquette have also changed. Bai Juyi, a poet, once eulogized the social custom of "Fish and salt gather for the city, fireworks start for the village" in Hangzhou in the Tang Dynasty, the custom of "every family lights up and sings songs everywhere" and the custom of "having friends at the age of 20 and visiting the West Lake at night".
Great changes have taken place in the customs of Hangzhou since the Northern Song Dynasty. First of all, Hangzhou has experienced the influence of two population migrations to the south in the history of our country, forming a great integration of the customs of the north and the south. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the North suffered from repeated wars, and the Jin family moved south. Scholars and even civilians in the north also crossed the river in succession and gathered in the affluent Sanwu (Xing Wu County, Wu Jun County and Huiji County) area, and a large area of land in the south became the grange of the nobles in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Therefore, northern customs also affect Hangzhou. Especially at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, northern Jurchen nobles invaded the Central Plains, Zhao and Song regimes moved south, Hangzhou was the capital, and a large number of scholars crossed the river south. Northerners in Du Nan brought the original family customs and habits of Hangzhou to the south, which greatly changed the original customs and habits of Hangzhou.
As the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou has an increasingly prosperous economy and more diverse social customs. At that time, Hangzhou had become a place where northern businessmen concentrated. In particular, weapons manufacturing, civil construction, textile printing and other industrial and handicraft workshops moved from Bianjing have re-established their base areas in Hangzhou, and businessmen have also opened stores and shops. There are many famous markets in Hangzhou, such as rice market, vegetable market, sheep market, fish market, meat market, firewood market, flower market, lantern market, jewelry market and monkey market. Up to now, there are many related street names in Hangzhou. Books such as Legend of Wulin recorded that there were 440 lines in Hangzhou at that time. There is a royal street, or "Tianjie", which extends from the inclined bridge in the north to the Fengshan Gate in the south. The pavement is paved with stone slabs, and there is a lot of business on both sides. "There is nothing that you don't buy or sell." In the Southern Song Dynasty, "Dream of Liang Lu" said: "Autonomous streets and alleys are all paved and all doors are open." Not only is it open during the day, but the night market is no different from the day. "Fang street, shops, restaurants and restaurants, until the four drums are quiet. The five drums are facing the horse, and the morning market is reopened. "
At that time, the catering industry was the largest in Hangzhou, and people feasted on tea. According to Capital Ji Sheng, "most restaurants in Beijing are run by people in the old capital." These shops still maintain the northern eating habits to adapt to the tastes and customs of southerners to northerners. Goujian, the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, missed the past and wanted to taste the northern fish soup cooked by Wusao in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, the famous dish "Song Saoyu Soup" has been passed down to this day.
Southerners eat rice and northerners eat noodles. People in Hangzhou live on rice, but because there are many people living in the north, pasta suddenly increases. The women's dresses of the upper class in the northern song dynasty were also spread to Hangzhou after crossing the south. Even the most fashionable cosmetics such as "Slim Golden Lotus", "Fang Yingmian Pill" and "Black Body Fragrance" are gradually becoming popular in Hangzhou. The article "Folk Custom" in "Dream of Liang Lu" once recorded such a thing: "Since the Spring Festival, it has become easy to dress. When you are old, you will not wear the old rules, wrapped in strange towels and clothes, and fight in groups of three or five. It is extremely disgusting and it is not easy to get old."
The customs of Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty are quite different from those in the north in the early years of Du Nan. However, at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the customs of the north and the south gradually merged after years of long-term kneading in 150. For example, there is little difference between the customs of Hangzhou in the late Southern Song Dynasty recorded in Wu's Dream and the customs of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty recorded in Meng's Dream of Tokyo. Shen Shilong, a Ming Dynasty man, said in the preface to "A Dream in Tokyo": "After tasting the ambition, I saw the scholar's screen and square fan, just like the Wulin, and my heart was stolen." Comparing the reading of Tokyo Dream China:' Nanjing ladies' sedan chairs don't hang down, Duanyang sells sunflower and wormwood leaves, Tanabata oil noodles are fried with molasses, the flag is cut on the cake on the ninth day, and the poor people make up ghosts and gods to chase it', we know that, like today's Wulin, southward crossing is gradually becoming an enlightenment trend. "
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the ceremonies of marriage and childbearing, full moon, centennial and one-year-old in Hangzhou also infiltrated the customs of the Central Plains, and many entertainment habits inherited the customs left over from the North. There were "tile houses" in Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there were many amusement places "tile houses" in Hangzhou after the southern crossing. At first, the film was only carved with plain paper, and after crossing the south, it was decorated with sheepskin and color. When it comes to rape, there is a legendary monster folk song by Kong Sanchuan in Bianjing. Later, a female artist named Baby Bear and a younger girl in Hang Cheng followed suit and learned to sing. With the arrival of northerners from the south, even the temples dedicated to them moved to Hangzhou.
Scholar-bureaucrats in the Northern Song Dynasty advocated gardens, which became a habit of bureaucrats in the Southern Song Dynasty. At that time, there were gardens around the West Lake. "Dream of Liang Lu" said: "Hangyuan overlooks the West Lake, with two peaks high, pavilions and tibetan songs shops dancing. The scenery at four o'clock is different and the joy is endless. " In the inscription of Lee Guo's "Custom Meaning" in the Yuan Dynasty, it said: "Upward movement means wind, and public stability means custom." When the Song Dynasty moved south, the monarch and his ministers were fascinated by the lakes and mountains and lived a luxurious and luxurious life, which also formed the atmosphere of "enjoying the West Lake at four o'clock" and enjoying the West Lake.
After the integration of North and South, Hangzhou's urban customs have gradually formed a set of customs with local characteristics in production, life, weddings, funerals, pensions and entertainment.
Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties all inherited and developed these customs. At the same time, during the Yuan and Qing Dynasties, due to the influence of ethnic minorities mastering the central government, the customs of Hangzhou also infiltrated and merged some customs of Mongolia and Manchu. In the Qing Dynasty, there were also nobles of the Qing Dynasty who were dissatisfied with the rule of the Qing court and stripped off their yellow jackets, as well as Hangzhou proverbs such as "planing cucumbers (jackets)".
Under the long-term feudal rule, the customs of Hangzhou have a strong feudal color. However, since the Opium War, the modern customs in Hangzhou have been influenced by western customs, and there are often new factors in the old customs. In the new customs, there are complex phenomena such as old forms and old forms. After the Revolution of 1911, the old feudal ethics and marriage ethics in Hangzhou were impacted to some extent, and the society and etiquette customs also changed. However, due to the inheritance of folk customs, some customs are still continuing. Moreover, while accepting foreign western civilization, it also introduced some bad habits.
1On May 3, 949, Hangzhou was liberated, and the customs and habits of the people in Hangzhou have undergone great changes. The bad style and vulgar habits left over from the old society have been eliminated or banned, and a new social atmosphere is gradually taking shape.
The establishment of the new social system has correspondingly changed the old family system. It turns out that the wall and door structure of several generations of big families living under one roof in Hangzhou has basically disintegrated. With the implementation of the marriage law, men and women are free to marry, and the feudal system of arranged, forced and bought marriages has been abolished. Late marriage and family planning, as well as respecting the elderly and caring for the young, are becoming a new social trend. Funeral reform has also been carried out. Most of the traditional Chinese New Year holidays in ancient China, such as Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Double Ninth Festival and Winter Solstice, have retained the original customs and added some new contents, such as "supporting the army and loving the people" and "supporting the government and loving the people" before and after the Spring Festival to express condolences to retired cadres and workers for the New Year; During the Qingming period, teenagers offered sacrifices to sweep the tombs of revolutionary martyrs, and so on. In addition, Women's Day on March 8, Arbor Day on March 12, Labor Day on May 1 day, Youth Day on May 4, Mother's Day on May 14, Children's Day on June 1 day, Army Day on August 1 day, 9
However, while a large number of new styles appear, there are still many old customs, even vulgar customs emerge from time to time. In order to build Hangzhou into a beautiful, clean, civilized and prosperous modern socialist city, Hangzhou is strengthening the construction of socialist spiritual civilization, inheriting fine traditions, reforming stereotypes, shaping a new image of Hangzhou and establishing a new generation of fashion.